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Installing Ultrix 4.5 on SIMH

2023-09-29T07:30:05Z

Rayrayemu: Fixed error in ed command note.

This WORK-IN-PROGRESS guide will be a simple guide to installing [[ULTRIX]] 4.5 for VAX on [[SIMH]].

==Requirements==
The following is a list of things required for installation
*A recent version of the SIMH emulator
**Make sure the binary you're using includes [[Ethernet]] support
**I'm using a self-compiled version (git revision 0e8c0aea)
*An ISO image of ULTRIX 4.5 for [[VAX]]
**See the "Resources" section for a download link
**It's probably also possible to install it from tape, although I don't know if any installation tapes for ULTRIX 4.5 exist
*Optional stuff (might get added to the guide later):
**Starfish Ultrix Freeware CDs from [http://musall.de/mirrors/ultrix/freeware/ here]

==SimH configuration==
The machine I'm using to run ULTRIX has the following configuration
*[[DEC]] [[MicroVAX 3800/3900|MicroVAX 3800]]
*64mb memory
*[[DELQA]] network card (XQ0)
*Two [[RA90]] disk drives (with 1.2gb each) attached to an [[RQDX3 MFM Disk & Floppy QBUS Controller|RQDX3]] controller (RQ0 and RQ1)
*CD ROM drive attached to the same RQDX3 controller as unit 2 (RQ2)
*[[TK50]] tape attached as unit 0 on the first [[TQK50]] controller (TQ0)
*[[DZV11]] terminal multiplexer with 16 lines, attached to telnet port 1005 (DZ)
*[[LPT]] line printer attached to text file <code>printer_output.txt</code>

Here's my config file (I called it <code>simh.conf</code>)
<pre><nowiki>
;
; SimH 4.0 Configuration file for MicroVAX 3800
;
; Host System : DEC MicroVAX 3800
; Operating System : DEC Ultrix v4.5
; Memory : 64mb
; Network config : XQ: Ethernet, 08:00:2b:04:14:02
; Disks : RQ0: RA90, 1.2gb
; RQ1: RA90, 1.2gb
; CDROMs : RQ2: iso file
; Tape config : TQ0: TK50, 94mb
;

load -r ka655x.bin

; NVRAM
attach NVR nvram.bin

; CPU config
set CPU 64m
set CPU conhalt
set CPU idle=all

; configure console to 7-bit only
set TTO 7b
set TTI 7b

; Disk drives
set RQ0 ra90
attach RQ0 rq0-ra90.dsk
set RQ1 ra90
attach RQ1 rq1-ra90.dsk
set RQ2 CDROM
attach -r RQ2 ultrix-vax-os-v4.5.mode1.ufs.iso
; MD5 sum: 19df0753c27f195e9f1d2f139a3b4629 *ultrix-vax-os-v4.5.mode1.ufs.iso
set RQ3 dis

; Tape
set TQ tk50
;attach tq0 filename-to-tape-file
set TQ1 dis
set TQ2 dis
set TQ3 dis

; serial port, simulated by Telnet to port 1005
set DZ LINES=16
set DZ 8B
attach DZ 1005 NoBuffer

; printer
set LPT enable
attach LPT printer_output.txt

; Disable unused peripherals
set CR dis
set RL dis
set TS dis

; Network interface (08-00-2b is the DEC prefix, the 04-14-02 part is arbitrary)
set XQ MAC=08-00-2b-04-14-02
attach XQ0 eth0

; serial console (launch directly after booting CPU)
set console telnet=1001

; experimental
;set QVSS en

; boot the system
;boot CPU
</nowiki></pre>
Note that I'm using a telnet console (for easier copy/paste on Windows), which means that directly after running this config file (via <code>do simh.conf</code> from Simh) you will need to connect via telnet to localhost:1001 or the boot will abort. If you are on Linux, or just don't want that, remove the <code>set console telnet=1001</code> line.

Also note that you might need to attach XQ0 to a different ethernet device. Use "show ether" in SimH to list all available devices on your system and modify the <code>attach XQ0 eth0</code> line accordingly.

==Running the Emulator==
Either run <code>vax.exe simh.conf</code> from the Windows command line, or just double-click the VAX.EXE executable and type <code>do simh.conf</code>.

On the first launch it might take some time because SimH has to create the disk images (~2.5 gb total). It should look something like this
<pre><nowiki>
MicroVAX 3900 simulator V4.0-0 Beta git commit id: 0e8c0aea
NVR: buffering file in memory
RQ2: unit is read only
Listening on port 1005
WinPcap version 4.1.2 (packet.dll version 4.1.0.2001), based on libpcap version 1.0 branch 1_0_rel0b (20091008)
Eth: opened OS device \Device\NPF_{A41A1651-DD4D-4735-A4E0-88353165C2EC}
Listening on port 1001
sim>
</nowiki></pre>

Type the following to start the emulation (note: you can also uncomment that line from the end of the config file to have the emulation start right away)
sim> boot cpu
Waiting for console Telnet connection

Now would be a good time to connect your telnet session (I use a batch file for this), otherwise the boot process will timeout.

On your console, you should see something like this:
<pre><nowiki>
Connected to the MicroVAX 3900 simulator CON-TEL device

KA655-B V5.3, VMB 2.7
Performing normal system tests.
40..39..38..37..36..35..34..33..32..31..30..29..28..27..26..25..
24..23..22..21..20..19..18..17..16..15..14..13..12..11..10..09..
08..07..06..05..04..03..
Tests completed.
>>>
</nowiki></pre>

This is the VAX's boot prompt. Normally you just type
>>>boot <device>
where <device> is one of the following
*MUA<num>: TK tape device number <num> (1 to 4)
*DUA<num>: RQ disk device number <num> (1 to 4)

You can use <code>show device</code> to see the installed (and detected) devices you can boot from, and <code>show boot</code> to see which device will be the default if you just type <code>boot</code> (or <code>b</code> for short):
<pre><nowiki>
>>>show device
UQSSP Disk Controller 0 (772150)
-DUA0 (RA90)
-DUA1 (RA90)
-DUA2 (RRD40)

UQSSP Tape Controller 0 (774500)
-MUA0 (TK50)

Ethernet Adapter 0 (774440)
-XQA0 (08-00-2B-04-14-02)
>>>show boot
MUA0
</nowiki></pre>

Since we want to boot from CDROM, which is unit 2, we can use
>>>boot DUA2

Note: You can add flags to boot into single user mode, or to boot in interactive mode (so-called ''conversational boot'', where the system prompts you for a kernel file name to load). For details see the Guide to ULTRIX-32 System Startup and Shutdown, linked to in the ''References'' section. To use it, add the <code>/R5:<flags></code> option to the <code>boot</code> command, where flags is 0 (default multi-user), 1 (conversational multi-user), 2 (single-user) or 3 (conversational single-user). For example
>>>boot/r5:3 dua0

Note: You can also boot from ethernet (<code>boot XQA0</code>) but this requires a DEC-specific boot server in your network (the protocol is called ''MOP'' for ''Maintenance Operations Protocol''), which is beyond the scope of this document. I did get it to work a few years ago though, but it was a bit difficult to set up.

For a list and description of all commands available in the bootloader (hint: there are lots), see the ''KA655 CPU System Maintenance'' guide mentioned in the ''References'' section..

==Bootstrapping ULTRIX==
You will see the following output on the first boot.
<pre>
>>>boot dua2
(BOOT/R5:0 DUA2

2..
-DUA2
1..0..

Ultrixboot - V4.5 Sun Sep 17 13:03:13 EDT 1995

Loading (a)vmunix ...

Sizes:
text = 945424
data = 1290240
bss = 757940
Starting at 0x5219

ULTRIX V4.5 (Rev. 47) System #2: Wed Oct 18 12:06:55 EDT 1995
real mem = 67043328
avail mem = 61517824
Buffer configuration adjusted to run with small system page table
using 123 buffers containing 1007616 bytes of memory
KA655 processor with an FPU
CPU microcode rev = 6, processor firmware rev = 83
Q22 bus
uda0 at uba0
uq0 at uda0 csr 172150 vec 774, ipl 17
klesiu0 at uba0
uq16 at klesiu0 csr 174500 vec 770, ipl 17
ra1 at uq0 slave 1 (RA90)
ra2 at uq0 slave 2 (RRD40)
ra0 at uq0 slave 0 (RA90)
tms0 at uq16 slave 0 (TK50)
WARNING: clock gained 47 days -- CHECK AND RESET THE DATE!

*** STANDALONE ULTRIX ENVIRONMENT ***

If you select the BASIC Installation option from the list that follows,
the installation software creates file systems on default partitions on
your system disk and loads the mandatory ULTRIX software subsets.

If you require additional installation choices, select the ADVANCED
Installation option.

Select one of the following options:

1) BASIC Installation
2) ADVANCED Installation
3) System management

Enter your choice:
</pre>
Now we want to do an ''ADVANCED Installation'', but when we try to, it will take a few seconds until the installation program dumps us to a prompt because it couldn't find a valid device to install from and to:
<pre>
Enter your choice: 2

*** SOFTWARE DISTRIBUTION DEVICE SELECTION ***

The 'Guide to Installing ULTRIX' explains the following table
of software distribution devices and which installation media you should
load on it:

No valid device is found.
Contact a DIGITAL field service representative.

#
</pre>

The problem seems to be that the hardware SimH emulates is not fully supported by ULTRIX (or is misdetected -- I'm not entirely sure myself). The good thing is that the internet has the correct solution, which is to fix some lines in the installation shell script. The fact that the basic system that is running at this point doesn't have ''vi'', or even ''cat'', makes this a bit harder ;-)

The only option you have is ''ed'', the old UNIX editor. For a quick introduction, see [http://blog.sanctum.geek.nz/actually-using-ed/ here].

To load the file in the editor, use
# '''ed install.1'''
16763

You can see the entire file with
1,$l
but be warned, the output is quite long and it'll take some time to print it all out.

To fix it, use the following commands (the lines in '''bold''' is what you type, everything else is the response from ed)
# '''ed install.1'''
16763
'''173l'''
BTD=`btd`
'''173s/`btd`/ra2/'''
'''173l'''
BTD=ra2
'''193l'''
rz* )
'''193s/rz/ra/'''
'''193l'''
ra* )
'''w'''
16761
'''q'''
#

First, we list line 173, then we change it from <code>BTD=`btd`</code> to <code>BTD=ra2</code>, which happens to be the CDROM device and unit number we're installing from (if you changed that in your config, use the correct name here!)

Then we change line 193 from <code>rz* )</code> to <code>ra* )</code> since we're trying to install on an RA type disk which was apparently not supported in ULTRIX out of the box.

Note: These changes also work for Ultrix 4.3 and 4.4. If you would like to try 4.2, use 164 instead of 173 and 184 instead of 193.

After writing the file with <code>w</code> and quitting ed with <code>q</code>, we're back at the prompt, at which point we can use CTRL+D to retry the installation:

<pre>
# ^D
*** STANDALONE ULTRIX ENVIRONMENT ***

If you select the BASIC Installation option from the list that follows,
the installation software creates file systems on default partitions on
your system disk and loads the mandatory ULTRIX software subsets.

If you require additional installation choices, select the ADVANCED
Installation option.

Select one of the following options:

1) BASIC Installation
2) ADVANCED Installation
3) System management

Enter your choice: 2

*** SYSTEM DISK SELECTION ***

The 'Guide to Installing ULTRIX' explains the following table
of system disk drives. Select one of the devices below to contain the
root file system:

SYSTEM DISK TABLE

Selection Device ULTRIX Device Controller Controller
Name Name Number Name Number
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1 RA90 ra0 0 RQDX3 0
2 RA90 ra1 1 RQDX3 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Enter your choice: 1

You selected RA90, device number 0. Make sure this disk drive
is on line and write-enabled (if applicable to your disk drive), then
confirm your choice.

Use RA90, ra0, for your system disk? (y/n) []: y

The installation procedure now allocates the root file system on
partition 'a' of the system disk, ra0 RA90.

Making the root file system on ra0 RA90.

The installation procedure is now restoring the root file system to
partition 'a' of the system disk, ra0 RA90.

The installation procedure now checks the root file system on partition 'a'
of the system disk, ra0 RA90.
** /dev/rra0a
** Last Mounted on /mnt
** Phase 1 - Check Blocks and Sizes
** Phase 2 - Check Pathnames
** Phase 3 - Check Connectivity
** Phase 4 - Check Reference Counts
** Phase 5 - Check Cyl groups
226 files, 4547 used, 11004 free (20 frags, 1373 blocks, 1.0% fragmentation)

*** BOOTSTRAP COMMAND SEQUENCE ***

Enter the following boot sequence at the console mode prompt
after the installation software halts the processor:

>>> b dua0

syncing disks... done

?06 HLT INST
PC = 8007F799
>>>
</pre>
After this, you will be back at the VAX boot prompt (if you used <code>set CPU CONHALT</code> in your config) or at the SimH emulator prompt (if you used <code>set CPU SIMHALT</code>, which is the default). In the latter case you will have to do <code>boot cpu</code> again to get to the VAX boot prompt.

==First boot==
Now we can boot the installed system from harddisk for the first time.

If you want to, now would be a good time to take a backup copy of your disk files (or just create a btrfs snapshot or something if you have the possibility ;-)

Okay, then let's boot from DUA0
<pre>
>>>boot dua0
(BOOT/R5:0 DUA0

2..
-DUA0
1..0..

Ultrixboot - V4.5 Sun Sep 17 13:03:13 EDT 1995

Loading (a)vmunix ...

Sizes:
text = 1153664
data = 281088
bss = 1043548
Starting at 0x5219

ULTRIX V4.5 (Rev. 47) System #3: Wed Oct 18 11:49:00 EDT 1995
real mem = 67043328
avail mem = 62008320
Buffer configuration adjusted to run with small system page table
using 121 buffers containing 991232 bytes of memory
KA655 processor with an FPU
CPU microcode rev = 6, processor firmware rev = 83
Q22 bus
uda0 at uba0
uq0 at uda0 csr 172150 vec 774, ipl 17
klesiu0 at uba0
uq16 at klesiu0 csr 174500 vec 770, ipl 17
qe0 at uba0 csr 174440 vec 764, ipl 17
qe0: DEC DELQA Ethernet Interface DEQNA-lock Mode, hardware address 08:00:2b:04:14:02
lp0 at uba0 csr 177514 vec 200, ipl 17
</pre>
Here, it will seem to hang for a loooong time. A few minutes. Don't worry, it will eventually continue to boot. I guess it's probing for other devices which are not present.

You ''might'' be able to speed this up a bit by interrupting SimH (press CTRL+E in the SimH console window) and then using <code>set CPU noidle</code> followed by <code>go</code> to resume emulation.

Eventually, you will have to decide on a hostname. Note that if you want to play around with [[DECnet]] at some point, your hostname should be no longer than 6 characters.
<pre>
ra1 at uq0 slave 1 (RA90)
ra2 at uq0 slave 2 (RRD40)
ra0 at uq0 slave 0 (RA90)
tms0 at uq16 slave 0 (TK50)

*** SYSTEM NAME SPECIFICATION ***

Select the name of your system using alphanumeric characters.
The first character must be a letter. For example, tinker.

Enter your system name: yuki

You selected yuki as the name of your system.
Is this correct? (y/n) [y]: y
</pre>

Next up is the time configuration. Since Ultrix 4.5 is not Y2k compliant (AFAIK), I decided to set the clock back a whopping 20 years. Note that the timezone and daylight saving settings are for my location (Germany) and will probably vary for you.

<pre>
*** DATE AND TIME SPECIFICATION ***

The current date and time should be specified using the following
format:

yymmddhhmm

Use two digits for year (yy), month (mm), day (dd), hour (hh), and
minute (mm). Enter the time in 24-hour format. For example, 02:54
p.m. on Feb 2, 1993 would be entered as:

9302021454

Enter the date and time: 9512052336

*** TIME ZONE SELECTION ***

Select the time zone for your area, using the options listed in the
table below. You can also enter the number of hours (-12 to 12) in
time east of Greenwich.

Selection Time Zone
---------------------------------
e Eastern
c Central
m Mountain
p Pacific
g Greenwich
---------------------------------

Enter your choice: 1

Does your area alternate between Daylight Savings and Standard
time? (y/n) [y]: y

Select your geographic area for Daylight Savings Time, using the
options in the table below.

Selection Geographic Area
--------------------------------
u USA
a Australia
e Eastern Europe
c Central Europe
w Western Europe
--------------------------------

Enter your choice [u]: c

The current date and time is Tue Dec 5 23:36:46 EST 1995
</pre>

Next up is the root password. Note that Ultrix will not echo anything here, I added the asterisks just for this guide :)

<pre>
*** SPECIFY THE SUPERUSER PASSWORD ***
The Guide to Installing ULTRIX instructs you on how to enter
the superuser password.
Changing password for root
Enter new password: ******
Verify: ******
</pre>

Next up is the filesystem layout, which is a bit more involved than what you know from more modern systems like MS DOS ;-)

In ULTRIX, partitions are defined for each disk type in a file called <code>/etc/disktab</code>. Note that the partitions overlap, so you shouldn't use them all at the same time. The setup script actually takes care of that for you, but if you later create a new filesystem on the wrong partition you ''WILL'' lose data!

Normally, partition '''c''' is the whole disk, which is useful for add-on disk drives for example. Partitions '''a''' and '''b''' are always available and are traditionally used for the system and the swap-space respectively. The swap partition is also used for crashdumps if no separate crash-dump partition is created. The rest of the disk can be used either as a single partition (which is usually '''g''') or as 3 individual partitions ('''d''' to '''f'''). If the disk is larger than 1 gigabyte, you will get another partition, '''h''', after the g partition, probably because the filesystem cannot cope with partitions >1gig

In our case, we will have the following partitions on the first disk (RA0):
*Partition '''a''' of 32 mb for /root
*Partition '''b''' of 64 mb for swap+crashdump
*Partition '''c''' of 1.2 gig (whole-disk, not used on our setup)
*Partition '''d''' and '''e''' of 200 mb each (not used)
*Partition '''f''' of 400 mb (not used)
*Partition '''g''' of 800 mb (overlaps with d, e and f; will become /usr)
*Partition '''h''' of 256 mb (will become /usr/var)
This way we still have the whole second disk available for later use.

So here it goes:
<pre>
*** FILE SYSTEM DEFAULT OPTION ***

The following table shows the default file system layout on RA90, ra0:

partition bottom top size overlap default
a 0 32767 32768 c root
b 32768 159839 127072 c swap, dump
d 159840 580036 420197 c,g /usr

If you choose the defaults, the var area will be allocated to /usr/var.

Do you want to choose the default file system layout? (y/n): n
</pre>

No, we do not want to use the defaults...

First, we select disk 1, partition '''g''', for the /usr file system:
<pre>
*** /usr FILE SYSTEM ALLOCATION ***

You can allocate the /usr file system to one of the disks listed in the
table below. See the Guide to Installing ULTRIX for an explanation of
this table:

/usr FILE SYSTEM ALLOCATION TABLE

Selection Device ULTRIX Device Controller Controller
Name Name Number Name Number
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1 RA90 ra0 0 RQDX3 0
2 RA90 ra1 1 RQDX3 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Enter your choice: 1

You selected RA90, device number 0. Make sure this disk is
on line and write-enabled (if applicable to this drive) and then
confirm your choice.

Use RA90, ra0 for /usr file system? (y/n) []: y

The disk ra0 you selected from the previous table has the following
partitions available, on which you can allocate the /usr file system:

partition size (Kbytes) overlap
------------------------------------------------
d --- 210098 c,g
e --- 210098 c,g
f --- 420196 c,g
g --- 840393 c,d,e,f
h --- 267763 c
------------------------------------------------

Type the letter of the partition on which you want
to allocate the /usr file system [d]: g

Making the new file system for /usr on /dev/rra0g RA90
</pre>

Next, we select disk 1, partition '''b''' for swap (only 1 swap partition) and for crashdumps:

<pre>
*** ALLOCATE THE SWAP1 SPACE ***

You can allocate the swap1 space to one of the disks listed in the
table below. See the Guide to Installing ULTRIX for an explanation of
this table:

SWAP1 SPACE ALLOCATION TABLE

Selection Device ULTRIX Device Controller Controller
Name Name Number Name Number
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1 RA90 ra0 0 RQDX3 0
2 RA90 ra1 1 RQDX3 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Enter your choice: 1

You selected RA90, device number 0. Make sure this disk is
on line and write-enabled (if applicable to this drive) and then
confirm your choice.

Use RA90, ra0 for swap1 space? (y/n) []: y

The disk ra0 you selected from the previous table has the following
partitions available, on which you can allocate the swap1 space:

partition size (Kbytes) overlap
------------------------------------------------
b --- 63536 c
h --- 267763 c
------------------------------------------------

Type the letter of the partition on which you want
to allocate the swap1 space [b]: b

*** ALLOCATE THE SWAP2 SPACE ***

Do you want to allocate a second swap space? (y/n) [n]: n

*** ALLOCATE THE CRASH DUMP SPACE ***

You can allocate the crash dump space to one of the disks listed in the
table below. See the Guide to Installing ULTRIX for an explanation of
this table:

CRASH DUMP SPACE ALLOCATION TABLE

Selection Device ULTRIX Device Controller Controller
Name Name Number Name Number
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1 RA90 ra0 0 RQDX3 0
2 RA90 ra1 1 RQDX3 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Enter your choice: 1

You selected RA90, device number 0. Make sure this disk is
on line and write-enabled (if applicable to this drive) and then
confirm your choice.

Use RA90, ra0 for crash dump space? (y/n) []: y

The disk ra0 you selected from the previous table has the following
partitions available, on which you can allocate the crash dump space:

partition size (Kbytes) overlap
------------------------------------------------
h --- 267763 c
b --- 63536 c
------------------------------------------------

Type the letter of the partition on which you want
to allocate the crash dump space [b]: b
</pre>

Finally we select partiton '''h''' for the /var file system. This might not be large enough later on but then we can always migrate the data away if we need to...

<pre>
*** ALLOCATE THE var FILE SYSTEM ***

You can allocate the var file system to one of the disks listed in the
table below. See the Guide to Installing ULTRIX for an explanation of
this table:

var FILE SYSTEM ALLOCATION TABLE

Selection Device ULTRIX Device Controller Controller
Name Name Number Name Number
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1 RA90 ra0 0 RQDX3 0
2 RA90 ra1 1 RQDX3 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Enter your choice: 1

You selected RA90, device number 0. Make sure this disk is
on line and write-enabled (if applicable to this drive) and then
confirm your choice.

Use RA90, ra0 for var file system? (y/n) []: y

The disk ra0 you selected from the previous table has the following
partitions available, on which you can allocate the var file system:

partition size (Kbytes) overlap
------------------------------------------------
h --- 267763 c
g --- 840393 c,d,e,f
------------------------------------------------

Type the letter of the partition on which you want
to allocate the var file system [no default]: h

Making the new file system for var on /dev/rra0h RA90
</pre>

==Installing the distribution files==

Next up we have to decide what ''packages'' we want to install (yes, ULTRIX already had its own package format and corresponding installer called ''setld''. It is very basic, probably most similar to ''pkg_add'' on NetBSD). We simply install everything, since we have enough space :)

<pre>
This distribution media includes subsets for ULTRIX Worksystem
Software (UWS). A UWS license (on a workstation) or a UWS Server
License (on a timesharing machine or server) is required to install
these subsets.

