Computer History Wiki - User contributions [en]

PDP-11/70

2018-06-27T21:35:05Z

Milov:

[[Image:pdp11-70.jpg|150px|right|thumb|A PDP-11/70]]

{{Infobox Machine
| name=PDP-11/70
| manufacturer=[[Digital Equipment Corporation]]
| word size= 16 bit
| virtual address= 16 bit
| physical address= 22 bit
| bus arch= [[UNIBUS]]/[[MASSBUS]]/memory bus
| year introduced= March 1975
|
|}}

The '''PDP-11/70''' was a very high performance [[UNIBUS]] [[PDP-11]] system; it basically took the high-performance [[Central Processing Unit|CPU]] of the [[PDP-11/45]] (implemented in [[SSI]] [[Schottky TTL]] logic), and augmented it with:

* A 2 Kbyte, 300 nsec [[cache]], organized as 2-way set associative, with 4-byte blocks, connected to what had been the FastBus high-speed memory interface on the PDP-11/45 CPU
* The ability to support up to 4 Mbytes of [[main memory]] via a new Main Memory Bus, and changes to the CPU to allow access to that much memory
* A [[UNIBUS map]] to allow devices on the UNIBUS access to all of that memory
* The ability to support up to 4 [[MASSBUS]] adapters, which connected high-speed [[secondary storage]] devices directly to the main memory, bypassing the UNIBUS

The CPU was the [[KB11-B CPU|KB11-B]] (in early units, prior to 1976) or [[KB11-C CPU|KB11-C]] (later) CPU. (The difference between the two was whether they took the optional [[FP11-B Floating-Point Processor|FP11-B]] or [[FP11-C Floating-Point Processor|FP11-C]] [[Floating point processor|FPP]].)

The main memory systems supported by the -11/70 were the [[MJ11 memory system]] (which used [[core memory]]), and the later [[MK11 memory system]] (which used [[DRAM]]).

== hampage.hu ==
Quote:

Introduced in March 1975, the PDP-11/70 is the bigest of the PDP-11s. The KB11B is a re-enginered version of the PDP-11/45's CPU, with some new features. Two of the most important changes was the addition of cache (2 KByte of bipolar memory) and the 22-bit memory management. The latter enables the usage of memory up to 2 Mwords, using the UNIBUS map, which translates 18-bit UNIBUS addresses to 22-bit physical addresses. The kernel/supervisor/user operating modes and the MMU was standard. Important options: FPP, MASSBUS adapters (RH70's, up to four) with direct memory access.

The original processor had the floating point unit of the PDP-11/45, which turned out to be ineffective, so it was resdesigned (KB11C). Overall performance is 0.6th of the VAX-11/780.

A normal system occupied at least two H960 cabinets (memory and CPU), the UNIBUS expansion needed another. There were also later revisions sold in another cabinet, without the front panel (Datasystem 570?).

Trivia: The original business plan called for 1000 PDP-11/70's to be built, it was supposed to be a "stopgap" until the "wide word machine" came out. This "word wide machine" was originally a small PDP-10 (36-bit machine), but it was then cancelled in favor of the 32-bit VAX. Anyhow, more than 10,000 PDP-11/70's were built.


== Gallery ==
[[Image:1170FrontPanel.png|200px|A mock up PDP-11/70 front panel]]
[[Image:pdp11-70 ad.jpg|200px|PDP-11/70 sales ad]]
[[Image:pdp11_70a.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:pdp11_70b.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:pdp11-70c.jpg|200px]]
{{stub}}

== External links ==

* [http://obsolescence.wixsite.com/obsolescence/pidp-11 PiDP-11: a functional scale model replica of the PDP-11/70 console]

{{PDP-11}}

[[Category:UNIBUS PDP-11s]]

PDP-11

2018-05-31T21:11:41Z

Milov: Sizth -> Sixth

The '''PDP-11''' is a series of computers introduced in 1969 [1] by the [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] (DEC), in production there from 1970-1990. Their life-time spanned a period of momentous changes in the computer world: when they were first introduced (and for a little less than half their life), [[core memory]] was still the standard [[main memory]] technology; by the end, [[microprocessor]]s had become ubiquitous.

[[Image:PDP1123PLUS-01.jpeg|right|thumb|200px|A loaded QBUS PDP-11/23 PLUS]]

The machine word size was 16 bits, and it was a [[general register architecture]]. Although it was not the first to feature the latter, its wide distribution (in 1980, it was the world's best-selling computer) has helped influence almost all later machines to follow that path.