Do you want to install ULTRIX Worksystem Software? y/n []: y

*** SUPPORTED SOFTWARE INSTALLATION ***

*** Select the DECwindows User Interface ***

1) DECwindows for OSF/Motif
2) X11/DECwindows (XUI)

Enter your choice [1]: 2

*** Enter Subset Selections ***

The following subsets are mandatory and will be installed automatically:
* Base System * Kernel Config Files
* TCP/IP Networking Utilities * Network File System Utilities
* Extended (Berkeley) Mailer * X11/DECwindows Servers
* X11/DECwindows User Environment * X11/DECwindows 75dpi Fonts

The subsets listed below are optional:
1) Printer Support Environment 2) RAND Mail Handler
3) Sys. Config. Mgmt. Program (SCAMP) 4) Communications Utilities
5) Unix-to-Unix Copy Facility 6) Maintenance Operations Protocol
7) Accounting Software 8) Kerberos Network Authentication
9) Enhanced Security Features 10) Prestoserve Utilities
11) System Exerciser Package 12) Bisynchronous Communications
13) Doc. Preparation for Ref. Pages 14) Doc. Preparation Extensions
15) Adobe Font Metric Files 16) Software Development Utilities
17) Source Code Control System 18) Internationalization Runtime Env.
19) Internationalization Dev. Env. 20) CDA Base System
21) CDA Software Dev Libraries 22) RPC Runtime Environment
23) RPC Development Environment 24) Pascal Development Package
25) VAX C/ULTRIX 26) Ref. Pages for Sys. Admin. & Users
27) Reference Pages for Programers 28) Programming Examples
29) Ultrix SPDS 30) X11/DECwindows 100dpi Fonts
31) VS35XX X11/DECwindows Fonts 32) Additional DECwindows Applications
33) DECwindows Mail Application 34) Worksystem Development Environment
35) X11/DECwindows System Management T 36) UWS Runtime Reference Pages
37) UWS Development Reference Pages

38) All mandatory and all optional subsets
39) Mandatory subsets only
40) Exit without installing subsets

Enter your choice(s): 38
Working....Wed Dec 6 00:14:12 EST 1995

You are installing the following subsets:
Base System Kernel Config Files
TCP/IP Networking Utilities Network File System Utilities
Extended (Berkeley) Mailer X11/DECwindows Servers
X11/DECwindows User Environment X11/DECwindows 75dpi Fonts
Printer Support Environment RAND Mail Handler
Sys. Config. Mgmt. Program (SCAMP) Communications Utilities
Unix-to-Unix Copy Facility Maintenance Operations Protocol
Accounting Software Kerberos Network Authentication
Enhanced Security Features Prestoserve Utilities
System Exerciser Package Bisynchronous Communications
Doc. Preparation for Ref. Pages Doc. Preparation Extensions
Adobe Font Metric Files Software Development Utilities
Source Code Control System Internationalization Runtime Env.
Internationalization Dev. Env. CDA Base System
CDA Software Dev Libraries RPC Runtime Environment
RPC Development Environment Pascal Development Package
VAX C/ULTRIX Ref. Pages for Sys. Admin. & Users
Reference Pages for Programers Programming Examples
Ultrix SPDS X11/DECwindows 100dpi Fonts
VS35XX X11/DECwindows Fonts Additional DECwindows Applications
DECwindows Mail Application Worksystem Development Environment
X11/DECwindows System Management To UWS Runtime Reference Pages
UWS Development Reference Pages

Is this correct? (y/n): y
</pre>

The installation will take a while (around 15-30 minutes for me), so feel free to let it run in the background for a while now. The installer will periodically print its status so you can see that it's still running...

<pre>
Base System (ULTBASE450)
Copying from /mnt/VAX/BASE (disk)
Working....Wed Dec 6 00:14:43 EST 1995
Verifying

Kernel Config Files (ULTBIN450)
Copying from /mnt/VAX/BASE (disk)
Working....Wed Dec 6 00:15:28 EST 1995
Verifying

...
</pre>

At some point you will have to confirm installing the generic kernel and the X11 subsystem:

<pre>
...
UWS Runtime Reference Pages (UWSMAN450)
Copying from /mnt/VAX/BASE (disk)
Verifying

UWS Development Reference Pages (UWSMANPGMR450)
Copying from /mnt/VAX/BASE (disk)
Verifying

The installation software has successfully installed the software
subsets.
Installing Upgrade subsets
The following subsets will be installed:
* X11/DECwindows Servers Upgrade * Generic Kernel
Do you wish to continue? (y/n): y

X11/DECwindows Servers Upgrade (UWSSER451)
Copying from /mnt/VAX/BASE_UPGRADE (disk)
Verifying

Generic Kernel (ULTGENVMUNIX451)
Copying from /mnt/VAX/BASE_UPGRADE (disk)
Verifying

The installation procedure has successfully installed the Upgrade
subsets
</pre>

That's it for the base installation, now we configure our kernel...

==Kernel configuration==
We have to select what features will be in the kernel. For anyone who has ever done a "make menuconfig" on Linux, this is ''slightly'' easier here ;-)
<pre>
*** CONFIGURATION FILE KERNEL OPTION SELECTION ***

Selection Kernel Option
---------------------------------------------------------------
1 Local Area Transport (LAT)
2 Bisynchronous Communication protocol (VAX only)
3 Computer Interconnect (CI) network
4 Diagnostic/Utilities Protocol (DUP)
5 ISO9660 File System Support (CDFS)
6 Ethernet Packet Filter
7 Enhanced Security Features
8 All of the above
9 None of the above
----------------------------------------------------------------

Enter the selection number for each kernel option you want.
For example, 1 3 :
</pre>

In our case, we don't need 2 (it is for 2780/3780 remote terminals), 3 (SimH doesn't emulate any cluster hardware) or 6 (it might cause problems with DECwindows/Motif). Everything else (<code>1 4 5 7</code>) is probably safe. This lets us play around with LAT (maybe connect an emulated Cisco router with LAT routing to it?) and DUP.

<pre>
Enter the selection number for each kernel option you want.
For example, 1 3 : 1 4 5 7

You specified the following kernel options:

Local Area Transport (LAT)
Diagnostic/Utilities Protocol (DUP)
ISO9660 File System Support (CDFS)
Enhanced Security Features

Is this correct? (y/n) [n]: y

*** SYSTEM CONFIGURATION PROCEDURE ***
The installation software found these devices in the floating
address space:

dz0 on uba0 at 0160100
dz1 on uba0 at 0160110
dz2 on uba0 at 0160120
dz3 on uba0 at 0160130

Configuration file complete.

Do you want to edit the configuration file? (y/n) [n]: n

*** PERFORMING SYSTEM CONFIGURATION ***

working ..... Wed Dec 6 02:29:10 EST 1995

*** DEVICE SPECIAL FILE CREATION ***
working ..... Wed Dec 6 02:29:53 EST 1995

*** SOFTWARE INSTALLATION PROCEDURE COMPLETE ***

The following files were created during the installation procedure:

/vmunix - customized kernel
/genvmunix - generic kernel
/usr/adm/install.log - installation log file
/usr/adm/install.FS.log - file systems log file
/usr/adm/install.DEV.log - special device log file

Enter the following boot sequence at the console mode prompt
after the installation software halts the processor:

>>> b dua0

syncing disks... done

?06 HLT INST
PC = 800985B5
</pre>

Now you might want to take another backup of your disk images, since the ULTRIX installation is now basically complete.

==Adding the unsupported sets==
Now there are some more pieces of software in the CDROM, in a directory called ''unsupported''. We want to install these as well. First, let's boot our system again

<pre>
>>>b dua0
(BOOT/R5:0 DUA0

2..
-DUA0
1..0..

Ultrixboot - V4.5 Sun Sep 17 13:03:13 EDT 1995

Loading (a)vmunix ...

Sizes:
text = 747376
data = 125952
bss = 918192
Starting at 0x2c19

ULTRIX V4.5 (Rev. 47) System #1: Wed Dec 6 02:29:50 EST 1995
real mem = 67043328
avail mem = 56455168
using 1638 buffers containing 6712320 bytes of memory
KA655 processor with an FPU
CPU microcode rev = 6, processor firmware rev = 83
Q22 bus
uda0 at uba0
uq0 at uda0 csr 172150 vec 774, ipl 17
klesiu0 at uba0
uq16 at klesiu0 csr 174500 vec 770, ipl 17
qe0 at uba0 csr 174440 vec 764, ipl 17
qe0: DEC DELQA Ethernet Interface DEQNA-lock Mode, hardware address 08:00:2b:04:14:02
lp0 at uba0 csr 177514 vec 200, ipl 17
dz0 at uba0 csr 160100 vec 300, ipl 17
dz1 at uba0 csr 160110 vec 310, ipl 17
dz2 at uba0 csr 160120 vec 320, ipl 17
dz3 at uba0 csr 160130 vec 330, ipl 17
ra1 at uq0 slave 1 (RA90)
ra2 at uq0 slave 2 (RRD40)
ra0 at uq0 slave 0 (RA90)
tms0 at uq16 slave 0 (TK50)
Wed Dec 6 11:25:29 MET 1995
Automatic reboot in progress...
/dev/ra0a: 644 files, 6161 used, 9390 free (166 frags, 1153 blocks, 5.0% fragmentation)
/dev/rra0g: umounted cleanly
/dev/rra0h: umounted cleanly
Warning Creating new license database
Warning creating new history file
check quotas: done.
savecore: checking for dump...dump does not exist
local daemons: syslog sendmail.
Removing remnant Opser files
preserving editor files
clearing /tmp
standard daemons: update cron accounting network snmpd printer.
start errlog daemon - elcsd
Wed Dec 6 11:25:48 MET 1995

ULTRIX V4.5 (Rev. 47) (yuki)

login: root
Password:

ULTRIX V4.5 (Rev. 47) System #1: Wed Dec 6 02:29:50 EST 1995
UWS V4.5 (Rev. 6)

Digital Equipment Corporation
Nashua, New Hampshire

*** SOFTWARE INSTALLATION PROCEDURE COMPLETE ***

The following files were created during the installation procedure:

/vmunix - customized kernel
/genvmunix - generic kernel
/usr/adm/install.log - installation log file
/usr/adm/install.FS.log - file systems log file
/usr/adm/install.DEV.log - special device log file

#
</pre>

now, we mount the CDROM and use <code>setld</code> to install the unsupported packages. For simplicity's sake, we just (again) install everything.

<pre>
# mount -r /dev/ra2c /mnt
# cd /mnt/VAX/UNSUPPORTED
# ls
DXVUNDEMO450 ULXDOC450 ULXINGRES450 ULXRCS450 ULXUNMAN450
ULXAPL450 ULXEDIT450 ULXLEARN450 ULXSHELLS450 ULXUNMIT450
ULXBASE450 ULXF77450 ULXLISP450 ULXSPMS450 ULXVARIAN450
ULXBIB450 ULXGAMES450 ULXMAN450 ULXTERM450 instctrl
ULXCOURIER450 ULXHYPER450 ULXMOD2450 ULXTOOLS450
ULXCPM450 ULXICON450 ULXNEWS450 ULXUNEXAMP450
ULXDCMT450 ULXINET450 ULXNOTES450 ULXUNFONTS450
# setld -l .

*** Enter Subset Selections ***

The subsets listed below are optional:
1) Base Extension 2) GNU Emacs
3) TCP/IP Networking Util Extension 4) Additional Terminal Drivers
5) Document Preparation Software 6) Games and Diversions
7) Supplementary Documentation 8) Bibliographic Utilities
9) Remote Procedure Call Compiler 10) Aux. Command Line Interpreters
11) USENET News Interface Software 12) Notesfiles Package
13) Revision Control System 14) Misc. User-Contributed Utilities
15) Computer Aided System Tutor 16) Franz Lisp Development Package
17) Modula-2 Development Package 18) Raster Plotter Package
19) APL Development Package 20) CP/M 8in Diskette Utility
21) Hyperchannel Utilities 22) ICON (Language) Development Packag
23) University Ingres QUEL DBMS 24) Software Project Management System
25) Unsupported Fortran Utilities 26) Unsupported On-Line Documentation
27) Unsupported X11 Components 28) Unsupported DECwindows Examples
29) Unsupported MIT Fonts 30) Unsupported X11 Reference Pages
31) Unsupported OSF/Motif Demos

32) All mandatory and all optional subsets
33) Mandatory subsets only
34) Exit without installing subsets

Enter your choice(s): 32
Working....Wed Dec 6 11:29:48 MET 1995
Wed Dec 6 11:30:00 MET 1995

You are installing the following subsets:
Base Extension GNU Emacs
TCP/IP Networking Util Extension Additional Terminal Drivers
Document Preparation Software Games and Diversions
Supplementary Documentation Bibliographic Utilities
Remote Procedure Call Compiler Aux. Command Line Interpreters
USENET News Interface Software Notesfiles Package
Revision Control System Misc. User-Contributed Utilities
Computer Aided System Tutor Franz Lisp Development Package
Modula-2 Development Package Raster Plotter Package
APL Development Package CP/M 8in Diskette Utility
Hyperchannel Utilities ICON (Language) Development Package
University Ingres QUEL DBMS Software Project Management System
Unsupported Fortran Utilities Unsupported On-Line Documentation
Unsupported X11 Components Unsupported DECwindows Examples
Unsupported MIT Fonts Unsupported X11 Reference Pages
Unsupported OSF/Motif Demos

Is this correct? (y/n): y

Base Extension (ULXBASE450)
Copying from . (disk)
Verifying

GNU Emacs (ULXEDIT450)
Copying from . (disk)
Verifying

TCP/IP Networking Util Extension (ULXINET450)
Copying from . (disk)
Verifying
...
</pre>

Note that you could also quickly install only a single package by using for example
# setld -l . ULXINET450

After a few minutes, installation will be completed and we should unmount the CDROM
# cd /
# umount /mnt

==Network configuration==
To configure the network, you have to use a static IPv4 address and put that into the beginning of /etc/rc.local. Note that there is no <code>ifconfig -a</code> in ULTRIX, you have to use <code>netstat -i</code>

<pre>
# netstat -i
Name Mtu Network Address Ipkts Ierrs Opkts Oerrs Coll
qe0* 1500 none none 0 0 0 0 0
lo0 1536 loop localhost 1 0 1 0 0
# ifconfig qe0 192.168.1.44 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
# route add default 192.168.1.1 1
add net default: gateway 192.168.1.1
# ping 192.168.1.1
192.168.1.1 is alive
</pre>
Note that it might actually take a while until packets are getting through. I don't know why but in my case it helped to ping ULTRIX from the outside first, e.g. from Windows, and then re-try the ping from the VM. Then it worked. I'm guessing this is some SimH/Windows issue with PCAP or something.

Then put these 2 commands at the start of <code>/etc/rc.local</code> (you'll see where). Note that you can use <code>vi</code> now!
<pre>
# @(#)rc.local 9.4 (ULTRIX) 9/21/95
/bin/hostname yuki
#/etc/ifconfig HDWR `/bin/hostname` broadcast NETNUM.0 netmask 255.0
/etc/ifconfig qe0 192.168.1.44 netmask 255.255.255.0
route add default 192.168.1.1 1
/etc/ifconfig lo0 localhost
#/etc/bscconfig dup0 bsc 1
#/etc/bscconfig dpv0 bsc 1
...
</pre>

Note that DNS lookups normally don't work out of the box. Create a basic <code>/etc/resolv.conf</code> file with the following content (or whatever is correct in your environment)
domain lan.local
nameserver 192.168.1.1

However, if you then try to do an nslookup query, you will get an error message
# nslookup www.google.com
*** Can't find server name for address 192.168.1.1: Not implemented
*** Default servers are not available
The problem is that ULTRIX sends so-called ''inverse queries'' (not to be confused with the well-known ''reverse lookups'', which are actually just regular forward lookups to a specific TLD) to map IP addresses to hostnames. Most DNS servers don't support these inverse queries anymore. Apparently, BIND8 still included an option "fake-iquery" which might be used to support these queries. Versions before BIND8 (4.x) supported IQUERY natively. I have yet to test both variants to see which (if any) of them work.

==Shutting down cleanly==
As you'd expect, you can use <code>shutdown</code> to shut the system down
<pre>
# shutdown -h now
Shutdown at 11:15 (in 0 minutes) [pid 1500]
#
System shutdown time has arrived
syncing disks... done

?06 HLT INST
PC = 80094CDD
>>>
</pre>

==Enabling outside access==
The SimH config above includes a 16-line serial multiplexer. If you connect via TELNET to port 1005, you are given the first free serial line of the emulated DZ device. However, serial login is disabled by default, so it has to be enabled first. That's what the <code>/etc/ttys</code> file is for. Edit the file and change the ''off'' to ''on'' in the lines for tty00 to tty07, as shown below
<pre>
# @(#)ttys 9.1 (ULTRIX) 4/26/94
#
#
#
# name getty type status comments
#
console "/etc/getty std.9600" vt100 on secure # console terminal
tty00 "/etc/getty std.9600" vt100 on nomodem # direct connect tty
tty01 "/etc/getty std.9600" vt100 on nomodem # direct connect tty
tty02 "/etc/getty std.9600" vt100 on nomodem # direct connect tty
tty03 "/etc/getty std.9600" vt100 on nomodem # direct connect tty
tty04 "/etc/getty std.9600" vt100 on nomodem # direct connect tty
tty05 "/etc/getty std.9600" vt100 on nomodem # direct connect tty
tty06 "/etc/getty std.9600" vt100 on nomodem # direct connect tty
tty07 "/etc/getty std.9600" vt100 on nomodem # direct connect tty
ttyd0 "/etc/getty std.9600" vt100 off shared secure # modem line
</pre>

If you want to be able to login as root on these terminals, you can also add the <code>secure</code> flag as well. Also note that while it seems tempting to increase the line speed to 19200 or even higher, from my experience that will cause massive lags and emulation hangs in SimH, so do that on your own risk.

After editing the file and saving it, you have to reload init:
# kill -HUP 1

Now try logging in to port 1005 via telnet, and you should be greeted with this:
<pre>
Connected to the MicroVAX 3900 simulator DZ device, line 0

ULTRIX V4.5 (Rev. 47) (yuki)

login: root
Password:
Requires secure terminal
</pre>

Note that SimH will print out the serial line to which you are connected, in this case line 0 which is /dev/tty00.

Also, if your inetd is running (which it should be, if you followed this guide), you will also already be able to login remotely using telnet.
<pre>
ULTRIX V4.5 (Rev. 47) (yuki)

login: root
Password:
Requires secure terminal
</pre>
To enable root access for all telnet sessions, you will have to edit the /etc/ttys file and change every line that starts with "ttyp" to include the secure flag:
ttyp0 none network
will become
ttyp0 none network secure
and so on...

==Resources==
Some of the resources I used for creating this guide:
*ULTRIX 4.5 installation ISO [http://musall.de/mirrors/ultrix/ultrix_os/vax/]
*ULTRIX-32 startup and shutdown guide [http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/dec/vax/ultrix-32/3.0/AA-ME91A-TE_ULTRIX-32_Guide_to_System_Shutdown_and_Startup.pdf]
*CERN guide to installing ULTRIX [https://web-docs.gsi.de/~kraemer/COLLECTION/ULTRIX/wwwpdp.web.cern.ch/wwwpdp/as/file/doc/ultrix/ultrix.pdf]
*My old guide for installing ULTRIX [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ULRhzE0R1twarB5hfJm85yqOdTeoFCGgyPr5AxYEIbE]
*DEC KA655 CPU System Maintenance [http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/dec/vax/655/EK-306A-MG-001_655Mnt_Mar89.pdf]
*Some notes and links to more ULTRIX information [https://web-docs.gsi.de/~kraemer/COLLECTION/ULTRIX/docs.html]
*Ultrix Guide to Disk Maintenance [http://www.carelife.com/manuals/Ultrix_Guide_Disk_Maint.PDF]
*Some random notes about ULTRIX 4.0 (some also apply to 4.5) [http://apfelboymchen.net/gnu/UNIX/vax-ultrix.html]

[[Category:SIMH Tutorials]]
[[Category: ULTRIX]]

Installing Ultrix 4.5 on SIMH

2023-09-29T07:10:03Z

Rayrayemu: Added instructions for other versions of Ultrix.

This WORK-IN-PROGRESS guide will be a simple guide to installing [[ULTRIX]] 4.5 for VAX on [[SIMH]].

==Requirements==
The following is a list of things required for installation
*A recent version of the SIMH emulator
**Make sure the binary you're using includes [[Ethernet]] support
**I'm using a self-compiled version (git revision 0e8c0aea)
*An ISO image of ULTRIX 4.5 for [[VAX]]
**See the "Resources" section for a download link
**It's probably also possible to install it from tape, although I don't know if any installation tapes for ULTRIX 4.5 exist
*Optional stuff (might get added to the guide later):
**Starfish Ultrix Freeware CDs from [http://musall.de/mirrors/ultrix/freeware/ here]

==SimH configuration==
The machine I'm using to run ULTRIX has the following configuration
*[[DEC]] [[MicroVAX 3800/3900|MicroVAX 3800]]
*64mb memory
*[[DELQA]] network card (XQ0)
*Two [[RA90]] disk drives (with 1.2gb each) attached to an [[RQDX3 MFM Disk & Floppy QBUS Controller|RQDX3]] controller (RQ0 and RQ1)
*CD ROM drive attached to the same RQDX3 controller as unit 2 (RQ2)
*[[TK50]] tape attached as unit 0 on the first [[TQK50]] controller (TQ0)
*[[DZV11]] terminal multiplexer with 16 lines, attached to telnet port 1005 (DZ)
*[[LPT]] line printer attached to text file <code>printer_output.txt</code>

Here's my config file (I called it <code>simh.conf</code>)
<pre><nowiki>
;
; SimH 4.0 Configuration file for MicroVAX 3800
;
; Host System : DEC MicroVAX 3800
; Operating System : DEC Ultrix v4.5
; Memory : 64mb
; Network config : XQ: Ethernet, 08:00:2b:04:14:02
; Disks : RQ0: RA90, 1.2gb
; RQ1: RA90, 1.2gb
; CDROMs : RQ2: iso file
; Tape config : TQ0: TK50, 94mb
;

load -r ka655x.bin

; NVRAM
attach NVR nvram.bin

; CPU config
set CPU 64m
set CPU conhalt
set CPU idle=all

; configure console to 7-bit only
set TTO 7b
set TTI 7b

; Disk drives
set RQ0 ra90
attach RQ0 rq0-ra90.dsk
set RQ1 ra90
attach RQ1 rq1-ra90.dsk
set RQ2 CDROM
attach -r RQ2 ultrix-vax-os-v4.5.mode1.ufs.iso
; MD5 sum: 19df0753c27f195e9f1d2f139a3b4629 *ultrix-vax-os-v4.5.mode1.ufs.iso
set RQ3 dis

; Tape
set TQ tk50
;attach tq0 filename-to-tape-file
set TQ1 dis
set TQ2 dis
set TQ3 dis

; serial port, simulated by Telnet to port 1005
set DZ LINES=16
set DZ 8B
attach DZ 1005 NoBuffer

; printer
set LPT enable
attach LPT printer_output.txt

; Disable unused peripherals
set CR dis
set RL dis
set TS dis

; Network interface (08-00-2b is the DEC prefix, the 04-14-02 part is arbitrary)
set XQ MAC=08-00-2b-04-14-02
attach XQ0 eth0

; serial console (launch directly after booting CPU)
set console telnet=1001

; experimental
;set QVSS en

; boot the system
;boot CPU
</nowiki></pre>
Note that I'm using a telnet console (for easier copy/paste on Windows), which means that directly after running this config file (via <code>do simh.conf</code> from Simh) you will need to connect via telnet to localhost:1001 or the boot will abort. If you are on Linux, or just don't want that, remove the <code>set console telnet=1001</code> line.

Also note that you might need to attach XQ0 to a different ethernet device. Use "show ether" in SimH to list all available devices on your system and modify the <code>attach XQ0 eth0</code> line accordingly.

==Running the Emulator==
Either run <code>vax.exe simh.conf</code> from the Windows command line, or just double-click the VAX.EXE executable and type <code>do simh.conf</code>.

On the first launch it might take some time because SimH has to create the disk images (~2.5 gb total). It should look something like this
<pre><nowiki>
MicroVAX 3900 simulator V4.0-0 Beta git commit id: 0e8c0aea
NVR: buffering file in memory
RQ2: unit is read only
Listening on port 1005
WinPcap version 4.1.2 (packet.dll version 4.1.0.2001), based on libpcap version 1.0 branch 1_0_rel0b (20091008)
Eth: opened OS device \Device\NPF_{A41A1651-DD4D-4735-A4E0-88353165C2EC}
Listening on port 1001
sim>
</nowiki></pre>

Type the following to start the emulation (note: you can also uncomment that line from the end of the config file to have the emulation start right away)
sim> boot cpu
Waiting for console Telnet connection

Now would be a good time to connect your telnet session (I use a batch file for this), otherwise the boot process will timeout.

On your console, you should see something like this:
<pre><nowiki>
Connected to the MicroVAX 3900 simulator CON-TEL device

KA655-B V5.3, VMB 2.7
Performing normal system tests.
40..39..38..37..36..35..34..33..32..31..30..29..28..27..26..25..
24..23..22..21..20..19..18..17..16..15..14..13..12..11..10..09..
08..07..06..05..04..03..
Tests completed.
>>>
</nowiki></pre>

This is the VAX's boot prompt. Normally you just type
>>>boot <device>
where <device> is one of the following
*MUA<num>: TK tape device number <num> (1 to 4)
*DUA<num>: RQ disk device number <num> (1 to 4)

You can use <code>show device</code> to see the installed (and detected) devices you can boot from, and <code>show boot</code> to see which device will be the default if you just type <code>boot</code> (or <code>b</code> for short):
<pre><nowiki>
>>>show device
UQSSP Disk Controller 0 (772150)
-DUA0 (RA90)
-DUA1 (RA90)
-DUA2 (RRD40)

UQSSP Tape Controller 0 (774500)
-MUA0 (TK50)

Ethernet Adapter 0 (774440)
-XQA0 (08-00-2B-04-14-02)
>>>show boot
MUA0
</nowiki></pre>

Since we want to boot from CDROM, which is unit 2, we can use
>>>boot DUA2

Note: You can add flags to boot into single user mode, or to boot in interactive mode (so-called ''conversational boot'', where the system prompts you for a kernel file name to load). For details see the Guide to ULTRIX-32 System Startup and Shutdown, linked to in the ''References'' section. To use it, add the <code>/R5:<flags></code> option to the <code>boot</code> command, where flags is 0 (default multi-user), 1 (conversational multi-user), 2 (single-user) or 3 (conversational single-user). For example
>>>boot/r5:3 dua0

Note: You can also boot from ethernet (<code>boot XQA0</code>) but this requires a DEC-specific boot server in your network (the protocol is called ''MOP'' for ''Maintenance Operations Protocol''), which is beyond the scope of this document. I did get it to work a few years ago though, but it was a bit difficult to set up.

For a list and description of all commands available in the bootloader (hint: there are lots), see the ''KA655 CPU System Maintenance'' guide mentioned in the ''References'' section..

==Bootstrapping ULTRIX==
You will see the following output on the first boot.
<pre>
>>>boot dua2
(BOOT/R5:0 DUA2

2..
-DUA2
1..0..

Ultrixboot - V4.5 Sun Sep 17 13:03:13 EDT 1995

Loading (a)vmunix ...

Sizes:
text = 945424
data = 1290240
bss = 757940
Starting at 0x5219

ULTRIX V4.5 (Rev. 47) System #2: Wed Oct 18 12:06:55 EDT 1995
real mem = 67043328
avail mem = 61517824
Buffer configuration adjusted to run with small system page table
using 123 buffers containing 1007616 bytes of memory
KA655 processor with an FPU
CPU microcode rev = 6, processor firmware rev = 83
Q22 bus
uda0 at uba0
uq0 at uda0 csr 172150 vec 774, ipl 17
klesiu0 at uba0
uq16 at klesiu0 csr 174500 vec 770, ipl 17
ra1 at uq0 slave 1 (RA90)
ra2 at uq0 slave 2 (RRD40)
ra0 at uq0 slave 0 (RA90)
tms0 at uq16 slave 0 (TK50)
WARNING: clock gained 47 days -- CHECK AND RESET THE DATE!

*** STANDALONE ULTRIX ENVIRONMENT ***

If you select the BASIC Installation option from the list that follows,
the installation software creates file systems on default partitions on
your system disk and loads the mandatory ULTRIX software subsets.

If you require additional installation choices, select the ADVANCED
Installation option.

Select one of the following options:

1) BASIC Installation
2) ADVANCED Installation
3) System management

Enter your choice:
</pre>
Now we want to do an ''ADVANCED Installation'', but when we try to, it will take a few seconds until the installation program dumps us to a prompt because it couldn't find a valid device to install from and to:
<pre>
Enter your choice: 2

*** SOFTWARE DISTRIBUTION DEVICE SELECTION ***

The 'Guide to Installing ULTRIX' explains the following table
of software distribution devices and which installation media you should
load on it:

No valid device is found.
Contact a DIGITAL field service representative.

#
</pre>

The problem seems to be that the hardware SimH emulates is not fully supported by ULTRIX (or is misdetected -- I'm not entirely sure myself). The good thing is that the internet has the correct solution, which is to fix some lines in the installation shell script. The fact that the basic system that is running at this point doesn't have ''vi'', or even ''cat'', makes this a bit harder ;-)

The only option you have is ''ed'', the old UNIX editor. For a quick introduction, see [http://blog.sanctum.geek.nz/actually-using-ed/ here].

To load the file in the editor, use
# '''ed install.1'''
16763

You can see the entire file with
1,$l
but be warned, the output is quite long and it'll take some time to print it all out.

To fix it, use the following commands (the lines in '''bold''' is what you type, everything else is the response from ed)
# '''ed install.1'''
16763
'''173l'''
BTD=`btd`
'''173s/`btd`/ra2/'''
'''173l'''
BTD=ra2
'''193l'''
rz* )
'''193s/rz/ra/'''
'''193l'''
ra* )
'''w'''
16761
'''q'''
#

First, we list line 173, then we change it from <code>BTD=`btd`</code> to <code>BTD=ra2</code>, which happens to be the CDROM device and unit number we're installing from (if you changed that in your config, use the correct name here!)

Then we change line 193 from <code>rz* )</code> to <code>ra* )</code> since we're trying to install on an RA type disk which was apparently not supported in ULTRIX out of the box.

Note: These changes also work for Ultrix 4.4. If you would like to try 4.2 or 4.3, use 164 instead of 173 and 184 instead of 193.

After writing the file with <code>w</code> and quitting ed with <code>q</code>, we're back at the prompt, at which point we can use CTRL+D to retry the installation:

<pre>
# ^D
*** STANDALONE ULTRIX ENVIRONMENT ***

If you select the BASIC Installation option from the list that follows,
the installation software creates file systems on default partitions on
your system disk and loads the mandatory ULTRIX software subsets.

If you require additional installation choices, select the ADVANCED
Installation option.

Select one of the following options:

1) BASIC Installation
2) ADVANCED Installation
3) System management

Enter your choice: 2

*** SYSTEM DISK SELECTION ***

The 'Guide to Installing ULTRIX' explains the following table
of system disk drives. Select one of the devices below to contain the
root file system:

SYSTEM DISK TABLE

Selection Device ULTRIX Device Controller Controller
Name Name Number Name Number
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1 RA90 ra0 0 RQDX3 0
2 RA90 ra1 1 RQDX3 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Enter your choice: 1

You selected RA90, device number 0. Make sure this disk drive
is on line and write-enabled (if applicable to your disk drive), then
confirm your choice.

Use RA90, ra0, for your system disk? (y/n) []: y

The installation procedure now allocates the root file system on
partition 'a' of the system disk, ra0 RA90.

Making the root file system on ra0 RA90.

The installation procedure is now restoring the root file system to
partition 'a' of the system disk, ra0 RA90.

The installation procedure now checks the root file system on partition 'a'
of the system disk, ra0 RA90.
** /dev/rra0a
** Last Mounted on /mnt
** Phase 1 - Check Blocks and Sizes
** Phase 2 - Check Pathnames
** Phase 3 - Check Connectivity
** Phase 4 - Check Reference Counts
** Phase 5 - Check Cyl groups
226 files, 4547 used, 11004 free (20 frags, 1373 blocks, 1.0% fragmentation)

*** BOOTSTRAP COMMAND SEQUENCE ***

Enter the following boot sequence at the console mode prompt
after the installation software halts the processor:

>>> b dua0

syncing disks... done

?06 HLT INST
PC = 8007F799
>>>
</pre>
After this, you will be back at the VAX boot prompt (if you used <code>set CPU CONHALT</code> in your config) or at the SimH emulator prompt (if you used <code>set CPU SIMHALT</code>, which is the default). In the latter case you will have to do <code>boot cpu</code> again to get to the VAX boot prompt.

==First boot==
Now we can boot the installed system from harddisk for the first time.

If you want to, now would be a good time to take a backup copy of your disk files (or just create a btrfs snapshot or something if you have the possibility ;-)

Okay, then let's boot from DUA0
<pre>
>>>boot dua0
(BOOT/R5:0 DUA0

2..
-DUA0
1..0..

Ultrixboot - V4.5 Sun Sep 17 13:03:13 EDT 1995

Loading (a)vmunix ...

Sizes:
text = 1153664
data = 281088
bss = 1043548
Starting at 0x5219

ULTRIX V4.5 (Rev. 47) System #3: Wed Oct 18 11:49:00 EDT 1995
real mem = 67043328
avail mem = 62008320
Buffer configuration adjusted to run with small system page table
using 121 buffers containing 991232 bytes of memory
KA655 processor with an FPU
CPU microcode rev = 6, processor firmware rev = 83
Q22 bus
uda0 at uba0
uq0 at uda0 csr 172150 vec 774, ipl 17
klesiu0 at uba0
uq16 at klesiu0 csr 174500 vec 770, ipl 17
qe0 at uba0 csr 174440 vec 764, ipl 17
qe0: DEC DELQA Ethernet Interface DEQNA-lock Mode, hardware address 08:00:2b:04:14:02
lp0 at uba0 csr 177514 vec 200, ipl 17
</pre>
Here, it will seem to hang for a loooong time. A few minutes. Don't worry, it will eventually continue to boot. I guess it's probing for other devices which are not present.

You ''might'' be able to speed this up a bit by interrupting SimH (press CTRL+E in the SimH console window) and then using <code>set CPU noidle</code> followed by <code>go</code> to resume emulation.

Eventually, you will have to decide on a hostname. Note that if you want to play around with [[DECnet]] at some point, your hostname should be no longer than 6 characters.
<pre>
ra1 at uq0 slave 1 (RA90)
ra2 at uq0 slave 2 (RRD40)
ra0 at uq0 slave 0 (RA90)
tms0 at uq16 slave 0 (TK50)

*** SYSTEM NAME SPECIFICATION ***

Select the name of your system using alphanumeric characters.
The first character must be a letter. For example, tinker.

Enter your system name: yuki

You selected yuki as the name of your system.
Is this correct? (y/n) [y]: y
</pre>

Next up is the time configuration. Since Ultrix 4.5 is not Y2k compliant (AFAIK), I decided to set the clock back a whopping 20 years. Note that the timezone and daylight saving settings are for my location (Germany) and will probably vary for you.

<pre>
*** DATE AND TIME SPECIFICATION ***

The current date and time should be specified using the following
format:

yymmddhhmm

Use two digits for year (yy), month (mm), day (dd), hour (hh), and
minute (mm). Enter the time in 24-hour format. For example, 02:54
p.m. on Feb 2, 1993 would be entered as:

9302021454

Enter the date and time: 9512052336

*** TIME ZONE SELECTION ***

Select the time zone for your area, using the options listed in the
table below. You can also enter the number of hours (-12 to 12) in
time east of Greenwich.

Selection Time Zone
---------------------------------
e Eastern
c Central
m Mountain
p Pacific
g Greenwich
---------------------------------

Enter your choice: 1

Does your area alternate between Daylight Savings and Standard
time? (y/n) [y]: y

Select your geographic area for Daylight Savings Time, using the
options in the table below.

Selection Geographic Area
--------------------------------
u USA
a Australia
e Eastern Europe
c Central Europe
w Western Europe
--------------------------------

Enter your choice [u]: c

The current date and time is Tue Dec 5 23:36:46 EST 1995
</pre>

Next up is the root password. Note that Ultrix will not echo anything here, I added the asterisks just for this guide :)

<pre>
*** SPECIFY THE SUPERUSER PASSWORD ***
The Guide to Installing ULTRIX instructs you on how to enter
the superuser password.
Changing password for root
Enter new password: ******
Verify: ******
</pre>

Next up is the filesystem layout, which is a bit more involved than what you know from more modern systems like MS DOS ;-)

In ULTRIX, partitions are defined for each disk type in a file called <code>/etc/disktab</code>. Note that the partitions overlap, so you shouldn't use them all at the same time. The setup script actually takes care of that for you, but if you later create a new filesystem on the wrong partition you ''WILL'' lose data!

Normally, partition '''c''' is the whole disk, which is useful for add-on disk drives for example. Partitions '''a''' and '''b''' are always available and are traditionally used for the system and the swap-space respectively. The swap partition is also used for crashdumps if no separate crash-dump partition is created. The rest of the disk can be used either as a single partition (which is usually '''g''') or as 3 individual partitions ('''d''' to '''f'''). If the disk is larger than 1 gigabyte, you will get another partition, '''h''', after the g partition, probably because the filesystem cannot cope with partitions >1gig

In our case, we will have the following partitions on the first disk (RA0):
*Partition '''a''' of 32 mb for /root
*Partition '''b''' of 64 mb for swap+crashdump
*Partition '''c''' of 1.2 gig (whole-disk, not used on our setup)
*Partition '''d''' and '''e''' of 200 mb each (not used)
*Partition '''f''' of 400 mb (not used)
*Partition '''g''' of 800 mb (overlaps with d, e and f; will become /usr)
*Partition '''h''' of 256 mb (will become /usr/var)
This way we still have the whole second disk available for later use.

So here it goes:
<pre>
*** FILE SYSTEM DEFAULT OPTION ***

The following table shows the default file system layout on RA90, ra0:

partition bottom top size overlap default
a 0 32767 32768 c root
b 32768 159839 127072 c swap, dump
d 159840 580036 420197 c,g /usr

If you choose the defaults, the var area will be allocated to /usr/var.

Do you want to choose the default file system layout? (y/n): n
</pre>

No, we do not want to use the defaults...

First, we select disk 1, partition '''g''', for the /usr file system:
<pre>
*** /usr FILE SYSTEM ALLOCATION ***

You can allocate the /usr file system to one of the disks listed in the
table below. See the Guide to Installing ULTRIX for an explanation of
this table:

/usr FILE SYSTEM ALLOCATION TABLE

Selection Device ULTRIX Device Controller Controller
Name Name Number Name Number
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1 RA90 ra0 0 RQDX3 0
2 RA90 ra1 1 RQDX3 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Enter your choice: 1

You selected RA90, device number 0. Make sure this disk is
on line and write-enabled (if applicable to this drive) and then
confirm your choice.

Use RA90, ra0 for /usr file system? (y/n) []: y

The disk ra0 you selected from the previous table has the following
partitions available, on which you can allocate the /usr file system:

partition size (Kbytes) overlap
------------------------------------------------
d --- 210098 c,g
e --- 210098 c,g
f --- 420196 c,g
g --- 840393 c,d,e,f
h --- 267763 c
------------------------------------------------

Type the letter of the partition on which you want
to allocate the /usr file system [d]: g

Making the new file system for /usr on /dev/rra0g RA90
</pre>

Next, we select disk 1, partition '''b''' for swap (only 1 swap partition) and for crashdumps:

<pre>
*** ALLOCATE THE SWAP1 SPACE ***

You can allocate the swap1 space to one of the disks listed in the
table below. See the Guide to Installing ULTRIX for an explanation of
this table:

SWAP1 SPACE ALLOCATION TABLE

Selection Device ULTRIX Device Controller Controller
Name Name Number Name Number
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1 RA90 ra0 0 RQDX3 0
2 RA90 ra1 1 RQDX3 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Enter your choice: 1

You selected RA90, device number 0. Make sure this disk is
on line and write-enabled (if applicable to this drive) and then
confirm your choice.

Use RA90, ra0 for swap1 space? (y/n) []: y

The disk ra0 you selected from the previous table has the following
partitions available, on which you can allocate the swap1 space:

partition size (Kbytes) overlap
------------------------------------------------
b --- 63536 c
h --- 267763 c
------------------------------------------------

Type the letter of the partition on which you want
to allocate the swap1 space [b]: b

*** ALLOCATE THE SWAP2 SPACE ***

Do you want to allocate a second swap space? (y/n) [n]: n

*** ALLOCATE THE CRASH DUMP SPACE ***

You can allocate the crash dump space to one of the disks listed in the
table below. See the Guide to Installing ULTRIX for an explanation of
this table:

CRASH DUMP SPACE ALLOCATION TABLE

Selection Device ULTRIX Device Controller Controller
Name Name Number Name Number
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1 RA90 ra0 0 RQDX3 0
2 RA90 ra1 1 RQDX3 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Enter your choice: 1

You selected RA90, device number 0. Make sure this disk is
on line and write-enabled (if applicable to this drive) and then
confirm your choice.

Use RA90, ra0 for crash dump space? (y/n) []: y

The disk ra0 you selected from the previous table has the following
partitions available, on which you can allocate the crash dump space:

partition size (Kbytes) overlap
------------------------------------------------
h --- 267763 c
b --- 63536 c
------------------------------------------------

Type the letter of the partition on which you want
to allocate the crash dump space [b]: b
</pre>

Finally we select partiton '''h''' for the /var file system. This might not be large enough later on but then we can always migrate the data away if we need to...

<pre>
*** ALLOCATE THE var FILE SYSTEM ***

You can allocate the var file system to one of the disks listed in the
table below. See the Guide to Installing ULTRIX for an explanation of
this table:

var FILE SYSTEM ALLOCATION TABLE

Selection Device ULTRIX Device Controller Controller
Name Name Number Name Number
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1 RA90 ra0 0 RQDX3 0
2 RA90 ra1 1 RQDX3 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Enter your choice: 1

You selected RA90, device number 0. Make sure this disk is
on line and write-enabled (if applicable to this drive) and then
confirm your choice.

Use RA90, ra0 for var file system? (y/n) []: y

The disk ra0 you selected from the previous table has the following
partitions available, on which you can allocate the var file system:

partition size (Kbytes) overlap
------------------------------------------------
h --- 267763 c
g --- 840393 c,d,e,f
------------------------------------------------

Type the letter of the partition on which you want
to allocate the var file system [no default]: h

Making the new file system for var on /dev/rra0h RA90
</pre>

==Installing the distribution files==

Next up we have to decide what ''packages'' we want to install (yes, ULTRIX already had its own package format and corresponding installer called ''setld''. It is very basic, probably most similar to ''pkg_add'' on NetBSD). We simply install everything, since we have enough space :)

<pre>
This distribution media includes subsets for ULTRIX Worksystem
Software (UWS). A UWS license (on a workstation) or a UWS Server
License (on a timesharing machine or server) is required to install
these subsets.

Do you want to install ULTRIX Worksystem Software? y/n []: y

*** SUPPORTED SOFTWARE INSTALLATION ***

*** Select the DECwindows User Interface ***

1) DECwindows for OSF/Motif
2) X11/DECwindows (XUI)

Enter your choice [1]: 2

*** Enter Subset Selections ***

The following subsets are mandatory and will be installed automatically:
* Base System * Kernel Config Files
* TCP/IP Networking Utilities * Network File System Utilities
* Extended (Berkeley) Mailer * X11/DECwindows Servers
* X11/DECwindows User Environment * X11/DECwindows 75dpi Fonts

The subsets listed below are optional:
1) Printer Support Environment 2) RAND Mail Handler
3) Sys. Config. Mgmt. Program (SCAMP) 4) Communications Utilities
5) Unix-to-Unix Copy Facility 6) Maintenance Operations Protocol
7) Accounting Software 8) Kerberos Network Authentication
9) Enhanced Security Features 10) Prestoserve Utilities
11) System Exerciser Package 12) Bisynchronous Communications
13) Doc. Preparation for Ref. Pages 14) Doc. Preparation Extensions
15) Adobe Font Metric Files 16) Software Development Utilities
17) Source Code Control System 18) Internationalization Runtime Env.
19) Internationalization Dev. Env. 20) CDA Base System
21) CDA Software Dev Libraries 22) RPC Runtime Environment
23) RPC Development Environment 24) Pascal Development Package
25) VAX C/ULTRIX 26) Ref. Pages for Sys. Admin. & Users
27) Reference Pages for Programers 28) Programming Examples
29) Ultrix SPDS 30) X11/DECwindows 100dpi Fonts
31) VS35XX X11/DECwindows Fonts 32) Additional DECwindows Applications
33) DECwindows Mail Application 34) Worksystem Development Environment
35) X11/DECwindows System Management T 36) UWS Runtime Reference Pages
37) UWS Development Reference Pages

38) All mandatory and all optional subsets
39) Mandatory subsets only
40) Exit without installing subsets

Enter your choice(s): 38
Working....Wed Dec 6 00:14:12 EST 1995

You are installing the following subsets:
Base System Kernel Config Files
TCP/IP Networking Utilities Network File System Utilities
Extended (Berkeley) Mailer X11/DECwindows Servers
X11/DECwindows User Environment X11/DECwindows 75dpi Fonts
Printer Support Environment RAND Mail Handler
Sys. Config. Mgmt. Program (SCAMP) Communications Utilities
Unix-to-Unix Copy Facility Maintenance Operations Protocol
Accounting Software Kerberos Network Authentication
Enhanced Security Features Prestoserve Utilities
System Exerciser Package Bisynchronous Communications
Doc. Preparation for Ref. Pages Doc. Preparation Extensions
Adobe Font Metric Files Software Development Utilities
Source Code Control System Internationalization Runtime Env.
Internationalization Dev. Env. CDA Base System
CDA Software Dev Libraries RPC Runtime Environment
RPC Development Environment Pascal Development Package
VAX C/ULTRIX Ref. Pages for Sys. Admin. & Users
Reference Pages for Programers Programming Examples
Ultrix SPDS X11/DECwindows 100dpi Fonts
VS35XX X11/DECwindows Fonts Additional DECwindows Applications
DECwindows Mail Application Worksystem Development Environment
X11/DECwindows System Management To UWS Runtime Reference Pages
UWS Development Reference Pages

Is this correct? (y/n): y
</pre>

The installation will take a while (around 15-30 minutes for me), so feel free to let it run in the background for a while now. The installer will periodically print its status so you can see that it's still running...