(For more information about the architecture, including its innovative and much-copied [[stack]]-oriented [[addressing modes]], see [[PDP-11 architecture]].)

PDP-11's came in two groups: those which used the [[UNIBUS]] for a bus, and the later ones which used the [[QBUS]]. Eventually DEC stopped producing [[UNIBUS]] PDP-11's (the last were the [[PDP-11/44]] and [[PDP-11/24]]); later 'UNIBUS' machines (the [[PDP-11/84]] and [[PDP-11/94]]) actually contained QBUS processors with a QBUS<->UNIBUS adapter board.

It could run a variety of operating systems. Many were produced by [[DEC]] themselves, but several were produced by third-parties. (It was the machine which made [[UNIX]] widely known and popular, with [[UNIX Sixth Edition]].) Often DEC would purchase or re-brand this OS and re-sell it as their own product; for example, UNIX sold as [[Ultrix]] by DEC.

After DEC discontinued production of PDP-11's, the line was sold to [[Mentec]], who produced a few newer models.

== Operating Systems ==

=== Unix based Operating Systems ===

* [[UNIX First Edition]]
* [[UNIX Second Edition]]
* [[UNIX Third Edition]]
* [[UNIX Fourth Edition]]
* [[UNIX Fifth Edition]]
* [[UNIX Sixth Edition]]
* [[Unix Seventh Edition]]

These are the original Bell Laboratories releases of Unix; the first 4 were only internal to Bell, the Fifth saw limited distribution outside it, and the Sixth took over the world.

* [[System III]]

This was the first shipping Unix distro by AT&T. It only supported the PDP-11 and [[VAX]] computers.

* [[2.9 BSD]]

This version was a port of the 4.3 feature set to the PDP-11. Although considered impossible by many, it accomplished this by using overlays for portions of the kernel, and to allow for user programs larger then 64kb.

* [[2.10 BSD]]
* [[2.11 BSD]]

This version is still supported, and if one really felt the need to load a Unix for use on a PDP-11 this would be the best fit. It has support for TCP/IP, large memory space and is the best UNIX experence one can get going to get on a 16-bit mini.

=== Other OS's ===

* [[RSX-11]]
* [[RSTS/E]]
* [[RT-11]]

== PDP-11 Models and notes ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Model !! Introduced !! Bus Type !! Addressing !! Notes !! Speed (VUPS)
|-
| [[PDP-11/20|11/20]] || 1969[1] ||[[UNIBUS]] || 16-bit || ||
|-
| [[PDP-11/05|11/05]] || 1972 || UNIBUS || 16-bit || ||
|-
| [[PDP-11/10|11/10]] || 1972 || UNIBUS || 16-bit || [[KD11-B]] processor[*] ||
|-
| [[PDP-11/15|11/15]] || 1972 || UNIBUS || 16-bit || OEM model ||
|-
| [[PDP-11/40|11/40]] || 1973 || UNIBUS || 18-bit || ||
|-
| [[PDP-11/45|11/45]] || 1973 || UNIBUS || 18-bit || core memory ||
|-
| [[PDP-11/50|11/50]] || 1975 || UNIBUS || 18-bit || [[MOS]] memory ||
|-
| [[PDP-11/70|11/70]] || 1975 || UNIBUS || 22-bit || || 0.6
|-
| [[PDP-11/03|11/03]] || 1975 || [[QBUS]] || 16-bit || first QBUS model, first [[F-11]] || 0.5
|-
| [[PDP-11/34|11/34]] || 1976 || UNIBUS || 18-bit || || 0.21
|-
| [[PDP-11/04|11/04]] || 1976 || UNIBUS || 16-bit || || 0.11
|-
| [[PDP-11/55|11/55]] || 1976 || UNIBUS || 18-bit || fast bipolar memory ||
|-
| [[PDP-11/60|11/60]] || 1977 || UNIBUS || 18-bit || writable control store ||
|-
| [[PDP-11/23|11/23]] || 1979 || QBUS || 18-bit ''or'' 22-bit || || 0.12
|-
| [[PDP-11/24|11/24]] || 1979 || UNIBUS || 22-bit || first UNIBUS model to use F-11 chip || 0.18
|-
| [[PDP-11/44|11/44]] || 1979 || UNIBUS || 22-bit || last non-LSI PDP-11 || 0.42
|-
|[[PDP-11/23 PLUS|11/23+]] || 1981 Nov || QBUS || 22-bit || || 0.18
|-
| [[PDP-11/73|11/73]] || 1983 || QBUS || 22-bit || first [[J-11]] machine, 15MHz, integrated FPU, also first [[PMI]] PDP-11 || 0.45
|-
| [[PDP-11/53|11/53]] || 1984 || QBUS || 22-bit || S-box or standard QBUS, integrated FPU, 768KiW memory || 0.29
|-
| [[PDP-11/83|11/83]] || 1988 || QBUS || 22-bit || J-11 at 18MHz, integrated FPU || 0.72
|-
| [[PDP-11/84|11/84]] || 1988 || UNIBUS || 22-bit || J-11 at 18MHz, integrated FPU || 0.72
|-
| [[PDP-11/93|11/93]] || 1990 || QBUS || 22-bit || J-11 at 18MHz, integrated FPU, 2MiW onboard memory || 1.0
|-
| [[PDP-11/94|11/94]] || 1990 || UNIBUS || 22-bit || J-11 at 18MHz, integrated FPU, 2MiW onboard memory || 1.0
|}