<pre>
Base System (ULTBASE450)
Copying from /mnt/VAX/BASE (disk)
Working....Wed Dec 6 00:14:43 EST 1995
Verifying

Kernel Config Files (ULTBIN450)
Copying from /mnt/VAX/BASE (disk)
Working....Wed Dec 6 00:15:28 EST 1995
Verifying

...
</pre>

At some point you will have to confirm installing the generic kernel and the X11 subsystem:

<pre>
...
UWS Runtime Reference Pages (UWSMAN450)
Copying from /mnt/VAX/BASE (disk)
Verifying

UWS Development Reference Pages (UWSMANPGMR450)
Copying from /mnt/VAX/BASE (disk)
Verifying

The installation software has successfully installed the software
subsets.
Installing Upgrade subsets
The following subsets will be installed:
* X11/DECwindows Servers Upgrade * Generic Kernel
Do you wish to continue? (y/n): y

X11/DECwindows Servers Upgrade (UWSSER451)
Copying from /mnt/VAX/BASE_UPGRADE (disk)
Verifying

Generic Kernel (ULTGENVMUNIX451)
Copying from /mnt/VAX/BASE_UPGRADE (disk)
Verifying

The installation procedure has successfully installed the Upgrade
subsets
</pre>

That's it for the base installation, now we configure our kernel...

==Kernel configuration==
We have to select what features will be in the kernel. For anyone who has ever done a "make menuconfig" on Linux, this is ''slightly'' easier here ;-)
<pre>
*** CONFIGURATION FILE KERNEL OPTION SELECTION ***

Selection Kernel Option
---------------------------------------------------------------
1 Local Area Transport (LAT)
2 Bisynchronous Communication protocol (VAX only)
3 Computer Interconnect (CI) network
4 Diagnostic/Utilities Protocol (DUP)
5 ISO9660 File System Support (CDFS)
6 Ethernet Packet Filter
7 Enhanced Security Features
8 All of the above
9 None of the above
----------------------------------------------------------------

Enter the selection number for each kernel option you want.
For example, 1 3 :
</pre>

In our case, we don't need 2 (it is for 2780/3780 remote terminals), 3 (SimH doesn't emulate any cluster hardware) or 6 (it might cause problems with DECwindows/Motif). Everything else (<code>1 4 5 7</code>) is probably safe. This lets us play around with LAT (maybe connect an emulated Cisco router with LAT routing to it?) and DUP.

<pre>
Enter the selection number for each kernel option you want.
For example, 1 3 : 1 4 5 7

You specified the following kernel options:

Local Area Transport (LAT)
Diagnostic/Utilities Protocol (DUP)
ISO9660 File System Support (CDFS)
Enhanced Security Features

Is this correct? (y/n) [n]: y

*** SYSTEM CONFIGURATION PROCEDURE ***
The installation software found these devices in the floating
address space:

dz0 on uba0 at 0160100
dz1 on uba0 at 0160110
dz2 on uba0 at 0160120
dz3 on uba0 at 0160130

Configuration file complete.

Do you want to edit the configuration file? (y/n) [n]: n

*** PERFORMING SYSTEM CONFIGURATION ***

working ..... Wed Dec 6 02:29:10 EST 1995

*** DEVICE SPECIAL FILE CREATION ***
working ..... Wed Dec 6 02:29:53 EST 1995

*** SOFTWARE INSTALLATION PROCEDURE COMPLETE ***

The following files were created during the installation procedure:

/vmunix - customized kernel
/genvmunix - generic kernel
/usr/adm/install.log - installation log file
/usr/adm/install.FS.log - file systems log file
/usr/adm/install.DEV.log - special device log file

Enter the following boot sequence at the console mode prompt
after the installation software halts the processor:

>>> b dua0

syncing disks... done

?06 HLT INST
PC = 800985B5
</pre>

Now you might want to take another backup of your disk images, since the ULTRIX installation is now basically complete.

==Adding the unsupported sets==
Now there are some more pieces of software in the CDROM, in a directory called ''unsupported''. We want to install these as well. First, let's boot our system again

<pre>
>>>b dua0
(BOOT/R5:0 DUA0

2..
-DUA0
1..0..

Ultrixboot - V4.5 Sun Sep 17 13:03:13 EDT 1995

Loading (a)vmunix ...

Sizes:
text = 747376
data = 125952
bss = 918192
Starting at 0x2c19

ULTRIX V4.5 (Rev. 47) System #1: Wed Dec 6 02:29:50 EST 1995
real mem = 67043328
avail mem = 56455168
using 1638 buffers containing 6712320 bytes of memory
KA655 processor with an FPU
CPU microcode rev = 6, processor firmware rev = 83
Q22 bus
uda0 at uba0
uq0 at uda0 csr 172150 vec 774, ipl 17
klesiu0 at uba0
uq16 at klesiu0 csr 174500 vec 770, ipl 17
qe0 at uba0 csr 174440 vec 764, ipl 17
qe0: DEC DELQA Ethernet Interface DEQNA-lock Mode, hardware address 08:00:2b:04:14:02
lp0 at uba0 csr 177514 vec 200, ipl 17
dz0 at uba0 csr 160100 vec 300, ipl 17
dz1 at uba0 csr 160110 vec 310, ipl 17
dz2 at uba0 csr 160120 vec 320, ipl 17
dz3 at uba0 csr 160130 vec 330, ipl 17
ra1 at uq0 slave 1 (RA90)
ra2 at uq0 slave 2 (RRD40)
ra0 at uq0 slave 0 (RA90)
tms0 at uq16 slave 0 (TK50)
Wed Dec 6 11:25:29 MET 1995
Automatic reboot in progress...
/dev/ra0a: 644 files, 6161 used, 9390 free (166 frags, 1153 blocks, 5.0% fragmentation)
/dev/rra0g: umounted cleanly
/dev/rra0h: umounted cleanly
Warning Creating new license database
Warning creating new history file
check quotas: done.
savecore: checking for dump...dump does not exist
local daemons: syslog sendmail.
Removing remnant Opser files
preserving editor files
clearing /tmp
standard daemons: update cron accounting network snmpd printer.
start errlog daemon - elcsd
Wed Dec 6 11:25:48 MET 1995

ULTRIX V4.5 (Rev. 47) (yuki)

login: root
Password:

ULTRIX V4.5 (Rev. 47) System #1: Wed Dec 6 02:29:50 EST 1995
UWS V4.5 (Rev. 6)

Digital Equipment Corporation
Nashua, New Hampshire

*** SOFTWARE INSTALLATION PROCEDURE COMPLETE ***

The following files were created during the installation procedure:

/vmunix - customized kernel
/genvmunix - generic kernel
/usr/adm/install.log - installation log file
/usr/adm/install.FS.log - file systems log file
/usr/adm/install.DEV.log - special device log file

#
</pre>

now, we mount the CDROM and use <code>setld</code> to install the unsupported packages. For simplicity's sake, we just (again) install everything.

<pre>
# mount -r /dev/ra2c /mnt
# cd /mnt/VAX/UNSUPPORTED
# ls
DXVUNDEMO450 ULXDOC450 ULXINGRES450 ULXRCS450 ULXUNMAN450
ULXAPL450 ULXEDIT450 ULXLEARN450 ULXSHELLS450 ULXUNMIT450
ULXBASE450 ULXF77450 ULXLISP450 ULXSPMS450 ULXVARIAN450
ULXBIB450 ULXGAMES450 ULXMAN450 ULXTERM450 instctrl
ULXCOURIER450 ULXHYPER450 ULXMOD2450 ULXTOOLS450
ULXCPM450 ULXICON450 ULXNEWS450 ULXUNEXAMP450
ULXDCMT450 ULXINET450 ULXNOTES450 ULXUNFONTS450
# setld -l .

*** Enter Subset Selections ***

The subsets listed below are optional:
1) Base Extension 2) GNU Emacs
3) TCP/IP Networking Util Extension 4) Additional Terminal Drivers
5) Document Preparation Software 6) Games and Diversions
7) Supplementary Documentation 8) Bibliographic Utilities
9) Remote Procedure Call Compiler 10) Aux. Command Line Interpreters
11) USENET News Interface Software 12) Notesfiles Package
13) Revision Control System 14) Misc. User-Contributed Utilities
15) Computer Aided System Tutor 16) Franz Lisp Development Package
17) Modula-2 Development Package 18) Raster Plotter Package
19) APL Development Package 20) CP/M 8in Diskette Utility
21) Hyperchannel Utilities 22) ICON (Language) Development Packag
23) University Ingres QUEL DBMS 24) Software Project Management System
25) Unsupported Fortran Utilities 26) Unsupported On-Line Documentation
27) Unsupported X11 Components 28) Unsupported DECwindows Examples
29) Unsupported MIT Fonts 30) Unsupported X11 Reference Pages
31) Unsupported OSF/Motif Demos

32) All mandatory and all optional subsets
33) Mandatory subsets only
34) Exit without installing subsets

Enter your choice(s): 32
Working....Wed Dec 6 11:29:48 MET 1995
Wed Dec 6 11:30:00 MET 1995

You are installing the following subsets:
Base Extension GNU Emacs
TCP/IP Networking Util Extension Additional Terminal Drivers
Document Preparation Software Games and Diversions
Supplementary Documentation Bibliographic Utilities
Remote Procedure Call Compiler Aux. Command Line Interpreters
USENET News Interface Software Notesfiles Package
Revision Control System Misc. User-Contributed Utilities
Computer Aided System Tutor Franz Lisp Development Package
Modula-2 Development Package Raster Plotter Package
APL Development Package CP/M 8in Diskette Utility
Hyperchannel Utilities ICON (Language) Development Package
University Ingres QUEL DBMS Software Project Management System
Unsupported Fortran Utilities Unsupported On-Line Documentation
Unsupported X11 Components Unsupported DECwindows Examples
Unsupported MIT Fonts Unsupported X11 Reference Pages
Unsupported OSF/Motif Demos

Is this correct? (y/n): y

Base Extension (ULXBASE450)
Copying from . (disk)
Verifying

GNU Emacs (ULXEDIT450)
Copying from . (disk)
Verifying

TCP/IP Networking Util Extension (ULXINET450)
Copying from . (disk)
Verifying
...
</pre>

Note that you could also quickly install only a single package by using for example
# setld -l . ULXINET450

After a few minutes, installation will be completed and we should unmount the CDROM
# cd /
# umount /mnt

==Network configuration==
To configure the network, you have to use a static IPv4 address and put that into the beginning of /etc/rc.local. Note that there is no <code>ifconfig -a</code> in ULTRIX, you have to use <code>netstat -i</code>

<pre>
# netstat -i
Name Mtu Network Address Ipkts Ierrs Opkts Oerrs Coll
qe0* 1500 none none 0 0 0 0 0
lo0 1536 loop localhost 1 0 1 0 0
# ifconfig qe0 192.168.1.44 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
# route add default 192.168.1.1 1
add net default: gateway 192.168.1.1
# ping 192.168.1.1
192.168.1.1 is alive
</pre>
Note that it might actually take a while until packets are getting through. I don't know why but in my case it helped to ping ULTRIX from the outside first, e.g. from Windows, and then re-try the ping from the VM. Then it worked. I'm guessing this is some SimH/Windows issue with PCAP or something.

Then put these 2 commands at the start of <code>/etc/rc.local</code> (you'll see where). Note that you can use <code>vi</code> now!
<pre>
# @(#)rc.local 9.4 (ULTRIX) 9/21/95
/bin/hostname yuki
#/etc/ifconfig HDWR `/bin/hostname` broadcast NETNUM.0 netmask 255.0
/etc/ifconfig qe0 192.168.1.44 netmask 255.255.255.0
route add default 192.168.1.1 1
/etc/ifconfig lo0 localhost
#/etc/bscconfig dup0 bsc 1
#/etc/bscconfig dpv0 bsc 1
...
</pre>

Note that DNS lookups normally don't work out of the box. Create a basic <code>/etc/resolv.conf</code> file with the following content (or whatever is correct in your environment)
domain lan.local
nameserver 192.168.1.1

However, if you then try to do an nslookup query, you will get an error message
# nslookup www.google.com
*** Can't find server name for address 192.168.1.1: Not implemented
*** Default servers are not available
The problem is that ULTRIX sends so-called ''inverse queries'' (not to be confused with the well-known ''reverse lookups'', which are actually just regular forward lookups to a specific TLD) to map IP addresses to hostnames. Most DNS servers don't support these inverse queries anymore. Apparently, BIND8 still included an option "fake-iquery" which might be used to support these queries. Versions before BIND8 (4.x) supported IQUERY natively. I have yet to test both variants to see which (if any) of them work.

==Shutting down cleanly==
As you'd expect, you can use <code>shutdown</code> to shut the system down
<pre>
# shutdown -h now
Shutdown at 11:15 (in 0 minutes) [pid 1500]
#
System shutdown time has arrived
syncing disks... done

?06 HLT INST
PC = 80094CDD
>>>
</pre>

==Enabling outside access==
The SimH config above includes a 16-line serial multiplexer. If you connect via TELNET to port 1005, you are given the first free serial line of the emulated DZ device. However, serial login is disabled by default, so it has to be enabled first. That's what the <code>/etc/ttys</code> file is for. Edit the file and change the ''off'' to ''on'' in the lines for tty00 to tty07, as shown below
<pre>
# @(#)ttys 9.1 (ULTRIX) 4/26/94
#
#
#
# name getty type status comments
#
console "/etc/getty std.9600" vt100 on secure # console terminal
tty00 "/etc/getty std.9600" vt100 on nomodem # direct connect tty
tty01 "/etc/getty std.9600" vt100 on nomodem # direct connect tty
tty02 "/etc/getty std.9600" vt100 on nomodem # direct connect tty
tty03 "/etc/getty std.9600" vt100 on nomodem # direct connect tty
tty04 "/etc/getty std.9600" vt100 on nomodem # direct connect tty
tty05 "/etc/getty std.9600" vt100 on nomodem # direct connect tty
tty06 "/etc/getty std.9600" vt100 on nomodem # direct connect tty
tty07 "/etc/getty std.9600" vt100 on nomodem # direct connect tty
ttyd0 "/etc/getty std.9600" vt100 off shared secure # modem line
</pre>

If you want to be able to login as root on these terminals, you can also add the <code>secure</code> flag as well. Also note that while it seems tempting to increase the line speed to 19200 or even higher, from my experience that will cause massive lags and emulation hangs in SimH, so do that on your own risk.

After editing the file and saving it, you have to reload init:
# kill -HUP 1

Now try logging in to port 1005 via telnet, and you should be greeted with this:
<pre>
Connected to the MicroVAX 3900 simulator DZ device, line 0

ULTRIX V4.5 (Rev. 47) (yuki)

login: root
Password:
Requires secure terminal
</pre>

Note that SimH will print out the serial line to which you are connected, in this case line 0 which is /dev/tty00.

Also, if your inetd is running (which it should be, if you followed this guide), you will also already be able to login remotely using telnet.
<pre>
ULTRIX V4.5 (Rev. 47) (yuki)

login: root
Password:
Requires secure terminal
</pre>
To enable root access for all telnet sessions, you will have to edit the /etc/ttys file and change every line that starts with "ttyp" to include the secure flag:
ttyp0 none network
will become
ttyp0 none network secure
and so on...

==Resources==
Some of the resources I used for creating this guide:
*ULTRIX 4.5 installation ISO [http://musall.de/mirrors/ultrix/ultrix_os/vax/]
*ULTRIX-32 startup and shutdown guide [http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/dec/vax/ultrix-32/3.0/AA-ME91A-TE_ULTRIX-32_Guide_to_System_Shutdown_and_Startup.pdf]
*CERN guide to installing ULTRIX [https://web-docs.gsi.de/~kraemer/COLLECTION/ULTRIX/wwwpdp.web.cern.ch/wwwpdp/as/file/doc/ultrix/ultrix.pdf]
*My old guide for installing ULTRIX [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ULRhzE0R1twarB5hfJm85yqOdTeoFCGgyPr5AxYEIbE]
*DEC KA655 CPU System Maintenance [http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/dec/vax/655/EK-306A-MG-001_655Mnt_Mar89.pdf]
*Some notes and links to more ULTRIX information [https://web-docs.gsi.de/~kraemer/COLLECTION/ULTRIX/docs.html]
*Ultrix Guide to Disk Maintenance [http://www.carelife.com/manuals/Ultrix_Guide_Disk_Maint.PDF]
*Some random notes about ULTRIX 4.0 (some also apply to 4.5) [http://apfelboymchen.net/gnu/UNIX/vax-ultrix.html]

[[Category:SIMH Tutorials]]
[[Category: ULTRIX]]

Tandy 1000 R-Series

2023-05-24T19:56:10Z

Rayrayemu: Fixed minor labeling error

The '''Tandy 1000 R-Series''' was the final series of the Tandy 1000 family. The lowest common denominator between them was a low-profile case in a similar design scheme to the SL and TL systems. This low-profile case had room for only one 8-bit ISA card (16-bit in the 1000 RSX). The processors of this series range from Intel 8086 to Intel 80386SX. This is the most varied of all the series and not long after the last model, the Tandy 1000 RSX, Radio Shack started selling AST computers in their stores instead of the long tradition of branded systems.

{{Infobox Machine
| name = Tandy 1000 RL (RL/HD)
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| form factor = [[Compatible PC]]
| year introduced = 1991
| cpu = [[Intel 8086]]
| clock speed = 9.54 MHz
| ram = 512 KB expandable up to 768 KB (see note below)
| graphics = Tandy Graphics II
| predecessor = Tandy 1000 HX, 1000 SL/2
| successor = Tandy 1000 RLX
}}

==Tandy 1000 RL and RL/HD==

The '''Tandy 1000 RL''' was the last of the 8-bit processor Tandy 1000s. It was almost identical in features to the 1000 SL/2 except the low profile case and a slightly fast Intel 8086. The '''RL/HD''' variant includes a 20 MB hard disk drive. One nice, additional feature is [[Deskmate]] 3.69, bundled with both the 1000 RL and 1000 RLX. This version includes an expanded version of the Deskmate Home Organizer add-on integrated into Deskmate. Home Organizer includes a recipe database, a budgeting program, and other "applications." The added features to Home Organizer includes "Smart Home" functionality years before it caught on.

{{Infobox Machine
| name = Tandy 1000 RLX (RLX/HD)
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| form factor = [[Compatible PC]]
| year introduced = 1991
| cpu = [[Intel 80286]]
| clock speed = 10 MHz
| ram = 512 KB expandable up to 1 MB
| graphics = [[VGA]]
| predecessor = Tandy 1000 RL, [[Tandy 1000 T-Series|Tandy 1000 TL/3]]
| successor = Tandy 1000 RSX
}}

==Tandy 1000 RLX and RLX/HD==

The '''Tandy 1000 RLX''' is to the Tandy 1000 TL/3 as the 1000 RL is to the 1000 SL/2. Besides the low-profile case, the main differences are expandable up to 1 MB RAM, a standard 1.44 MB 3 and a half inch floppy disk drive and Deskmate 3.69 (see 1000 RL above). The 1000 RL/HD includes a 20 MB hard disk drive.

{{Infobox Machine
| name = Tandy 1000 RSX
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| form factor = [[Compatible PC]]
| year introduced = 1991
| cpu = [[Intel 80386SX]]
| clock speed = 25 MHz
| ram = 1 MB expandable up to 9 MB
| graphics = [[SVGA]]
| predecessor = Tandy 1000 RLX
| successor = [[Tandy Sensation]]
}}

==Tandy 1000 RSX==

The final Tandy 1000 model, the '''Tandy 1000 RSX''' is unique to all other Tandy 1000 systems. It has the same low-profile case like the RL and RLX. Honestly, this released after I left Radio Shack and was not featured in a Radio Shack Computer Catalog, so Wikipedia says it better.

:A more upscale offering, the RSX offers a 25 MHz 80386SX processor, 1 MB RAM, two 16-bit ISA slots, AcuMos SVGA video, a bidirectional parallel port, and standard PS/2 keyboard and mouse ports. It is a full 386-class PC and can run Microsoft Windows 3.x. Two sockets for SIMM memory cards are available. Only 1 MB or 4 MB SIMMs of the 9-chip type are supported, and if two are installed they have to be of like capacity. With two 4 MB SIMMs installed, the 1000 RSX can be expanded to 9 MB RAM without using an ISA slot. The RSX/HD variant comes with a 52 MB hard drive using an AT-compatible IDE interface; replacement hard drives up to 504 MB can be substituted. Because of the slimline case, only one hard drive can be installed alongside the 1.44 MB 3.5" floppy drive.

:The motherboard has a socket for the 80387SX math coprocessor. The RSX still retains the Tandy 1000 3-voice sound hardware and DAC, though the I/O address for the 3-voice sound chip was moved, rendering many games compatible with it unable to play music unless modified. The DAC can be used to emulate the Covox Speech Thing via MS-DOS device drivers for limited sound support. This works with Chuck Yeager's Air Combat.

:Windows 3.xx sound device drivers are available that work in Windows 95 (with full 9MB RAM) on Tandy 1000 RSX.
The ACUMOS VGA graphics can be software-updated with Cirrus Logic BIOS (via MS-DOS driver) to allow VESA/SVGA to function in Windows 95, as the Windows 3.xx Tandy VGA drivers are insufficient for Windows 95.
: {{wikipedia}}

==Legacy==

This line marked the end of the Tandy 1000 series and the only computers released with the Tandy name badge were the Tandy Sensation and Tandy Sensation II. There are no emulators for this series but you can run Deskmate with the separate Home Organizer add-on with [[DOSBox-x]].

{{nav TRS-80}}

[[Category:Tandy 1000]]

Template:Nav TRS-80

2023-05-24T19:54:20Z

Rayrayemu: Fixed minor errors in in-article links

{{Navigation
| templateName = Nav TRS-80
| title = Radio Shack Computers, Peripherals, and Operating Systems
| body = Zilog Z80 Systems - [[TRS-80 Model I Family#TRS-80 Model|TRS-80 Model I]] • [[TRS-80 Model II Family#TRS-80 Model II|TRS-80 Model II]] • [[TRS-80 Model I Family#TRS-80 Model III|TRS-80 Model III]] • [[TRS-80 Model I Family#TRS-80 Model 4|TRS-80 Model 4, 4P, and 4D]] • [[TRS-80 Model II Family#Model 12|TRS-80 Model 12]]

Motorola 68000 Systems - [[TRS-80 Model II Family#Model 16|TRS-80 Model 16]] • [[TRS-80 Model II Family#Model 16B|TRS-80 Model 16B]] • [[TRS-80 Model II Family#Tandy 6000|Tandy 6000]]

Other Home Computers - [[TRS-80 Color Computer Family#Color Computer 1|TRS-80 Color Computer 1]] • [[TRS-80 Color Computer Family#Tandy Color Computer 2|Color Computer 2]] • [[TRS-80 Color Computer Family#Color Computer 3|Tandy Color Computer 3]] • [[TRS-80 MC-10]]

x86-Based Computers - [[Tandy TRS-80 Model 2000]] • [[Tandy 1000 Series|Tandy 1000]] - [[Tandy 1000 EX and HX#Tandy 1000 EX|EX]] - [[Tandy 1000 EX and HX#Tandy 1000 HX|HX]] - [[Tandy 1000 S-Series#Tandy 1000 SX|SX]] - [[Tandy 1000 S-Series#Tandy 1000 SL|SL]] - [[Tandy 1000 S-Series#Tandy 1000 SL.2F2|SL/2]] - [[Tandy 1000 T-Series#Tandy 1000 TX|TX]] - [[Tandy 1000 T-Series#Tandy 1000 TL|TL]] - [[Tandy 1000 T-Series#Tandy 1000 TL.2F2|TL/2]] - [[Tandy 1000 T-Series#Tandy 1000 TL.2F3|TL/3]] - [[Tandy 1000 R-Series#Tandy 1000 RL and RL.2FHD|RL(RL/HD)]] - [[Tandy 1000 R-Series#Tandy 1000 RLX and RLX.2FHD|RLX(RLX/HD)]] - [[Tandy 1000 R-Series#Tandy 1000 RSX|RSX(RSX/HD)]] • [[Tandy Sensation]] • [[Other Tandy Compatible PC Desktop Computers]]

Portable Computers - [[TRS-80 Model 100 Family#TRS-80 Model 100|TRS -80 Model 100]] • [[TRS-80 Model 100 Family#Tandy 102|Tandy 102]] • [[TRS-80 Model 100 Family#Tandy 200|Tandy 200]] • [[Tandy 600]] • [[Tandy Compatible PC Laptops]] • [[TRS-80 Pocket Computers]]

Peripherals - [[Radio Shack Terminals|Terminals]] • [[Radio Shack Printers|Printers]] • [[Radio Shack Floppy Drives|Floppy Drives]] • [[Radio Shack Hard Drives|Hard Drives]] • [[Tandy 1000 SmartDrive]] • [[Radio Shack Monitors|Monitors]] • [[Miscellaneous Radio Shack Peripherals|Miscellaneous]]

Operating Systems - [[TRSDOS]] • [[Third Party TRS-80 DOSes]] • [[CP/M]] • [[XENIX]] • [[OS9|OS/9]] • [[MS-DOS]] • [[Microsoft Windows]]

Software - [[Deskmate]] • [[Scripsit]] • [[Basic Compiler]] • [[TRS-80 Accounting Software]] • [[Tandy 1000 Graphics and Sound Compatible Software]]

}}

Template:Nav TRS-80

2023-05-24T19:49:33Z

Rayrayemu: Added in-article links to various system articles, changed labeling of some systems to reflect TRS-80 or Tandy brand

{{Navigation
| templateName = Nav TRS-80
| title = Radio Shack Computers, Peripherals, and Operating Systems
| body = Zilog Z80 Systems - [[TRS-80 Model I Family#TRS-80 Model|TRS-80 Model I]] • [[TRS-80 Model II Family#TRS-80 Model II|TRS-80 Model II]] • [[TRS-80 Model I Family#TRS-80 Model III|TRS-80 Model III]] • [[TRS-80 Model I Family#TRS-80 Model 4|TRS-80 Model 4, 4P, and 4D]] • [[TRS-80 Model II Family#Model 12|TRS-80 Model 12]]

Motorola 68000 Systems - [[TRS-80 Model II Family#Model 16|TRS-80 Model 16]] • [[TRS-80 Model II Family#Model 16B|TRS-80 Model 16B]] • [[TRS-80 Model II Family#Tandy 6000|Tandy 6000]]

Other Home Computers - [[TRS-80 Color Computer Family#Color Computer 1|TRS-80 Color Computer 1]] • [[TRS-80 Color Computer Family#Tandy Color Computer 2|Color Computer 2]] • [[TRS-80 Color Computer Family#Color Computer 3|Tandy Color Computer 3]] • [[TRS-80 MC-10]]

x86-Based Computers - [[Tandy TRS-80 Model 2000]] • [[Tandy 1000 Series|Tandy 1000]] - [[Tandy 1000 EX and HX#Tandy 1000 EX|EX]] - [[Tandy 1000 EX and HX#Tandy 1000 HX|HX]] - [[Tandy 1000 S-Series#Tandy 1000 SX|SX]] - [[Tandy 1000 S-Series#Tandy 1000 SL|SL]] - [[Tandy 1000 S-Series#Tandy 1000 SL.2F2|SL/2]] - [[Tandy 1000 T-Series#Tandy 1000 TX|TX]] - [[Tandy 1000 T-Series#Tandy 1000 TL|TL]] - [[Tandy 1000 T-Series#Tandy 1000 TL.2F2|TL/2]] - [[Tandy 1000 T-Series#Tandy 1000 TL.2F3|TL/3]] - [[Tandy 1000 R-Series#Tandy 1000 RL|RL(RL/HD)]] - [[Tandy 1000 R-Series#Tandy 1000 RLX|RLX(RLX/HD)]] - [[Tandy 1000 R-Series#Tandy 1000 RSX|RSX(RSX/HD)]] • [[Tandy Sensation]] • [[Other Tandy Compatible PC Desktop Computers]]

Portable Computers - [[TRS-80 Model 100 Family#TRS-80 Model 100|TRS -80 Model 100]] • [[TRS-80 Model 100 Family#Tandy 102|Tandy 102]] • [[TRS-80 Model 100 Family#Tandy 200|Tandy 200]] • [[Tandy 600]] • [[Tandy Compatible PC Laptops]] • [[TRS-80 Pocket Computers]]

Peripherals - [[Radio Shack Terminals|Terminals]] • [[Radio Shack Printers|Printers]] • [[Radio Shack Floppy Drives|Floppy Drives]] • [[Radio Shack Hard Drives|Hard Drives]] • [[Tandy 1000 SmartDrive]] • [[Radio Shack Monitors|Monitors]] • [[Miscellaneous Radio Shack Peripherals|Miscellaneous]]

Operating Systems - [[TRSDOS]] • [[Third Party TRS-80 DOSes]] • [[CP/M]] • [[XENIX]] • [[OS9|OS/9]] • [[MS-DOS]] • [[Microsoft Windows]]

Software - [[Deskmate]] • [[Scripsit]] • [[Basic Compiler]] • [[TRS-80 Accounting Software]] • [[Tandy 1000 Graphics and Sound Compatible Software]]

}}

TRS-80 MC-10

2023-05-24T18:23:55Z

Rayrayemu: Creation of article

{{Infobox Machine
| name = TRS-80 MC-10
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| year introduced = 1983
| year discontinued = 1984
| form factor = Microcomputer
| word size = 8-bit
| clock speed = 0.89 MHz
| ram = 4 KB - 20 KB with Expansion Module
| cpu = [[Motorola]] [[MC6803]]
| operating system = Microsoft Microcolor Basic
| price = US$119.95
}}

The '''TRS-80 MC-10''' was a small home computer built by Radio Shack in 1983. It was designed to compete against the [[Commodore VIC-20]] and Timex ZX80. It had Basic in 16 KB of ROM. It didn't sell very due to its small membrane keyboard and cassette only system. Only a handful of cassette games were made for it by Radio Shack but there were quite a few third-party programs available for it. Also, its Basic was somewhat compatible with most other Basics of the time and you could run programs from many books available at the time with no or little modification. There was one clone, the French computer, Matra Hachette Alice. The MC-10 was available for only one year. [[Xroar]], [[vmc]], [[Mame]], and [[trs80gp]] among others emulate the MC-10.

[http://mc-10.com/ A Javascript Emulator]

[[Emulating the TRS-80 using vmc]]

{{semi-stub}}

{{nav TRS-80}}

[[Category:Radio Shack Computers]]

Template:Nav TRS-80

2023-05-24T17:32:56Z

Rayrayemu: slight edit on MC-10

{{Navigation
| templateName = Nav TRS-80
| title = Radio Shack Computers, Peripherals, and Operating Systems
| body = Zilog Z80 Systems - [[TRS-80 Model I Family|Model I]] • [[TRS-80 Model II Family|Model II and Model 12]] • [[TRS-80 Model I Family|Model III]] • [[TRS-80 Model I Family|Model 4, 4P, and 4D]]

Motorola 68000 Systems - [[TRS-80 Model II Family|Model 16, 16B, and Tandy 6000]]

Other Home Computers - [[TRS-80 Color Computer Family|Color Computer 1, 2, and 3]] • [[TRS-80 MC-10|MC-10]]

x86-Based Computers - [[Tandy TRS-80 Model 2000]] • [[Tandy 1000 Series|Tandy 1000]] - [[Tandy 1000 EX and HX|EX and HX]] - [[Tandy 1000 S-Series|SX, SL, and SL/2]]- [[Tandy 1000 T-Series|TX, TL, TL/2, and TL/3]] - [[Tandy 1000 R-Series|RL, RL/HD, RLX, RLX/HD, and RSX]] • [[Tandy Sensation]] • [[Other Tandy Compatible PC Desktop Computers]]

Portable Computers - [[TRS-80 Model 100 Family|TRS -80 Model 100, Tandy 102, and Tandy 200]] • [[Tandy 600]] • [[Tandy Compatible PC Laptops]] • [[TRS-80 Pocket Computers]]

Peripherals - [[Radio Shack Terminals|Terminals]] • [[Radio Shack Printers|Printers]] • [[Radio Shack Floppy Drives|Floppy Drives]] • [[Radio Shack Hard Drives|Hard Drives]] • [[Tandy 1000 SmartDrive]] • [[Radio Shack Monitors|Monitors]] • [[Miscellaneous Radio Shack Peripherals|Miscellaneous]]

Operating Systems - [[TRSDOS]] • [[Third Party TRS-80 DOSes]] • [[CP/M]] • [[XENIX]] • [[OS9|OS/9]] • [[MS-DOS]] • [[Microsoft Windows]]

Software - [[Deskmate]] • [[Scripsit]] • [[Basic Compiler]] • [[TRS-80 Accounting Software]] • [[Tandy 1000 Graphics and Sound Compatible Software]]

}}

Template:Nav TRS-80

2023-05-23T22:18:05Z

Rayrayemu: Made some adjustment to follow correct naming conventions, added software category

{{Navigation
| templateName = Nav TRS-80
| title = Radio Shack Computers, Peripherals, and Operating Systems
| body = Zilog Z80 Systems - [[TRS-80 Model I Family|Model I]] • [[TRS-80 Model II Family|Model II and Model 12]] • [[TRS-80 Model I Family|Model III]] • [[TRS-80 Model I Family|Model 4, 4P, and 4D]]

Motorola 68000 Systems - [[TRS-80 Model II Family|Model 16, 16B, and Tandy 6000]]

Other Home Computers - [[TRS-80 Color Computer Family|Color Computer 1, 2, and 3]] • [[MC-10]]

x86-Based Computers - [[Tandy TRS-80 Model 2000]] • [[Tandy 1000 Series|Tandy 1000]] - [[Tandy 1000 EX and HX|EX and HX]] - [[Tandy 1000 S-Series|SX, SL, and SL/2]]- [[Tandy 1000 T-Series|TX, TL, TL/2, and TL/3]] - [[Tandy 1000 R-Series|RL, RL/HD, RLX, RLX/HD, and RSX]] • [[Tandy Sensation]] • [[Other Tandy Compatible PC Desktop Computers]]

Portable Computers - [[TRS-80 Model 100 Family|TRS -80 Model 100, Tandy 102, and Tandy 200]] • [[Tandy 600]] • [[Tandy Compatible PC Laptops]] • [[TRS-80 Pocket Computers]]

Peripherals - [[Radio Shack Terminals|Terminals]] • [[Radio Shack Printers|Printers]] • [[Radio Shack Floppy Drives|Floppy Drives]] • [[Radio Shack Hard Drives|Hard Drives]] • [[Tandy 1000 SmartDrive]] • [[Radio Shack Monitors|Monitors]] • [[Miscellaneous Radio Shack Peripherals|Miscellaneous]]

Operating Systems - [[TRSDOS]] • [[Third Party TRS-80 DOSes]] • [[CP/M]] • [[XENIX]] • [[OS9|OS/9]] • [[MS-DOS]] • [[Microsoft Windows]]

Software - [[Deskmate]] • [[Scripsit]] • [[Basic Compiler]] • [[TRS-80 Accounting Software]] • [[Tandy 1000 Graphics and Sound Compatible Software]]

}}

Tandy 1000 SmartDrive

2023-05-23T20:39:06Z

Rayrayemu: Creation of article

The Tandy 1000 '''SmartDrive''' was an early XT architecture [[IDE]] hard drive interface built-in to the 1000 [[Tandy 1000 T-Series|TL/2, TL/3]], [[Tandy 1000 R-Series|RL, and RLX]] models. Actually, the only difference between the original 1000 TL and the TL/2 was the SmartDrive interface. The drives were 3 and a half inch, half-height Western Digital hard disk drives. They were available in either 20 MB or 40 MB sizes. When the 1000 RSX came out, having a 16-bit bus, it used the [[AT-IDE]] standard. The legacy of these drives are this: not only was it the inspiration for the much later, after [[XT-IDE]] interface, it also was the beginning of hard disk drives fitting where once only 3 and a half inch floppy drives could go.

{{semi-stub}}

{{nav TRS-80}}

[[Category:Disk Drives]]
[[Category:Radio Shack Peripherals]]

Template:Nav TRS-80

2023-05-23T20:23:19Z

Rayrayemu: fixed typo on SmartDrive

{{Navigation
| templateName = Nav TRS-80
| title = Radio Shack Computers, Peripherals, and Operating Systems
| body = Zilog Z80 Systems - [[TRS-80 Model I Family|Model I]] • [[TRS-80 Model II Family|Model II and Model 12]] • [[TRS-80 Model I Family|Model III]] • [[TRS-80 Model I Family|Model 4, 4P, and 4D]]

Motorola 68000 Systems - [[TRS-80 Model II Family|Model 16, 16B, and Tandy 6000]]

Other Home Computers - [[TRS-80 Color Computer Family|Color Computer 1, 2, and 3]] • [[MC-10]]

x86-Based Computers - [[Tandy TRS-80 Model 2000]] • [[Tandy 1000 Series|Tandy 1000]] - [[Tandy 1000 EX and HX|EX and HX]] - [[Tandy 1000 S-Series|SX, SL, and SL/2]]- [[Tandy 1000 T-Series|TX, TL, TL/2, and TL/3]] - [[Tandy 1000 R-Series|RL, RL/HD, RLX, RLX/HD, and RSX]] • [[Tandy Sensation]] • [[Other Tandy x86 Desktop Computers]]

Portable Computers - [[TRS-80 Model 100 Family|Model 100, Model 102, and Model 200]] • [[Tandy Model 600]] • [[Tandy PC-Compatible Laptops]] • [[TRS-80 Pocket Computers]]

Peripherals - [[Radio Shack Terminals|Terminals]] • [[Radio Shack Printers|Printers]] • [[Radio Shack Floppy Drives|Floppy Drives]] • [[Radio Shack Hard Drives|Hard Drives]] • [[Tandy 1000 SmartDrive]] • [[Radio Shack Monitors|Monitors]] • [[Miscellaneous Radio Shack Peripherals|Miscellaneous]]

Operating Systems - [[TRSDOS]] • [[Third Party TRS-80 DOSes]] • [[CP/M]] • [[XENIX]] • [[OS9|OS/9]] • [[MS-DOS]] • [[Deskmate]] • [[Microsoft Windows]]

}}

Radio Shack Monitors

2023-05-23T20:18:03Z

Rayrayemu: Added nav template

Radio Shack produced four different lines of monitors from the release of the [[TRS-80 Tandy 2000]] to end of Tandy Computers with the 4000 line. This article is only for the [[Compatible PCs|Compatible PC]] Radio Shack and [[Color Computer family|Color Computer 3]] machines. For terminals and the Electric Crayon, go to [[Radio Shack Terminals]]. Also, the original Radio Shack monitor was technically the bundled monitor that came with the [[TRS-80 Model I Family|TRS-80 Model I]] but that is nothing but an RCA black and white television with the tuner removed.

==VM-line Monitors==

This was Radio Shack's line of monochrome monitors with models for the both the TRS-80 Tandy 2000 and the [[Tandy 1000 Series]]. The first model, the '''VM-1''', was made for the 2000. The first monochrome monitors for the 1000 were the '''VM-2''' and '''VM-4'''. These were composite monitors compatible with the original 1000, and SX, EX, and HX models only. The '''VM-3''' and '''VM-5''' were made for the other Tandy 1000s.

==CM-line Monitors==

The CM-line was Radio Shack's line of color monitors. The original CM-1 is for the TRS-80 Tandy 2000. The '''CM-4''' and '''CM-5''' are standard resolution CGA monitors compatible with standard [[Tandy Graphics]] modes. The '''CM-2''', '''CM-10''', and '''CM-ll''' are high-resolution CGA monitors compatible with the Tandy Graphics II 640 x 200 x 16 colors mode.

===CM-8===

The '''CM-8''' was a specially built monitor for the Color computer 3's RGB mode.

==EGM-1 Monitor==

The '''EGM-1''' was Radio Shack's only [[EGA]] monitor. It should be noted that there wasn't any good reason to upgrade a Tandy 1000 to EGA since Tandy Graphics (especially Tandy Graphics II) are almost as good as EGA.

==VGM-line Monitors==

The '''VGM-100''', '''VGM-200''' series, '''VGM-300''' series, and '''VGM-400''' series are Tandy-branded (S)[[VGA]] monitors. The original VGM-100 was for the Tandy 3000 and later models were for the 2500 XL and 4000 series systems.

==External Link==

[https://youtu.be/m79HxULt3O8 The story of the VGM-225, a real lemon among VGA monitors]

{{nav TRS-80}}

[[Category: Radio Shack Peripherals]]

Category:Radio Shack Peripherals

2023-05-23T19:45:44Z

Rayrayemu: Creation of category

[[Category:Peripherals]]
[[Category:Radio Shack Computers]]

Radio Shack Monitors

2023-05-23T19:43:46Z

Rayrayemu: Creation of article

Tandy 1000 R-Series

2023-05-23T18:09:02Z

Rayrayemu: Creation of aritcle

The '''Tandy 1000 R-Series''' was the final series of the Tandy 1000 family. The lowest common denominator between them was a low-profile case in a similar design scheme to the SL and TL systems. This low-profile case had room for only one 8-bit ISA card (16-bit in the 1000 RSX). The processors of this series range from Intel 8086 to Intel 80386SX. This is the most varied of all the series and not long after the last model, the Tandy 1000 RSX, Radio Shack started selling AST computers in their stores instead of the long tradition of branded systems.

{{Infobox Machine
| name = Tandy 1000 RL (RL/HD)
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| form factor = [[Compatible PC]]
| year introduced = 1991
| cpu = [[Intel 8086]]
| clock speed = 9.54 MHz
| ram = 512 KB expandable up to 768 KB (see note below)
| graphics = Tandy Graphics II
| predecessor = Tandy 1000 HX, 1000 SL/2
| successor = Tandy 1000 RLX
}}

==Tandy 1000 RL and Tandy 1000 RL/HD==

The '''Tandy 1000 RL''' was the last of the 8-bit processor Tandy 1000s. It was almost identical in features to the 1000 SL/2 except the low profile case and a slightly fast Intel 8086. The '''RL/HD''' variant includes a 20 MB hard disk drive. One nice, additional feature is [[Deskmate]] 3.69, bundled with both the 1000 RL and 1000 RLX. This version includes an expanded version of the Deskmate Home Organizer add-on integrated into Deskmate. Home Organizer includes a recipe database, a budgeting program, and other "applications." The added features to Home Organizer includes "Smart Home" functionality years before it caught on.

{{Infobox Machine
| name = Tandy 1000 RLX (RLX/HD)
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| form factor = [[Compatible PC]]
| year introduced = 1991
| cpu = [[Intel 80286]]
| clock speed = 10 MHz
| ram = 512 KB expandable up to 1 MB
| graphics = [[VGA]]
| predecessor = Tandy 1000 RL, [[Tandy 1000 T-Series|Tandy 1000 TL/3]]
| successor = Tandy 1000 RSX
}}

==Tandy 1000 RLX and RLX/HD==

The '''Tandy 1000 RLX''' is to the Tandy 1000 TL/3 as the 1000 RL is to the 1000 SL/2. Besides the low-profile case, the main differences are expandable up to 1 MB RAM, a standard 1.44 MB 3 and a half inch floppy disk drive and Deskmate 3.69 (see 1000 RL above). The 1000 RL/HD includes a 20 MB hard disk drive.

{{Infobox Machine
| name = Tandy 1000 RSX
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| form factor = [[Compatible PC]]
| year introduced = 1991
| cpu = [[Intel 80386SX]]
| clock speed = 25 MHz
| ram = 1 MB expandable up to 9 MB
| graphics = [[SVGA]]
| predecessor = Tandy 1000 RLX
| successor = [[Tandy Sensation]]
}}

==Tandy 1000 RSX==

The final Tandy 1000 model, the '''Tandy 1000 RSX''' is unique to all other Tandy 1000 systems. It has the same low-profile case like the RL and RLX. Honestly, this released after I left Radio Shack and was not featured in a Radio Shack Computer Catalog, so Wikipedia says it better.

:A more upscale offering, the RSX offers a 25 MHz 80386SX processor, 1 MB RAM, two 16-bit ISA slots, AcuMos SVGA video, a bidirectional parallel port, and standard PS/2 keyboard and mouse ports. It is a full 386-class PC and can run Microsoft Windows 3.x. Two sockets for SIMM memory cards are available. Only 1 MB or 4 MB SIMMs of the 9-chip type are supported, and if two are installed they have to be of like capacity. With two 4 MB SIMMs installed, the 1000 RSX can be expanded to 9 MB RAM without using an ISA slot. The RSX/HD variant comes with a 52 MB hard drive using an AT-compatible IDE interface; replacement hard drives up to 504 MB can be substituted. Because of the slimline case, only one hard drive can be installed alongside the 1.44 MB 3.5" floppy drive.

:The motherboard has a socket for the 80387SX math coprocessor. The RSX still retains the Tandy 1000 3-voice sound hardware and DAC, though the I/O address for the 3-voice sound chip was moved, rendering many games compatible with it unable to play music unless modified. The DAC can be used to emulate the Covox Speech Thing via MS-DOS device drivers for limited sound support. This works with Chuck Yeager's Air Combat.

:Windows 3.xx sound device drivers are available that work in Windows 95 (with full 9MB RAM) on Tandy 1000 RSX.
The ACUMOS VGA graphics can be software-updated with Cirrus Logic BIOS (via MS-DOS driver) to allow VESA/SVGA to function in Windows 95, as the Windows 3.xx Tandy VGA drivers are insufficient for Windows 95.
: {{wikipedia}}

==Legacy==

This line marked the end of the Tandy 1000 series and the only computers released with the Tandy name badge were the Tandy Sensation and Tandy Sensation II. There are no emulators for this series but you can run Deskmate with the separate Home Organizer add-on with [[DOSBox-x]].