''[*]The name PDP-11/10 was recycled by DEC from an earlier [[KA11 CPU]]-based 11/10 from 1969, or at least it existed in advertisements[1]''

==See also==

* [[PDP-11 Memory Management]]
* [[FP11 floating point]]
* [[UNIBUS memories]]
* [[QBUS memories]]
* [[UNIBUS boot ROMs]]
* [[QBUS boot ROMs]]

==References==

* [http://vintagecomputer.net/digital/PDP11-20/PDP11_Price-List_19691215.pdf PDP-11/20 Price List]

{{stub}}

{{PDP-11}}

[[Category: PDP-11s]]
[[Category: DEC Architectures]]

Digital Equipment Corporation

2018-05-31T19:41:17Z

Milov: /* Further reading */

'''Digital Equipment Corporation''', or '''DEC''', was a large computer company (at one time, the second-largest in the world after [[International Business Machines|IBM]]). They made [[minicomputer]]s, their signature product (and the one that led to their success), for a period, the most popular kind of computers in the world. Their product range eventually extended from small [[mainframe]]s to [[personal computer]]s.

It was started in 1957, in an old wool mill in Maynard, Massachusetts. The original product line was modules, [[System Module]]s. Once those were established, they started producing computers using them.

They reached the peak of their success in the 1980s, with their [[VAX]] line. However, they were unable to successfully adapt to the rise of personal computers, which turned computers into commodities, and were bought by [[Compaq]] in 1998.

==See also==

* [[:Category:DEC Hardware]]
* [[:Category:DEC Architectures]]
* [[:Category:DEC Buses]]
* [[:Category:DEC Systems]]
* [[:Category:DEC Processors]]
* [[:Category:DEC Memories]]
* [[:Category:DEC Peripherals]]
* [[:Category:DEC Storage Controllers]]
* [[:Category:DEC Disk Drives]]
* [[:Category:DEC Terminals]]
* [[:Category:DEC Software]]
* [[:Category:DEC Operating Systems]]

==Further reading==

* Glenn Rifkin, George Harrar, ''The Ultimate Entrepreneur: The Story of Ken Olsen and Digital Equipment Corporation'', Contemporary, Chicago, 1988 - The best general history of DEC, but stops at 1987
* Edgar H. Schein, ''DEC is Dead, Long Live DEC'', Berett-Koehler, San Francisco, 2003
* Clayton M. Christensen, ''The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail'', Harvard Business School, Boston, 1997 - Briefly discusses DEC's inability to adapt to the world with personal computers
* Jamie Parker Pearson,''Digital at Work: Snapshots from the First Thirty-Five Years'', Digital, Burlington, 1992
* Alan R. Earls, ''Digital Equipment Corporation (Images of America)'', Arcadia, Charleston, 2004 - Mostly covers the early years

==External links==

* [http://www.avanthar.com/healyzh/decemulation/decemu.html The DEC Emulation Website]

{{stub}}

[[Category:Computer Manufacturers]]

Macintosh

2018-05-31T19:33:21Z

Milov: Corrected spelling of Ridley Scott. https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000631/

The first Macintosh, the 128k was introduced in 1984. Known at the time for the Ridley Scott ad that was only shown once on TV (At the Superbowl) this was the first successful mass-produced machine to introduce a GUI as the primary interface.