{{nav TRS-80}}

[[Category:Tandy 1000]]

Template:Nav TRS-80

2023-05-23T16:45:21Z

Rayrayemu: Threw in an "and" in the R-Series ailias

{{Navigation
| templateName = Nav TRS-80
| title = Radio Shack Computers, Peripherals, and Operating Systems
| body = Zilog Z80 Systems - [[TRS-80 Model I Family|Model I]] • [[TRS-80 Model II Family|Model II and Model 12]] • [[TRS-80 Model I Family|Model III]] • [[TRS-80 Model I Family|Model 4, 4P, and 4D]]

Motorola 68000 Systems - [[TRS-80 Model II Family|Model 16, 16B, and Tandy 6000]]

Other Home Computers - [[TRS-80 Color Computer Family|Color Computer 1, 2, and 3]] • [[MC-10]]

x86-Based Computers - [[Tandy TRS-80 Model 2000]] • [[Tandy 1000 Series|Tandy 1000]] - [[Tandy 1000 EX and HX|EX and HX]] - [[Tandy 1000 S-Series|SX, SL, and SL/2]]- [[Tandy 1000 T-Series|TX, TL, TL/2, and TL/3]] - [[Tandy 1000 R-Series|RL, RL/HD, RLX, RLX/HD, and RSX]] • [[Tandy Sensation]] • [[Other Tandy x86 Desktop Computers]]

Portable Computers - [[TRS-80 Model 100 Family|Model 100, Model 102, and Model 200]] • [[Tandy Model 600]] • [[Tandy PC-Compatible Laptops]] • [[TRS-80 Pocket Computers]]

Peripherals - [[Radio Shack Terminals|Terminals]] • [[Radio Shack Printers|Printers]] • [[Radio Shack Floppy Drives|Floppy Drives]] • [[Radio Shack Hard Drives|Hard Drives]] • [[Tandy 1000 Smart Drive]] • [[Radio Shack Monitors|Monitors]] • [[Miscellaneous Radio Shack Peripherals|Miscellaneous]]

Operating Systems - [[TRSDOS]] • [[Third Party TRS-80 DOSes]] • [[CP/M]] • [[XENIX]] • [[OS9|OS/9]] • [[MS-DOS]] • [[Deskmate]] • [[Microsoft Windows]]

}}

Template:Nav TRS-80

2023-05-23T16:44:06Z

Rayrayemu: Minor formatting change on Tandy 1000 model list (added dashes)

{{Navigation
| templateName = Nav TRS-80
| title = Radio Shack Computers, Peripherals, and Operating Systems
| body = Zilog Z80 Systems - [[TRS-80 Model I Family|Model I]] • [[TRS-80 Model II Family|Model II and Model 12]] • [[TRS-80 Model I Family|Model III]] • [[TRS-80 Model I Family|Model 4, 4P, and 4D]]

Motorola 68000 Systems - [[TRS-80 Model II Family|Model 16, 16B, and Tandy 6000]]

Other Home Computers - [[TRS-80 Color Computer Family|Color Computer 1, 2, and 3]] • [[MC-10]]

x86-Based Computers - [[Tandy TRS-80 Model 2000]] • [[Tandy 1000 Series|Tandy 1000]] - [[Tandy 1000 EX and HX|EX and HX]] - [[Tandy 1000 S-Series|SX, SL, and SL/2]]- [[Tandy 1000 T-Series|TX, TL, TL/2, and TL/3]] - [[Tandy 1000 R-Series|RL, RL/HD, RLX, RLX/HD, RSX]] • [[Tandy Sensation]] • [[Other Tandy x86 Desktop Computers]]

Portable Computers - [[TRS-80 Model 100 Family|Model 100, Model 102, and Model 200]] • [[Tandy Model 600]] • [[Tandy PC-Compatible Laptops]] • [[TRS-80 Pocket Computers]]

Peripherals - [[Radio Shack Terminals|Terminals]] • [[Radio Shack Printers|Printers]] • [[Radio Shack Floppy Drives|Floppy Drives]] • [[Radio Shack Hard Drives|Hard Drives]] • [[Tandy 1000 Smart Drive]] • [[Radio Shack Monitors|Monitors]] • [[Miscellaneous Radio Shack Peripherals|Miscellaneous]]

Operating Systems - [[TRSDOS]] • [[Third Party TRS-80 DOSes]] • [[CP/M]] • [[XENIX]] • [[OS9|OS/9]] • [[MS-DOS]] • [[Deskmate]] • [[Microsoft Windows]]

}}

Template:Nav TRS-80

2023-05-23T11:40:50Z

Rayrayemu: Adjusted for naming convention change and and a couplte peripheral entries

{{Navigation
| templateName = Nav TRS-80
| title = Radio Shack Computers, Peripherals, and Operating Systems
| body = Zilog Z80 Systems - [[TRS-80 Model I Family|Model I]] • [[TRS-80 Model II Family|Model II and Model 12]] • [[TRS-80 Model I Family|Model III]] • [[TRS-80 Model I Family|Model 4, 4P, and 4D]]

Motorola 68000 Systems - [[TRS-80 Model II Family|Model 16, 16B, and Tandy 6000]]

Other Home Computers - [[TRS-80 Color Computer Family|Color Computer 1, 2, and 3]] • [[MC-10]]

x86-Based Computers - [[Tandy TRS-80 Model 2000]] • [[Tandy 1000 Series|Tandy 1000]] [[Tandy 1000 EX and HX|EX and HX]] [[Tandy 1000 S-Series|SX, SL, and SL/2]] [[Tandy 1000 T-Series|TX, TL, TL/2, and TL/3]] [[Tandy 1000 R-Series|RL, RL/HD, RLX, RLX/HD, RSX]] • [[Tandy Sensation]] • [[Other Tandy x86 Desktop Computers]]

Portable Computers - [[TRS-80 Model 100 Family|Model 100, Model 102, and Model 200]] • [[Tandy Model 600]] • [[Tandy PC-Compatible Laptops]] • [[TRS-80 Pocket Computers]]

Peripherals - [[Radio Shack Terminals|Terminals]] • [[Radio Shack Printers|Printers]] • [[Radio Shack Floppy Drives|Floppy Drives]] • [[Radio Shack Hard Drives|Hard Drives]] • [[Tandy 1000 Smart Drive]] • [[Radio Shack Monitors|Monitors]] • [[Miscellaneous Radio Shack Peripherals|Miscellaneous]]

Operating Systems - [[TRSDOS]] • [[Third Party TRS-80 DOSes]] • [[CP/M]] • [[XENIX]] • [[OS9|OS/9]] • [[MS-DOS]] • [[Deskmate]] • [[Microsoft Windows]]

}}

Template:Nav TRS-80

2023-05-23T07:58:08Z

Rayrayemu: Some slight adjustments. 1. removed plural on Smart Drive. 2. Fixed RL/HD 3. Added RLX/HD

{{Navigation
| templateName = Nav TRS-80
| title = Radio Shack Computers, Peripherals, and Operating Systems
| body = Zilog Z80 Systems - [[TRS-80 Model I Family|Model I]] • [[TRS-80 Model II Family|Model II and Model 12]] • [[TRS-80 Model I Family|Model III]] • [[TRS-80 Model I Family|Model 4, 4P, and 4D]]

Motorola 68000 Systems - [[TRS-80 Model II Family|Model 16, 16B, and Tandy 6000]]

Other Home Computers - [[TRS-80 Color Computer Family|Color Computer 1, 2, and 3]] • [[MC-10]]

x86-Based Computers - [[Tandy TRS-80 Model 2000]] • [[Tandy 1000 Series|Tandy 1000]] [[Tandy 1000 EX and HX|EX and HX]] [[Tandy 1000 S-Series|SX, SL, and SL/2]] [[Tandy 1000 T-Series|TX, TL, TL/2, and TL/3]] [[Tandy 1000 R-Series|RL, RL/HD, RLX, RLX/HD, RSX]] • [[Tandy Sensation]] • [[Other Tandy x86 Desktop Computers]]

Portable Computers - [[TRS-80 Model 100 Family|Model 100, Model 102, and Model 200]] • [[Tandy Model 600]] • [[Tandy PC-Compatible Laptops]] • [[TRS-80 Pocket Computers]]

Peripherals - [[TRS-80 Terminals|Terminals]] • [[TRS-80 Printers|Printers]] • [[TRS-80 Floppy Drives|Floppy Drives]] • [[TRS-80 Hard Drives|Hard Drives]] • [[Tandy 1000 Smart Drive]]

Operating Systems - [[TRSDOS]] • [[Third Party TRS-80 DOSes]] • [[CP/M]] • [[XENIX]] • [[OS9|OS/9]] • [[MS-DOS]] • [[Deskmate]] • [[Microsoft Windows]]

}}

Tandy 1000 T-Series

2023-05-23T07:54:44Z

Rayrayemu: Creation of article

The '''Tandy 1000 T-Series''' is one of the most unique Compatible PCs on the market and despite its shortcoming was quite a popular line. This series had Intel 80286 processors but were XT class. In other words, although they had a 286, they only had 8-bit ISA slots and therefore only used 8-bit hardware. Also, the battery backed-up RTC SmartWatch is built-in.

{{Infobox Machine
| name = Tandy 1000 TX
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| form factor = [[Compatible PC]]
| year introduced = 1986
| cpu = [[Intel 80286]]
| clock speed = 8 MHz
| ram = 640 KB expandable up to 768 KB (see note below)
| graphics = Tandy Graphics
| successor = Tandy 1000 TL
}}

==Tandy 1000 TX==

The '''Tandy 1000 TX''' is basically a [[Tandy 1000 S-Series|Tandy 1000 SX]] with an Intel 80286 processor, 640 KB RAM, a 3 and a half inch 720 KB [[floppy disk]] drive. All of the machines in this series, although 8-bit, have a 16-bit memory bus and are technically expandable up to 768 KB but the extra 128 KB is for video. I have never seen any software that utilize this extra video RAM. It runs MS-DOS 3.2 with Deskmate II.

{{Infobox Machine
| name = Tandy 1000 TL, TL/2, TL/3
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| form factor = [[Compatible PC]]
| cpu = [[Intel 80286]]
| clock speed = 8 MHz (TL, TL/2) 10 MHz (TL/3)
| ram = 640 KB expandable up to 768 KB (see note below)
| graphics = Tandy Graphics
| successor = [[Tandy 1000 RL-Series|Tandy 1000 RLX]]
}}

==Tandy 1000 TL==

The '''Tandy 1000 TL''' is a Tandy 1000 TX with a Tandy 1000 SL/2 Case, Tandy Graphics II, and Enhanced Tandy Sound with a DAC.

==Tandy 1000 TL/2==

The '''Tandy 1000 TL/2''' is simply a Tandy 1000 TL with an 8-bit IDE interface called [[SmartDrive]].

==Tandy 1000 TL/3==

The '''Tandy 1000 TL/3''' is a Tandy 1000 TL/2 with a 10 MHz processor and the ''capability'' to support 1.44 MB 3 and a half inch floppy drives. In other words, it only adds support for 1.44 MB drives, the drives are not an option, only an add-on.

==Legacy==

The T-Series was succeeded by the Tandy 1000 RLX. Although there are both positive and negative differences between the two models.

Emulation is available for 1000 TL/2. There are 3 emulators that I recommend: 86-Box, PCem, and DOSBox-x. PCem is the easiest to setup. 86-Box is more customizable. DOSBox-x, on the other hand, is not actually a computer emulator but a generic MS-DOS emulator that has special Tandy Graphics and Sound Support. There are a few variants of DOSBox, but I like DOSBox-x the best because it is the only version that supports disk images and it's also the only one that is menu driven without a front-end.

{{nav TRS-80}}

[[Category:Tandy 1000]]

Tandy 1000 Series

2023-05-23T07:42:22Z

Rayrayemu: Small edit involving DOSBox

{{Infobox Machine
| name = Tandy 1000, 1000A, 1000HD
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| form factor = [[Compatible PC]]
| year introduced = November 1984
| year discontinued = Series Discontinued: 1993, Original Model: Unknown
| cpu = [[Intel 8088]]
| clock speed = 4.77 MHz
| ram = 128 KB standard, expandable up to 640 KB
| graphics = PCjr Graphics, later known as Tandy Graphics
| successor = [[Tandy 1000 S-Series|Tandy 1000 SX]]
}}

The '''Tandy 1000 series''' was [[Radio Shack]]'s second attempt at creating an [[MS-DOS]] system with the first being the [[Tandy TRS-80 2000]]. The 2000 was a huge flop but the 1000 was one of Radio Shack's biggest successes. This article is mostly about the original Tandy 1000 and its 3 variants but there is also a brief rundown of the other models in the series. Although the 2000 was an MS-DOS system it was not fully compatible due to incompatible hardware and the use of the [[Intel 80186]] processor. The Tandy 1000 on the other hand was designed to be PC compatible (actually [[IBM PCjr]] compatible) from the beginning.

==Tandy's Intentions for this New Computer==

In 1983, Tandy Radio Shack knew they had to get into the PC compatible market and had a great idea. Instead of following companies such as [[Compaq]], what if they made a system that had superior sound and graphics to the average compatible? So, they decided to make a true compatible but instead of using the standard at the time, [[CGA]] graphics and a simple speaker, what if they utilized the PCjr 16 color 320x200 graphics and 3 voice sound? So the Tandy 1000 was born, released in November of 1984. The initial model had a 4.77 MHz [[Intel 8088]] processor, 128k of [[Random Access Memory|RAM]], and no [[Direct Memory Access|DMA]] (although an expansion card was available the offered this and room to expand the RAM to 640k. Another few features to note is that almost all of the Tandy 1000s used proprietary [[keyboard]]s and [[parallel interface|parallel ports]] (used only for [[printer]]s). Also, there were two built-in [[joystick]] ports that used the same interface as the [[TRS-80 Color Computer Family]] and a reset switch. Also, soon what was once called "PCjr Compatible" quickly became known as "Tandy Compatible"

==Rise in Popularity==

The 1000 immediately became a hit and had 3 variations the original 1000; the 1000A, same system with a revised [[motherboard]]; and 1000HD, with either a 10 or 20 MB [[hard disk]] drive. The first new model was released in 1986, the [[Tandy 1000 S-Series|Tandy 1000 SX]] with a faster 8088 processor, built-in DMA, 384k RAM, and Volume Control. Two other models were also released around this time: the [[Tandy 1000 T-Series|Tandy 1000 TX]] and the [[Tandy 1000 EX and HX|Tandy 1000 EX]]. The TX was an XT class [[Intel 80286]] system and the EX was an a one-piece machine with built-in keyboard and a proprietary expansion [[bus]].

==Legacy==

The Tandy 1000 spawned many more models including the last model, an [[Intel 80386SX]] processor system with [[SVGA]] graphics but still with the Tandy sound chip called the [[Tandy_1000 R-Series|Tandy 1000 RSX]]. Once [[VGA]] became more affordable and the [[Sound Blaster]] was released, the Tandy 1000 series soon became obsolete and Tandy started to sell AST computers in place of their own line.

==Deskmate==

One of the most distinctive features of Tandy 1000s was not hardware but software. Beginning with the original Tandy 1000, all systems were bundled with a multipurpose program called [[Deskmate]]. It start as a simple text-based all-in-one programs similar to [[Microsoft Works]] for DOS and quickly evolved into a full-fledged [[mouse]]-based [[graphical user interface|GUI]]. Deskmate 3, the final incarnation was perfect as a lower-resource intensive [[Microsoft Windows]] 3 type shell with even a large amount of 3rd-party software including [[Lotus 1-2-3]] and many educational titles. On the RL, RLX, and RSX; Deskmate had even more functionality with a built-in home organizer and even a very early kind of "Smart Home" control. Generally Deskmate would only run on the model of 1000 that it came bundled with but version 3.0.5 would run on any PC-Compatible including support for VGA although for sound, an actual Tandy 1000 was required. If you want to run Deskmate with full sound, try running it on on [[DOSBox-x]]. A tutorial is here: [[Installing Deskmate on DOSBox-x]].

==External links==

* [https://ia803107.us.archive.org/5/items/tandy1000extechnicalreferencemanual/Tandy_1000EX_Technical_Reference_Manual.pdf Tandy 1000EX Technical Reference Manual]
* [https://ia803002.us.archive.org/25/items/tandy-1000sx-technical-reference-manual/1000SX%20Technical%20Manual.pdf Tandy 1000SX Technical Reference Manual]
* [https://ia801008.us.archive.org/31/items/tandy1000txtechnicalreferencemanual/Tandy%201000TX%20Technical%20Reference%20Manual.pdf Tandy 1000TX Technical Reference Manual]
* [http://www.dosdays.co.uk/computers/Tandy%201000/download.php Tandy 1000 Series Downloads]
** [http://www.dosdays.co.uk/computers/Tandy%201000/1kintro.pdf Introduction to the Tandy 1000]
* [http://www.oldskool.org/guides/tvdog/tandy1000.html Tandy 1000 Files]
** [http://www.oldskool.org/guides/tvdog/documents.html Documentation Files]

{{Nav TRS-80}}

[[Category: Radio Shack Computers]]
[[Category: Tandy 1000]]

Tandy 1000 EX and HX

2023-05-23T06:36:22Z

Rayrayemu: Creation of article

The '''Tandy 1000 EX''' and '''Tandy 1000 HX''' were all in one Tandy 1000 [[Compatible PCs]]. They, collectively, were the least expensive Tandy 1000 models.

{{Infobox Machine
| name = Tandy 1000EX
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| form factor = [[Compatible PC]]
| year introduced = 1986
| cpu = [[Intel 8088]]-2
| clock speed = 7.16 MHz
| ram = 256 KB standard, expandable up to 640 KB
| graphics = Tandy Graphics
| predecessor = [[TRS-80 Color Computer Family]], Tandy 1000 HX
| successor = Tandy 1000 HX
}}

==Tandy 1000 EX==

The '''Tandy 1000 EX''' was Tandy's first compact all-in-one, compatible PC. It was in part designed to be a replacement of the Color Computer which was dwindling in popularity as the popularity of compatible PCs were soaring. It was also designed to be a lower cost Tandy 1000 with a proprietary expansion slot. It also had no built-in [[DMA]]. It came with MS-DOS 2.11 and Personal Deskmate. It featured a 5 and a quarter inch [[floppy disk drive]] on the side of the machine and a special port on the back of the computer to add an external floppy disk drive. One draw back of the compactness of this system is you could not stack a monitor on top of the system with using a special shelf that Radio Shack sold separately. This shelf was also used on the Color Computer 3 and its CM-8 monitor.

{{Infobox Machine
| name = Tandy 1000 HX
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| form factor = [[Compatible PC]]
| year introduced = 1987
| cpu = [[Intel 8088]]-2
| clock speed = 7.16 MHz
| ram = 256 KB standard, expandable up to 640 KB
| graphics = Tandy Graphics
| successor = [[Tandy 1000 R-Series|Tandy 1000 RL]]
}}

==Tandy 1000 HX==

The '''Tandy 1000 HX''' is a similar to the 1000 EX but with two main difference. First, instead of a 5 and 1/4 floppy, it has and 3 and a half inch disk floppy disk drive mounted in front with a slot next to it for a second drive. Like the EX there is a external floppy port in order to add a 5 and quarter inch drive and no DMA. The other major difference is that like [[Tandy 1000 S-Series|Tandy 1000 SL]] and later models it has MS-DOS command.com and the desk.com Deskmate executable in ROM. In the case of the HX, the ROM contains MS-DOS 2.11 and Personal Deskmate II. Personal Deskmate II is quite similar to Deskmate 3 except it is designed to only run off 3 and a half inch floppies. One of the new features in this version of Deskmate is the Music program which takes advantage of the Tandy 3-voice sound.

==Tandy PLUS interface==

Unlike most Compatible PCs, the Tandy 1000 EX and HX not use the traditional 8-bit ISA expansion cards. Instead, Tandy created a more compact expansion card called PLUS. Each machine has three PLUS slots and the stack on top of each other. PLUS cards available through Radio Shack include an internal modem, a serial port, RAM expansion up to 640 KB. It should be noted that the RAM expansion comes with DMA, similar to the memory expansion card available for the original Tandy 1000. There were also third plus cards including a [[hard disk]] drive interface and the most popular one, an adapter to allow ISA card to be plugged to the PLUS slot. You see, PLUS and ISA are electrically identical with just a different plug and pin-out. The most common ISA card to used with this adapter was a 2400 Baud [[modem]] since Radio Shack only made a 300 baud in the PLUS format.

==Legacy==

The Tandy 1000 EX and HX were the beginning of super affordable Compatible PCs. '''Anecdote:''' When I worked at Radio Shack, we still sold the 1000 HX even though it was almost 3 years old. By the time I was there, it didn't sell well. I think one reason for this is that it had the old style as far as badging, color, etc. Its replacement, the Tandy 1000 RL, sold much better but didn't come out until 1991.

Emulation is available for 1000 HX. There are 3 emulators that I recommend: [[86-Box]], [[PCem]], and [[DOSBox-x]]. PCem is the easiest to setup. 86-Box is more customizable. DOSBox-x, on the other hand, is not actually a computer emulator but a generic MS-DOS emulator that has special Tandy Graphics and Sound Support. There are a few variants of DOSBox, but I like DOSBox-x the best because it is the only version that supports disk images and it's also the only one that is menu driven without a front-end.

==Links==

* [[Running Deskmate on DOSbox-x]]
* [https://ia803107.us.archive.org/5/items/tandy1000extechnicalreferencemanual/Tandy_1000EX_Technical_Reference_Manual.pdf Tandy 1000EX Technical Reference Manual]

{{nav TRS-80}}

[[Category:Tandy 1000]]

TRS-80 Model II Family

2023-05-23T05:07:27Z

Rayrayemu: did some minor formatting changes

[[Image:TRS-80 model ii.jpg|thumb|150px|right|A Tandy model II]]

The '''Tandy TRS-80 Model II Family''' was a high priced line of TRS-80 and Tandy computers. The were used almost exclusively as business machines. The line started in 1979 with the TRS-80 Model II, the successor in name and processor only to the original TRS-80 Model I.

{{Infobox Machine
| name = TRS-80 Model II
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| form factor = Desktop
| year introduced = 1979
| cpu = [[Zilog Z80]]A
| clock speed = 4 MHz
| ram = 32 or 64 KB
| successor = Model 12 and Model 16
}}

==TRS-80 Model II==

The '''TRS-80 Model II''' was a great departure from the Model I. It came with a single-sided 500 KB 8 inch [[floppy disk]] drive. It originally ran a variation of [[TRSDOS]] and [[CP/M]]. Many accounting and other office programs were available for it, as well as a Basic compiler, Fortran, and COBOL. An interesting fact about the architecture of these computers is that it has a tiny boot [[ROM]] and the basic compiler is loaded off TRSDOS into memory. Also, it had a detached keyboard.

{{Infobox Machine
| name = TRS-80 Model 16
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| form factor = Desktop
| year introduced = 1982
| cpu = [[Zilog Z80]]A and [[Motorola MC68000]]
| clock speed = 6 MHz
| ram = 128 to 512 KB
| successor = Model 16B
}}

==TRS-80 Model 16==

The '''TRS-80 Model 16''' was an early dual processor machine. In addition, to the Z80A used for I/O and compatibility, it had a 16/32-bit Motorola MC68000 processor. This system wasn't very successful due to initial lack of 16-bit software.

{{Infobox Machine
| name = TRS-80 Model 12
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| form factor = Desktop
| year introduced = 1982
| cpu = [[Zilog Z80]]A
| clock speed = 4 MHz
| ram = 64 KB
| successor = Tandy 6000
}}

==TRS-80 Model 12==

The '''TRS-80 Model 12''' is an improved Model II with a double sided floppy disk drive, a green on black display, and an available expansion card cage which added 6 expansion slots.

{{Infobox Machine
| name = TRS-80 Model 16B
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| form factor = Desktop
| year introduced = 1982
| cpu = [[Zilog Z80]]A and [[Motorola MC68000]]
| clock speed = 6 MHz
| ram = 128 to 768 KB
| successor = Model 16B
}}

==TRS-80 Model 16B==

The '''TRS-80 Model 16B''' is possibly the most famous model in the line. It is simply a Model 16 with minor improvements but what makes it so well-known is the fact that not only could it run XENIX but its XENIX systems were so popular that it was the top selling [[Unix]]-based computer in 1984 with over 40,000 units sold.

{{Infobox Machine
| name = Tandy 6000
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| form factor = Desktop
| year introduced = 1982
| cpu = [[Zilog Z80]]A and [[Motorola MC68000]]
| clock speed = 8 MHz
| ram = 128 KB to 768 MB
| successor = Tandy 6000
}}

==Tandy 6000==

The '''Tandy 6000''' was an improved model 16B with an internal 70 MB hard disk drive and expandable up to 1 MB in RAM.

==Operating Systems==

There were 3 major versions of TRSDOS available for the systems. Original TRSDOS, roughly based on Model I TRSDOS but with Microsoft Basic integrated into the OS; TRSDOS-II, a DOS designed specifically for the Model II family; TRSDOS-16, which is less of an operating system and more of a system overlay that allowed the execution of 16-bit TRSDOS software on the Model 16 and 16B. Very little software was made for TRSDOS-16. One TRSDOS clone was available, a Model II family compatible LS-DOS. Four or five versions of both CP/M and CP/M were available with the most popular being Pickles & Trout CP/M 2.2. The total game-changing OS available for the Model 16B and Tandy 6000 was Microsoft XENIX, a 16-bit Unix based on System III Unix.

==Peripherals==

An external floppy disk drive enclosure was available that held up to four drives. External hard disk drives were available in size from 8.4 to 70 MB. Possibly, the most interesting accessory made for the Model II was a special desk designed to hold the floppy drive enclosure.

==Legacy==

The Tandy 6000 was nominally replaced by the [[Other Tandy x86 Desktop Computers|Tandy 3000]], an [[Intel 80286]] [[Compatible PC]] which ran SCO XENIX. Unfortunately, there isn't as much of a fan base for this series of machines as there is others but below there is a link for a huge archive and recently a TRS-80 emulator called trs80gp has been available which runs a lot of the series' software including XENIX.

==External Links==

Some information can be found:
* http://home.iae.nl/users/pb0aia/cm/modelii.html
* https://www.trs-80.com/wordpress/models/model-2

A huge collection of software and documentation can be found at:
* https://github.com/pski/model2archive.git
It is recommended that you clone the archive instead of downloading the zip file because it tends to fail otherwise.

The trs80gp emulator is available at:
* http://48k.ca/trs80gp.html

==Emulation Tutorials==

A couple of tutorials to try:
[[Installing TRSDOS-II 4.4 onto a Model II or 12 System With a Hard Drive]] and
[[Installing XENIX on a Tandy 6000]]

{{Nav TRS-80}}

[[Category: Radio Shack Computers]]

TRS-80 Model II Family

2023-05-23T05:05:59Z

Rayrayemu: Previous update was a major overhaul of the aricle, sorry for no summary, current update added operating system section

TRS-80 Model II Family

2023-05-23T04:39:22Z

Rayrayemu:

[[Image:TRS-80 model ii.jpg|thumb|150px|right|A Tandy model II]]

The '''Tandy TRS-80 Model II Family''' was a high priced line of TRS-80 and Tandy computers. The were used almost exclusively as business machines. The line started in 1979 with the TRS-80 Model II, the successor in name and processor only to the original TRS-80 Model I.

{{Infobox Machine
| name = TRS-80 Model II
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| form factor = Desktop
| year introduced = 1979
| cpu = [[Zilog Z80]]A
| clock speed = 4 MHz
| ram = 32 or 64 KB
| successor = Model 12 and Model 16
}}

==TRS-80 Model II==

The '''TRS-80 Model II''' was a great departure from the Model I. It came with a single-sided 500 KB 8 inch [[floppy disk]] drive. It originally ran a variation of [[TRSDOS]] and [[CP/M]]. Many accounting and other office programs were available for it, as well as a Basic compiler, Fortran, and COBOL. An interesting fact about the architecture of these computers is that it has a tiny boot [[ROM]] and the basic compiler is loaded off TRSDOS into memory. Also, it had a detached keyboard.

{{Infobox Machine
| name = TRS-80 Model 16
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| form factor = Desktop
| year introduced = 1982
| cpu = [[Zilog Z80]]A and [[Motorola MC68000]]
| clock speed = 6 MHz
| ram = 128 to 512 KB
| successor = Model 16B
}}

==TRS-80 Model 16==

The '''TRS-80 Model 16''' was an early dual processor machine. In addition, to the Z80A used for I/O and compatibility, it had a 16/32-bit Motorola MC68000 processor. This system wasn't very successful due to initial lack of 16-bit software.

{{Infobox Machine
| name = TRS-80 Model 12
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| form factor = Desktop
| year introduced = 1982
| cpu = [[Zilog Z80]]A
| clock speed = 4 MHz
| ram = 64 KB
| successor = Tandy 6000
}}

==TRS-80 Model 12==

The '''TRS-80 Model 12''' is an improved Model II with a double sided floppy disk drive, a green on black display, and an available expansion card cage which added 6 expansion slots.

{{Infobox Machine
| name = TRS-80 Model 16B
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| form factor = Desktop
| year introduced = 1982
| cpu = [[Zilog Z80]]A and [[Motorola MC68000]]
| clock speed = 6 MHz
| ram = 128 to 768 KB
| successor = Model 16B
}}

==TRS-80 Model 16B==

The '''TRS-80 Model 16B''' is possibly the most famous model in the line. It is simply a Model 16 with minor improvements but what makes it so well-known is the fact that not only could it run XENIX but its XENIX systems were so popular that it was the top selling [[Unix]]-based computer in 1984 with over 40,000 units sold.

{{Infobox Machine
| name = Tandy 6000
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| form factor = Desktop
| year introduced = 1982
| cpu = [[Zilog Z80]]A and [[Motorola MC68000]]
| clock speed = 8 MHz
| ram = 128 KB to 768 MB
| successor = Tandy 6000
}}

==Tandy 6000==

The '''Tandy 6000''' was an improved model 16B with an internal 70 MB hard disk drive and expandable up to 1 MB in RAM.

==Peripherals==

An external floppy disk drive enclosure was available that held up to four drives. External hard disk drives were available in size from 8.4 to 70 MB. Possibly, the most interesting accessory made for the Model II was a special desk designed to hold the floppy drive enclosure.

==Legacy==

The Tandy 6000 was nominally replaced by the [[Other Tandy x86 Desktop Computers|Tandy 3000]], an [[Intel 80286]] [[Compatible PC]] which ran SCO XENIX. Unfortunately, there isn't as much of a fan base for this series of machines as there is others but below there is a link for a huge archive and recently a TRS-80 emulator called trs80gp has been available which runs a lot of the series' software including XENIX.

==External Links==

Some information can be found:
* http://home.iae.nl/users/pb0aia/cm/modelii.html
* https://www.trs-80.com/wordpress/models/model-2

A huge collection of software and documentation can be found at:
* https://github.com/pski/model2archive.git
It is recommended that you clone the archive instead of downloading the zip file because it tends to fail otherwise.

The trs80gp emulator is available at:
* http://48k.ca/trs80gp.html

==Emulation Tutorials==

A couple of tutorials to try:
[[Installing TRSDOS-II 4.4 onto a Model II or 12 System With a Hard Drive]] and
[[Installing XENIX on a Tandy 6000]]

{{Nav TRS-80}}

[[Category: Radio Shack Computers]]

TRS-80 Model I Family

2023-05-23T03:20:20Z

Rayrayemu: Total overhaul of page

{{Infobox Machine
| name = TRS-80 Model I
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| date announced = August 3, 1977
| date first shipped = November, 1977
| year introduced = 1977
| year discontinued = 1981
| form factor = Microcomputer
| word size = 8-bit
| clock speed = 1.774 MHz
| ram = 4 KB (Level I Basic) 16 - 48 KB (Level II Basic)
| cpu = [[Z80]] (Later Z80A)
| operating system = Level I Basic, Level II Basic, [[TRSDOS]], Third Party DOSes including LDOS
| successor = TRS-80 Model III
| price = US$599
}}

The '''TRS-80 Model I''' computer, originally known as simply the '''TRS-80''' computer, was released in 1977. It is considered to be part of the "1977 trinity of home computers also including the [[Apple II]] and the [[Commodore Pet]]. Unlike the [[6502]] driven Apple and Commodore machines, the Model I used the [[Zilog Z80]] processor running at 1.77 MHz. It spawned two other major models, the Model III and the Model 4 and its variants.

==TRS-80 Model I==

The original versions came with 4k [[RAM]] and Level I [[BASIC]] which was on [[Tiny Basic]]. In 1978, [[Level II Basic]], a double precision [[floating point]] Basic written by [[Microsoft]]. Also, in 1978, the Expansion Interface was released. This Interface allowed up to four [[floppy disk]] drives and up to 48k RAM in groups of 16k assuming the base system had 16k installed. It also allowed a [[printer]] to be attached. Without the Expansion Interface, you could only use a cassette deck as storage.

There were a few different DOSes available with TRSDOS being Radio Shack's OS. LDOS and DoubleDOS were two very popular third-party DOSes.

The second TRS-80 computer, the incompatible business computer Model II, part of the [[TRS-80 Model II Family]], was released in 1979. It should be known that in 1978, a short-lived business system called the [[Tandy 10 Business Computer]] was released but it sold extremely poorly and to the best of my knowledge wasn't even featured in the famous [[Radio Shack]] Computer Catalogs.

==TRS-80 Model III==

{{Infobox Machine
| name = TRS-80 Model III
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| year introduced = 1980
| year discontinued = 1983
| form factor = Microcomputer
| word size = 8-bit
| clock speed = 2 MHz
| ram = 4 KB (Level I Basic) 16 - 48 KB (Level II Basic)
| cpu = Z80A
| operating system = Level I Basic, Level II Basic, TRSDOS, [[Third Party TRS-80 DOSes|Third Party DOSes including LDOS]]
| predecessor = Model I
| successor = TRS-80 Model 4
| price = US$699 - US$2495
}}

In 1980, the Model I's mostly compatible successor the '''TRS-80 Model III''' was released. It was an all-in-system with a faster and improved Z80A and the ability to type in lower case plus other improvements. Not long after, the FCC declared that the Model I did not comply to new, more stringent RF [[interference]] standard and Radio Shack had to take it off the market. Like the Model I, the Model III came in both Level I and Level II Basic varieties although the Level I version wasn't very popular. The most popular system was probably the dual floppy disk system. A new version of TRSDOS, 1.3, was released due to architecture differences. Some Model I disks could be read on the Model III, but not vice-versa. The Model III was in production until being replaced by the more capable Model 4.

==TRS-80 Model 4==

{{Infobox Machine
| name = TRS-80 Model 4, 4P, 4D
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| year introduced = 1983
| year discontinued = 1991
| form factor = Microcomputer
| word size = 8-bit
| clock speed = 4 MHz
| ram = 64 - 128 KB
| cpu = Z80 (Later Z80A)
| operating system = TRSDOS, Third Party DOSes including LS-DOS, [[CPM]] (both 2.2 and 3)
| predecessor = TRS-80 Model III
| successor = Last in its line
| price = US$1699
}}

The final model in the Model I family was the '''TRS-80 Model 4''' and its variants. Although, it had a Model III compatibility mode, it was much different and more capable machine. First of all and one of the biggest selling points is that the Model 4 is the only descendant of the Model I that could run unmodified CP/M. Where that Model II family could run it from the beginning, the Model I family's memory map was set up in a way that typical CP/M and its software could not be run. Also, being expandable up to 128 KB, it could take advantage of CP/M Plus's [[bank switching]] capabilities. The bundled operating system was TRSDOS 6.2, which was essentially a re-badged third-party LDOS 6.2. LS-DOS, an improved LDOS was also available and most hobbyists use it today. There were three variants of the Model 4 and they are described below.

===Gate Array Model 4===

The gate array model 4 was an improvement upon the system allowing for zero [[wait-state]]s and full 4 MHz operation of the Z80A. One of its distinguishing characteristics is a green on black display instead of the white on black present in previous TRS-80s.

===TRS-80 Model 4P===

The Model 4P, released in late 1983, was a transportable Model 4 that unlike the other models lacked a cassette interface. Like many other transportables of its time the keyboard doubled as a lid. It later came came in a gate array version but it is unclear whether the color of the text is different between the two versions.

===Tandy TRS-80 Model 4D===

The final variant was the Model 4D. It is a gate array system with dual double-sided, double-density 360 KB floppy disks. It was bundled with [[Deskmate]]. Also, of note, it was the last computer to bear the TRS-80 nameplate although it shared the Tandy name as well.

==Peripherals==

In addition, to printers and additional floppy drives (available up to a total of 4 on all models except the Model 4P), 5 and 10 MB hard drives were available. Although, TRSDOS is a flat filesystem, many users made multiple partitions to organize storage.

==Legacy==

The Model I family is still used by many hobbyists and there have been third-party network cards and even enhanced video playback. SD cards have replaced floppies and hard drives and there are even subReddits and Facebook groups for these systems.

There are many good emulators for the system, but I recommend [http://48k.ca/trs80gp.html trs80gp] which emulates multiple emulates all of the Z80 TRS-80 systems plus the Model 16, Tandy 6000, and the [[TRS-80 MC-10]], a small, low price home computer. There is also good software representation in the TOSEC for all of the models.

* The site for all things TRS-80 [https://www.trs-80.com/wordpress]

{{nav TRS-80}}

[[Category: Radio Shack Computers]]

Template talk:Nav TRS-80

2023-05-23T01:41:49Z

Rayrayemu: Housekeeping question

When I made this template I was going with a different and decidedly inaccurate naming convention for Radio Shack computers.Does anyone think I need to change the name of the template or since it's mostly an internal thing, can I leave it be?

Template:Nav TRS-80

2023-05-23T01:38:34Z

Rayrayemu: Made a few adjustment to prepare for major overhaul in Model I article (now called Model I Family) added CP/M to list of Operating systems

{{Navigation
| templateName = Nav TRS-80
| title = Radio Shack Computers, Peripherals, and Operating Systems
| body = Zilog Z80 Systems - [[TRS-80 Model I Family|Model I]] • [[TRS-80 Model II Family|Model II and Model 12]] • [[TRS-80 Model I Family|Model III]] • [[TRS-80 Model I Family|Model 4, 4P, and 4D]]

Motorola 68000 Systems - [[TRS-80 Model II Family|Model 16, 16B, and Tandy 6000]]

Other Home Computers - [[TRS-80 Color Computer Family|Color Computer 1, 2, and 3]] • [[MC-10]]

x86-Based Computers - [[Tandy TRS-80 Model 2000]] • [[Tandy 1000 Series|Tandy 1000]] [[Tandy 1000 EX and HX|EX and HX]] [[Tandy 1000 S-Series|SX, SL, and SL/2]] [[Tandy 1000 T-Series|TX, TL, TL/2, and TL/3]] [[Tandy 1000 R-Series|RL, RL HD, RLX, RSX]] • [[Tandy Sensation]] • [[Other Tandy x86 Desktop Computers]]

Portable Computers - [[TRS-80 Model 100 Family|Model 100, Model 102, and Model 200]] • [[Tandy Model 600]] • [[Tandy PC-Compatible Laptops]] • [[TRS-80 Pocket Computers]]

Peripherals - [[TRS-80 Terminals|Terminals]] • [[TRS-80 Printers|Printers]] • [[TRS-80 Floppy Drives|Floppy Drives]] • [[TRS-80 Hard Drives|Hard Drives]] • [[Tandy 1000 Smart Drives]]

Operating Systems - [[TRSDOS]] • [[Third Party TRS-80 DOSes]] • [[CP/M]] • [[XENIX]] • [[OS9|OS/9]] • [[MS-DOS]] • [[Deskmate]] • [[Microsoft Windows]]

}}

TRS-80 Model I Family

2023-05-23T01:32:27Z

Rayrayemu: Rayrayemu moved page TRS-80 Model I to TRS-80 Model I Family: Rename in preparaton for expanded article PLEASE keep redirect

TRS-80 Model I

2023-05-23T01:32:27Z

Rayrayemu: Rayrayemu moved page TRS-80 Model I to TRS-80 Model I Family: Rename in preparaton for expanded article PLEASE keep redirect

#REDIRECT [[TRS-80 Model I Family]]

Tandy 1000 Series

2023-05-23T01:30:01Z

Rayrayemu: Removed word Adapter from Tandy Graphics for consistency's sake

{{Infobox Machine
| name = Tandy 1000, 1000A, 1000HD
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| form factor = [[Compatible PC]]
| year introduced = November 1984
| year discontinued = Series Discontinued: 1993, Original Model: Unknown
| cpu = [[Intel 8088]]
| clock speed = 4.77 MHz
| ram = 128 KB standard, expandable up to 640 KB
| graphics = PCjr Graphics, later known as Tandy Graphics
| successor = [[Tandy 1000 S-Series|Tandy 1000 SX]]
}}

The '''Tandy 1000 series''' was [[Radio Shack]]'s second attempt at creating an [[MS-DOS]] system with the first being the [[Tandy TRS-80 2000]]. The 2000 was a huge flop but the 1000 was one of Radio Shack's biggest successes. This article is mostly about the original Tandy 1000 and its 3 variants but there is also a brief rundown of the other models in the series. Although the 2000 was an MS-DOS system it was not fully compatible due to incompatible hardware and the use of the [[Intel 80186]] processor. The Tandy 1000 on the other hand was designed to be PC compatible (actually [[IBM PCjr]] compatible) from the beginning.

==Tandy's Intentions for this New Computer==

In 1983, Tandy Radio Shack knew they had to get into the PC compatible market and had a great idea. Instead of following companies such as [[Compaq]], what if they made a system that had superior sound and graphics to the average compatible? So, they decided to make a true compatible but instead of using the standard at the time, [[CGA]] graphics and a simple speaker, what if they utilized the PCjr 16 color 320x200 graphics and 3 voice sound? So the Tandy 1000 was born, released in November of 1984. The initial model had a 4.77 MHz [[Intel 8088]] processor, 128k of [[Random Access Memory|RAM]], and no [[Direct Memory Access|DMA]] (although an expansion card was available the offered this and room to expand the RAM to 640k. Another few features to note is that almost all of the Tandy 1000s used proprietary [[keyboard]]s and [[parallel interface|parallel ports]] (used only for [[printer]]s). Also, there were two built-in [[joystick]] ports that used the same interface as the [[TRS-80 Color Computer Family]] and a reset switch. Also, soon what was once called "PCjr Compatible" quickly became known as "Tandy Compatible"

==Rise in Popularity==

The 1000 immediately became a hit and had 3 variations the original 1000; the 1000A, same system with a revised [[motherboard]]; and 1000HD, with either a 10 or 20 MB [[hard disk]] drive. The first new model was released in 1986, the [[Tandy 1000 S-Series|Tandy 1000 SX]] with a faster 8088 processor, built-in DMA, 384k RAM, and Volume Control. Two other models were also released around this time: the [[Tandy 1000 T-Series|Tandy 1000 TX]] and the [[Tandy 1000 EX and HX|Tandy 1000 EX]]. The TX was an XT class [[Intel 80286]] system and the EX was an a one-piece machine with built-in keyboard and a proprietary expansion [[bus]].

==Legacy==

The Tandy 1000 spawned many more models including the last model, an [[Intel 80386SX]] processor system with [[SVGA]] graphics but still with the Tandy sound chip called the [[Tandy_1000 R-Series|Tandy 1000 RSX]]. Once [[VGA]] became more affordable and the [[Sound Blaster]] was released, the Tandy 1000 series soon became obsolete and Tandy started to sell AST computers in place of their own line.

==Deskmate==

One of the most distinctive features of Tandy 1000s was not hardware but software. Beginning with the original Tandy 1000, all systems were bundled with a multipurpose program called [[Deskmate]]. It start as a simple text-based all-in-one programs similar to [[Microsoft Works]] for DOS and quickly evolved into a full-fledged [[mouse]]-based [[graphical user interface|GUI]]. Deskmate 3, the final incarnation was perfect as a lower-resource intensive [[Microsoft Windows]] 3 type shell with even a large amount of 3rd-party software including [[Lotus 1-2-3]] and many educational titles. On the RL, RLX, and RSX; Deskmate had even more functionality with a built-in home organizer and even a very early kind of "Smart Home" control. Generally Deskmate would only run on the model of 1000 that it came bundled with but version 3.0.5 would run on any PC-Compatible including support for VGA although for sound, an actual Tandy 1000 was required. If you want to run Deskmate with full sound, try running it on on [[DOSBox]]. A tutorial is here: [[Installing Deskmate on DOSBox]].

==External links==

* [https://ia803107.us.archive.org/5/items/tandy1000extechnicalreferencemanual/Tandy_1000EX_Technical_Reference_Manual.pdf Tandy 1000EX Technical Reference Manual]
* [https://ia803002.us.archive.org/25/items/tandy-1000sx-technical-reference-manual/1000SX%20Technical%20Manual.pdf Tandy 1000SX Technical Reference Manual]
* [https://ia801008.us.archive.org/31/items/tandy1000txtechnicalreferencemanual/Tandy%201000TX%20Technical%20Reference%20Manual.pdf Tandy 1000TX Technical Reference Manual]
* [http://www.dosdays.co.uk/computers/Tandy%201000/download.php Tandy 1000 Series Downloads]
** [http://www.dosdays.co.uk/computers/Tandy%201000/1kintro.pdf Introduction to the Tandy 1000]
* [http://www.oldskool.org/guides/tvdog/tandy1000.html Tandy 1000 Files]
** [http://www.oldskool.org/guides/tvdog/documents.html Documentation Files]

{{Nav TRS-80}}

[[Category: Radio Shack Computers]]
[[Category: Tandy 1000]]

Tandy 1000 S-Series

2023-05-23T01:26:41Z

Rayrayemu: Fixed typo, added information about SL keyboard and about RAM boot.

{{Infobox Machine
| name = Tandy 1000 SX (AX)
| manufacturer = [[Tandy Corporation]]
| form factor = [[Compatible PCs]]
| year introduced = 1986
| cpu = [[Intel 8088]]-2
| clock speed = 7.16 MHz
| ram = 384 KB standard, expanded to 640 KB
| graphics = Tandy Graphics
| operating system = [[MS-DOS]] 3.2, [[Deskmate]] II
| predecssor = [[Tandy 1000 Series|Tandy 1000A]]
| successor = Tandy 1000 SL
}}

{{Infobox Machine
| name = Tandy 1000 SL
| manufacturer = [[Tandy Corporation]]
| form factor = [[Compatible PCs]]
| year introduced = 1989
| cpu = [[Intel 8086]]
| clock speed = 8 MHz
| ram = 384 KB standard, expanded to 640 KB
| graphics = Tandy Graphics II
| operating system = [[MS-DOS]] 3.3, [[Deskmate]] 3
| predecssor = Tandy 1000 SL
| successor = Tandy 1000 SL/2
}}

{{Infobox Machine
| name = Tandy 1000 SL/2
| manufacturer = [[Tandy Corporation]]
| form factor = [[Compatible PCs]]
| year introduced = 1990
| cpu = [[Intel 8086]]
| clock speed = 7.16 MHz
| ram = 512 KB standard, expanded to 640 KB
| graphics = Tandy Graphics II
| operating system = [[MS-DOS]] 3.3, [[Deskmate]] 3
| predecssor = Tandy 1000 SL
| successor = [[Tandy 1000 R-Series|Tandy 1000 RL]]
}}

After the success of the original Tandy 1000, in 1986, Radio Shack debuted three new models: the 1000 SX, the [[Tandy 1000 EX and HX|1000 EX]], and the [[Tandy 1000 T-Series|1000 TX]].