= Systems =
There were various models introduced as styles and needs changed through the lifespan of the 'classic' Macintosh. On this wiki we are going to stick to the [[m68k]] versions, and the old world, 1st generation PowerPC Macintoshes.

== Compact Macs ==

The original compact Macs had 68000 CPUs and anywhere from 128KB of RAM up to 4MB, and a monochrome display. The Mac Plus introduced [[SCSI]], however it was for external devices.

Later models included a 68030 CPU, and a color display.

*Mac 128k
*Mac 512k (aka "FatMac")
*Mac Plus

== Macintosh II ==
[[Image:Macintoshii.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A Macintosh II]]
The Macintosh II series all had a 68020 or better CPU and ran System 4 through 7.5 depending on model. [[A/UX]] was available as an additional OS. Macintosh II's can also run [[NetBSD]].

The Mac II's were expandable unlike the first generation Macintoshes with NuBUS slots, and some models even had PDS (processor direct) slots. All models featured a SCSI bus, and they all had the ability to display color.

Macintosh II's with an appropriate CPU/MMU combination can run NetBSD or A/UX.

== Quadra ==
The Quadras all featured 68040 CPUs and featured desktops, LC's and server models. These were the last models to feature the 68000 CISC CPU.

The first Quadras were the [[Quadra 700]] and [[Quadra 900]] which were released in 1991.

Later models include:

*[[Quadra 950]]
*[[Quadra 800]]
*[[Quadra 660av]]
*[[Quadra 840av]]
*[[Quadra 605]]
*[[Quadra 610]]
*[[Quadra 650]]
*[[Quadra 630]]

== PowerMac ==
These were the first Macintoshes to feature a PowerPC CPU, starting with the PPC601, and going up to the 603. There were attempts at making them Prep/Chrp compliant however they never did run any 'standard' prep/chrp OS's.

= MacOS =

Classic 68k and PowerPC Macs are notable not so much for their hardware (though they tended to be more sophisticated and use higher-end components than other personal computers of their eras), but for their operating system, MacOS, Macintosh System Software... it goes by a few names.

A few notes for anyone trying to get an old Macintosh running.

The SCSI partitioning tool that comes with all versions of MacOS will REFUSE to partition a NON Apple hard disk. There is a hack to alter the tool so it will, or the easier way out is to use the install diskettes from [[A/UX]].

A great resource for boot floppies can be found [http://home.earthlink.net/~gamba2/bootdisks.html here]. I used them to get a PowerMac 5400 back into action.

= Emulation =

Today, both 68k and PowerPC Macs, as well as right up to the latest versions of OS X are all emulate-able, with varying degrees of ease. We'll concentrate on emulating "old world" Power PC and Motorola 68k based Macs here.

== Mini vMac ==

[[Mini vMac]] primarily emulates the old Macintosh Plus. It's 68000 only, and really suited for MacOS 1.x - 6.x, although 7 can run, it's not very useful in a maximum of 4MB of RAM. There is a development branch which emulates the [[Macintosh II]].

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_vMac

== Basilisk II ==

[[Basilisk II]] is the ''de facto'' official emulator of the MacOS 68k environment. It's important to note that the emulator is highly customized toward running MacOS inside it, and will not handle AU/X or modern UNIXes written for 68k Macs. See the Wikipedia article for more information. Guides and compatibility tables and so on will be posted here later.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilisk_II

== Cockatrice III ==

[[Cockatrice III]] is an attempt to stabilize Basilisk II by turning to a much older version, and rebasing everything off of the generic drivers. I've been more focused on networking by adding [[libpcap]] and [[SLiRP]] support. While not as feature rich, it does networking tasks much more stabler than the newer versions of Basilisk II.

== Shoebill ==
[[Shoebill]] is a specialized Mac II emulator for running A/UX. The [https://github.com/pruten/shoebill main project page] provides more up to date information.

== SheepShaver ==

[[SheepShaver]] emulates the first generation PowerPC Macintosh models. Please note that SheepShaver will *NOT* run OS X. SheepShaver is good for emulating OS 8 & 9, for those that still need it.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SheepShaver

== PearPC ==

[[PearPC]] is a 'new world' PowerPC emulator that is capable of running OS X. Keep in mind that it is VERY slow, sometimes upwards of a factor of 40x slower per clock than with a PowerPC (a 2Ghz p4 performs like a 40Mhz PowerPC...)

[[Category:Computers]]