==Tandy 1000 SX==

The Tandy 1000 SX was the direct descendant of the original Tandy 1000. It was a significant improvement over the original with an Intel 8088-2 processor running at 7.16 MHz. It came with 640 KB [[RAM]], built-in [[DMA]] and 5 8-bit [[ISA]] slots. Another feature, that became standard on all subsequent models was a simple potentiometer that acted as a volume control. A noted peripheral that Tandy sold starting with this era of 1000s was called a [[hard card]]. This was simply an 8-bit ISA card that contained both a 20 or 40 MB [[hard drive]] with controller circuitry built-in to the card. There was a variant of the SX called the Tandy 1000 AX was also sold that was sold at Walmart stores.

==Tandy 1000 SL==

The next model in the family was the Tandy 1000 SL. It came with 512 KB RAM and a redesigned case whose design scheme was present in all subsequent 1000 models. Part of this design was an improved keyboard similar to most of the other XT Compatibles of the time. Interestingly, it used a PS/2 mind-DIN type connector but it was not compatible with other PS/2 keyboard due to the fact that internally it was wired like an IBM PC XT keyboard. Also, it featured "high-resolution" (Tandy II) graphics and improved sound with a built in 8-bit DAC. An option for all of the "L-badged" machines was the SmartWatch, a battery backed-up real time clock (RTC). Another feature which was taken from the earlier all-in-one [[Tandy 1000 EX and HX|Tandy 1000 HX]] was the ability to boot the MS-DOS command.com from a ROM. Also on this ROM was the Deskmate executable, desk.com. This ROM on a non-hard disk system was C: drive and it was D: on systems with a hard disk. Because of the Deskmate executable being on the ROM, there actually was no executable on the floppy set that came with the system.

==Tandy 1000 SL/2==

The final model in this family was Tandy 1000 SL/2. It is identical to the SL except that instead of a 360 KB 5 and a quarter inch [[floppy disk]] drive, it has a 720K three and a half inch drive.

==Legacy==

The S-Series was one of the most popular [[XT-Compatible]] computers of its time. They were so well known that over 25 years later, the Tandy 1000 SL was featured many times in the hit tv show Young Sheldon. In the first time it was featured, one of the sub-plots was Sheldon fawning over one prominently displayed at the front of a Radio Shack store and eventually in the episode his parents bought it for him. After that, it was always shown when ever Sheldon was playing on his pride and joy. '''Anecdote:''' I started working for Radio Shack in late 1989 and the SL was starting to be phased out to make way for the SL/2, but what I do remember about both the SL and SL/2 is that one of them was prominently displayed as soon as you walked into the store just like on Young Sheldon. It was also our best-selling computer by far until the 1000 RL came out.

In 1991, the SL/2 was slowly replaced by the Tandy 1000 RL which in some ways was less capable but in other ways more so.

{{nav TRS-80}}

[[Category: Tandy 1000]]

Tandy 1000 S-Series

2023-05-22T23:51:45Z

Rayrayemu: Creation of article

{{Infobox Machine
| name = Tandy 1000 SX (AX)
| manufacturer = [[Tandy Corporation]]
| form factor = [[Compatible PCs]]
| year introduced = 1986
| cpu = [[Intel 8088]]-2
| clock speed = 7.16 MHz
| ram = 384 KB standard, expanded to 640 KB
| graphics = Tandy Graphics
| operating system = [[MS-DOS]] 3.2, [[Deskmate]] II
| predecssor = [[Tandy 1000 Series|Tandy 1000A]]
| successor = Tandy 1000 SL
}}

{{Infobox Machine
| name = Tandy 1000 SL
| manufacturer = [[Tandy Corporation]]
| form factor = [[Compatible PCs]]
| year introduced = 1989
| cpu = [[Intel 8086]]
| clock speed = 8 MHz
| ram = 384 KB standard, expanded to 640 KB
| graphics = Tandy Graphics II
| operating system = [[MS-DOS]] 3.3, [[Deskmate]] 3
| predecssor = Tandy 1000 SL
| successor = Tandy 1000 SL/2
}}

{{Infobox Machine
| name = Tandy 1000 SL/2
| manufacturer = [[Tandy Corporation]]
| form factor = [[Compatible PCs]]
| year introduced = 1990
| cpu = [[Intel 8086]]
| clock speed = 7.16 MHz
| ram = 512 KB standard, expanded to 640 KB
| graphics = Tandy Graphics II
| operating system = [[MS-DOS]] 3.3, [[Deskmate]] 3
| predecssor = Tandy 1000 SL
| successor = [[Tandy 1000 R-Series|Tandy 1000 RL]]
}}

After the success of the original Tandy 1000, in 1986, Radio Shack debuted three new models: the 1000 SX, the [[Tandy 1000 EX and HX|1000 EX]], and the [[Tandy 1000 T-Series|1000 TX]].

==Tandy 1000 SX==

The Tandy 1000 SX was the direct descendant of the original Tandy 1000. It was a significant improvement over the original with an Intel 8088-2 processor running at 7.16 MHz. It came with 640 KB [[RAM]], built-in [[DMA]] and 5 8-bit [[ISA]] slots. Another feature, that became standard on all subsequent models was a simple potentiometer that acted as a volume control. A noted peripheral that Tandy sold starting with this era of 1000s was called a [[hard card]]. This was simply an 8-bit ISA card that contained both a 20 or 40 MB [[hard drive]] with controller circuitry built-in to the card. There was a variant of the SX called the Tandy 1000 AX was also sold that was sold at Walmart stores.

==Tandy 1000 SL==

The next model in the family was the Tandy 1000 SL. It came with 512 KB RAM and a redesigned case whose design scheme was present in all subsequent 1000 models. Also, it featured "high-resolution" (Tandy II) graphics and improved sound with a built in 8-bit DAC. An option for all of the "L-badged" machines was the SmartWatch, a battery backed-up real time clock (RTC).

==Tandy 1000 SL/2==

The final model in this family was Tandy 1000 SL/2. It is identical to the SL except that instead of a 360 KB 5 and a quarter inch [[floppy disk]] drive, it has a 720K three and a half inch drive.

==Legacy==

The S-Series was one of the most popular [[XT-Compatible]] computers of its time. They were so well known that over 25 years later, the Tandy 1000 SL was featured many times in the hit tv show Young Sheldon. In the first time it was featured, one of the sub-plots was Sheldon fawning over one prominently displayed at the front of a Radio Shack store and eventually in the episode his parents bought it for him. After that, it was always shown when ever Sheldon was playing on his pride and joy. '''Anecdote:''' I started working for Radio Shack in late 1989 and the SL was starting to be phased out to make way for the SL/2, but what I do remember about both the SL and SL/2 is that one of them was prominently displayed as soon as you walked into the store just like on Young Sheldon. It was also our best-selling computer by far until the 1000 RL came out.

In 1991, the SL/2 was slowly replaced by the Tandy 1000 RL which in some was less capable but in other ways more so.

{{nav TRS-80}}

[[Category: Tandy 1000]]

Tandy 1000 Series

2023-05-22T21:43:36Z

Rayrayemu: Added alias and fixed link for 1000 SX

{{Infobox Machine
| name = Tandy 1000, 1000A, 1000HD
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| form factor = [[Compatible PC]]
| year introduced = November 1984
| year discontinued = Series Discontinued: 1993, Original Model: Unknown
| cpu = [[Intel 8088]]
| clock speed = 4.77 MHz
| ram = 128 KB standard, expandable up to 640 KB
| graphics = PCjr Graphics, later known as Tandy Graphics Adapter
| successor = [[Tandy 1000 S-Series|Tandy 1000 SX]]
}}

The '''Tandy 1000 series''' was [[Radio Shack]]'s second attempt at creating an [[MS-DOS]] system with the first being the [[Tandy TRS-80 2000]]. The 2000 was a huge flop but the 1000 was one of Radio Shack's biggest successes. This article is mostly about the original Tandy 1000 and its 3 variants but there is also a brief rundown of the other models in the series. Although the 2000 was an MS-DOS system it was not fully compatible due to incompatible hardware and the use of the [[Intel 80186]] processor. The Tandy 1000 on the other hand was designed to be PC compatible (actually [[IBM PCjr]] compatible) from the beginning.

==Tandy's Intentions for this New Computer==

In 1983, Tandy Radio Shack knew they had to get into the PC compatible market and had a great idea. Instead of following companies such as [[Compaq]], what if they made a system that had superior sound and graphics to the average compatible? So, they decided to make a true compatible but instead of using the standard at the time, [[CGA]] graphics and a simple speaker, what if they utilized the PCjr 16 color 320x200 graphics and 3 voice sound? So the Tandy 1000 was born, released in November of 1984. The initial model had a 4.77 MHz [[Intel 8088]] processor, 128k of [[Random Access Memory|RAM]], and no [[Direct Memory Access|DMA]] (although an expansion card was available the offered this and room to expand the RAM to 640k. Another few features to note is that almost all of the Tandy 1000s used proprietary [[keyboard]]s and [[parallel interface|parallel ports]] (used only for [[printer]]s). Also, there were two built-in [[joystick]] ports that used the same interface as the [[TRS-80 Color Computer Family]] and a reset switch. Also, soon what was once called "PCjr Compatible" quickly became known as "Tandy Compatible"

==Rise in Popularity==

The 1000 immediately became a hit and had 3 variations the original 1000; the 1000A, same system with a revised [[motherboard]]; and 1000HD, with either a 10 or 20 MB [[hard disk]] drive. The first new model was released in 1986, the [[Tandy 1000 S-Series|Tandy 1000 SX]] with a faster 8088 processor, built-in DMA, 384k RAM, and Volume Control. Two other models were also released around this time: the [[Tandy 1000 T-Series|Tandy 1000 TX]] and the [[Tandy 1000 EX and HX|Tandy 1000 EX]]. The TX was an XT class [[Intel 80286]] system and the EX was an a one-piece machine with built-in keyboard and a proprietary expansion [[bus]].

==Legacy==

The Tandy 1000 spawned many more models including the last model, an [[Intel 80386SX]] processor system with [[SVGA]] graphics but still with the Tandy sound chip called the [[Tandy_1000 R-Series|Tandy 1000 RSX]]. Once [[VGA]] became more affordable and the [[Sound Blaster]] was released, the Tandy 1000 series soon became obsolete and Tandy started to sell AST computers in place of their own line.

==Deskmate==

One of the most distinctive features of Tandy 1000s was not hardware but software. Beginning with the original Tandy 1000, all systems were bundled with a multipurpose program called [[Deskmate]]. It start as a simple text-based all-in-one programs similar to [[Microsoft Works]] for DOS and quickly evolved into a full-fledged [[mouse]]-based [[graphical user interface|GUI]]. Deskmate 3, the final incarnation was perfect as a lower-resource intensive [[Microsoft Windows]] 3 type shell with even a large amount of 3rd-party software including [[Lotus 1-2-3]] and many educational titles. On the RL, RLX, and RSX; Deskmate had even more functionality with a built-in home organizer and even a very early kind of "Smart Home" control. Generally Deskmate would only run on the model of 1000 that it came bundled with but version 3.0.5 would run on any PC-Compatible including support for VGA although for sound, an actual Tandy 1000 was required. If you want to run Deskmate with full sound, try running it on on [[DOSBox]]. A tutorial is here: [[Installing Deskmate on DOSBox]].

==External links==

* [https://ia803107.us.archive.org/5/items/tandy1000extechnicalreferencemanual/Tandy_1000EX_Technical_Reference_Manual.pdf Tandy 1000EX Technical Reference Manual]
* [https://ia803002.us.archive.org/25/items/tandy-1000sx-technical-reference-manual/1000SX%20Technical%20Manual.pdf Tandy 1000SX Technical Reference Manual]
* [https://ia801008.us.archive.org/31/items/tandy1000txtechnicalreferencemanual/Tandy%201000TX%20Technical%20Reference%20Manual.pdf Tandy 1000TX Technical Reference Manual]
* [http://www.dosdays.co.uk/computers/Tandy%201000/download.php Tandy 1000 Series Downloads]
** [http://www.dosdays.co.uk/computers/Tandy%201000/1kintro.pdf Introduction to the Tandy 1000]
* [http://www.oldskool.org/guides/tvdog/tandy1000.html Tandy 1000 Files]
** [http://www.oldskool.org/guides/tvdog/documents.html Documentation Files]

{{Nav TRS-80}}

[[Category: Radio Shack Computers]]
[[Category: Tandy 1000]]

Tandy 1000 Series

2023-05-22T21:40:40Z

Rayrayemu: Added Infobox

{{Infobox Machine
| name = Tandy 1000, 1000A, 1000HD
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| form factor = [[Compatible PC]]
| year introduced = November 1984
| year discontinued = Series Discontinued: 1993, Original Model: Unknown
| cpu = [[Intel 8088]]
| clock speed = 4.77 MHz
| ram = 128 KB standard, expandable up to 640 KB
| graphics = PCjr Graphics, later known as Tandy Graphics Adapter
| successor = [[Tandy 1000 SX]]
}}

The '''Tandy 1000 series''' was [[Radio Shack]]'s second attempt at creating an [[MS-DOS]] system with the first being the [[Tandy TRS-80 2000]]. The 2000 was a huge flop but the 1000 was one of Radio Shack's biggest successes. This article is mostly about the original Tandy 1000 and its 3 variants but there is also a brief rundown of the other models in the series. Although the 2000 was an MS-DOS system it was not fully compatible due to incompatible hardware and the use of the [[Intel 80186]] processor. The Tandy 1000 on the other hand was designed to be PC compatible (actually [[IBM PCjr]] compatible) from the beginning.

==Tandy's Intentions for this New Computer==

In 1983, Tandy Radio Shack knew they had to get into the PC compatible market and had a great idea. Instead of following companies such as [[Compaq]], what if they made a system that had superior sound and graphics to the average compatible? So, they decided to make a true compatible but instead of using the standard at the time, [[CGA]] graphics and a simple speaker, what if they utilized the PCjr 16 color 320x200 graphics and 3 voice sound? So the Tandy 1000 was born, released in November of 1984. The initial model had a 4.77 MHz [[Intel 8088]] processor, 128k of [[Random Access Memory|RAM]], and no [[Direct Memory Access|DMA]] (although an expansion card was available the offered this and room to expand the RAM to 640k. Another few features to note is that almost all of the Tandy 1000s used proprietary [[keyboard]]s and [[parallel interface|parallel ports]] (used only for [[printer]]s). Also, there were two built-in [[joystick]] ports that used the same interface as the [[TRS-80 Color Computer Family]] and a reset switch. Also, soon what was once called "PCjr Compatible" quickly became known as "Tandy Compatible"

==Rise in Popularity==

The 1000 immediately became a hit and had 3 variations the original 1000; the 1000A, same system with a revised [[motherboard]]; and 1000HD, with either a 10 or 20 MB [[hard disk]] drive. The first new model was released in 1986, the [[Tandy 1000 S-Series|Tandy 1000 SX]] with a faster 8088 processor, built-in DMA, 384k RAM, and Volume Control. Two other models were also released around this time: the [[Tandy 1000 T-Series|Tandy 1000 TX]] and the [[Tandy 1000 EX and HX|Tandy 1000 EX]]. The TX was an XT class [[Intel 80286]] system and the EX was an a one-piece machine with built-in keyboard and a proprietary expansion [[bus]].

==Legacy==

The Tandy 1000 spawned many more models including the last model, an [[Intel 80386SX]] processor system with [[SVGA]] graphics but still with the Tandy sound chip called the [[Tandy_1000 R-Series|Tandy 1000 RSX]]. Once [[VGA]] became more affordable and the [[Sound Blaster]] was released, the Tandy 1000 series soon became obsolete and Tandy started to sell AST computers in place of their own line.

==Deskmate==

One of the most distinctive features of Tandy 1000s was not hardware but software. Beginning with the original Tandy 1000, all systems were bundled with a multipurpose program called [[Deskmate]]. It start as a simple text-based all-in-one programs similar to [[Microsoft Works]] for DOS and quickly evolved into a full-fledged [[mouse]]-based [[graphical user interface|GUI]]. Deskmate 3, the final incarnation was perfect as a lower-resource intensive [[Microsoft Windows]] 3 type shell with even a large amount of 3rd-party software including [[Lotus 1-2-3]] and many educational titles. On the RL, RLX, and RSX; Deskmate had even more functionality with a built-in home organizer and even a very early kind of "Smart Home" control. Generally Deskmate would only run on the model of 1000 that it came bundled with but version 3.0.5 would run on any PC-Compatible including support for VGA although for sound, an actual Tandy 1000 was required. If you want to run Deskmate with full sound, try running it on on [[DOSBox]]. A tutorial is here: [[Installing Deskmate on DOSBox]].

==External links==

* [https://ia803107.us.archive.org/5/items/tandy1000extechnicalreferencemanual/Tandy_1000EX_Technical_Reference_Manual.pdf Tandy 1000EX Technical Reference Manual]
* [https://ia803002.us.archive.org/25/items/tandy-1000sx-technical-reference-manual/1000SX%20Technical%20Manual.pdf Tandy 1000SX Technical Reference Manual]
* [https://ia801008.us.archive.org/31/items/tandy1000txtechnicalreferencemanual/Tandy%201000TX%20Technical%20Reference%20Manual.pdf Tandy 1000TX Technical Reference Manual]
* [http://www.dosdays.co.uk/computers/Tandy%201000/download.php Tandy 1000 Series Downloads]
** [http://www.dosdays.co.uk/computers/Tandy%201000/1kintro.pdf Introduction to the Tandy 1000]
* [http://www.oldskool.org/guides/tvdog/tandy1000.html Tandy 1000 Files]
** [http://www.oldskool.org/guides/tvdog/documents.html Documentation Files]

{{Nav TRS-80}}

[[Category: Radio Shack Computers]]
[[Category: Tandy 1000]]

TRS-80 Model I Family

2023-05-22T21:28:04Z

Rayrayemu:

TRS-80 Model I Family

2023-05-22T21:21:34Z

Rayrayemu: Added infobox

<noinclude>


<pre>
| name = TRS-80 Model I
| manufacturer = Tandy Corporation
| date announced = August 3, 1977
| date first shipped = November, 1977
| year introduced = 1977
| year discontinued = 1980
| form factor = Microcomputer
| word size = 8-bit
| clock speed = 1.774 MHz
| ram = 4k (Level I Basic) 16k-48k (Level II Basic)
| cpu = Z80 (Later Z80A)
| operating system = Level I Basic, Level II Basic, TRSDOS, Third Party DOSes including LDOS
| successor = TRS-80 Model III
| price = US$599
</pre>



</noinclude>
<includeonly>
{| class="infobox bordered" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%" align="right"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size: large;" | '''{{{name}}}'''
|-
{{#if: {{{image|}}} |
{{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" {{!}} [[Image:{{{image}}}|250px| ]] {{{caption}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{manufacturer|}}} |
! Manufacturer:
{{!}} {{{manufacturer}}} }}
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{{#if: {{{architecture|}}} |
! Architecture:
{{!}} {{{architecture}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{Date announced|}}} |
! Date Announced:
{{!}} {{{year announced}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{year design started|}}} |
! Year Design Started:
{{!}} {{{year design started}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{date first shipped|}}} |
! Date First Shipped:
{{!}} {{{year first shipped}}} }}
|-

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{{!}} {{{year introduced}}} }}
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{{#if: {{{year discontinued|}}} |
! Year Discontinued:
{{!}} {{{year discontinued}}} }}
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{{#if: {{{form factor|}}} |
! Form Factor:
{{!}} {{{form factor}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{word size|}}} |
! Word Size:
{{!}} {{{word size}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{logic type|}}} |
! Logic Type:
{{!}} {{{logic type}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{design type|}}} |
! Design Type:
{{!}} {{{design type}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{uword width|}}} |
! Microword Width:
{{!}} {{{uword width}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{ucode length|}}} |
! Microcode Length:
{{!}} {{{ucode length}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{clock speed|}}} |
! Clock Speed:
{{!}} {{{clock speed}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{cycle time|}}} |
! Cycle Time:
{{!}} {{{cycle time}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{instruction speed|}}} |
! Instruction Speed:
{{!}} {{{instruction speed}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{cache size|}}} |
! Cache Size:
{{!}} {{{cache size}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{cache speed|}}} |
! Cache Speed:
{{!}} {{{cache speed}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{ram|}}} |
! Memory Size:
{{!}} {{{ram}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{memory speed|}}} |
! Memory Speed:
{{!}} {{{memory speed}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{graphics|}}} |
! Graphics:
{{!}} {{{graphics}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{cpu|}}} |
! CPU:
{{!}} {{{cpu}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{physical address|}}} |
! Physical Address Size:
{{!}} {{{physical address}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{virtual address|}}} |
! Virtual Address Size:
{{!}} {{{virtual address}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{memory mgmt|}}} |
! Memory Management:
{{!}} {{{memory mgmt}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{bus arch|}}} |
! Bus Architecture:
{{!}} {{{bus arch}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{operating system|}}} |
! Operating System:
{{!}} {{{operating system}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{predecessor|}}} |
! Predecessor(s):
{{!}} {{{predecessor}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{successor|}}} |
! Successor(s):
{{!}} {{{successor}}} }}
|-

{{#if: {{{price|}}} |
! Price:
{{!}} {{{price}}} }}
|-

| colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller;" | {{{footnotes|}}}
|}
</includeonly>

The '''TRS-80 Model I''' computer, originally known as simply the '''TRS-80''' computer, was released in 1977. It is considered to be part of the "1977 trinity of home computers also including the [[Apple II]] and the [[Commodore Pet]]. Unlike the [[6502]] driven Apple and Commodore machines, the Model I used the [[Zilog Z80]] processor running at 1.77 MHz.

The original versions came with 4k [[RAM]] and Level I [[BASIC]] which was on [[Tiny Basic]]. In 1978, [[Level II Basic]], a double precision [[floating point]] Basic written by [[Microsoft]]. Also, in 1978, the Expansion Interface was released. This Interface allowed up to four [[floppy disk]] drives and up to 48k RAM in groups of 16k assuming the base system had 16k installed. It also allowed a [[printer]] to be attached.

The second TRS-80 computer, the incompatible business computer Model II part of the [[TRS-80 Model II Family]] was released in 1979. It should be known that in 1978 a short-lived business system called the [[Tandy 10 Business Computer]] was released but it sold extremely poorly and to the best of my knowledge wasn't even featured in the famous [[Radio Shack]] Computer Catalogs. In 1980, it's mostly compatible successor the [[TRS-80 Model III]] was released. It was an all-in-system with a faster Z80 and the ability to type in lower case plus other improvements. Not long after, the FCC declared that the Model I did not comply to new, more stringent RF [[interference]] standard and Radio Shack had to take it off the market.

There are many good emulators for the system, but I recommend [[trs80gp]] which emulates multiple emulates all of the Z80 TRS-80 systems plus the Model 16, Tandy 6000, and the [[TRS-80 MC-10]], a small, low price home computer.

{{semi-stub}}

{{nav TRS-80}}

[[Category: Radio Shack Computers]]

PC-DOS

2023-05-22T18:40:31Z

Rayrayemu: Adjusted heading sizes per Wikipedia guidelines

IBM PC-DOS is the OEM of Microsoft's [[MS-DOS]] for the [[IBM PC Model 5150]] and its successors. The history of how PC-DOS came to be the principal [[Operating System]] for the PC is a story that has been told many times and a I will supply links at the bottom of this article. This article is mostly on the other story of PC-DOS, the story of the individual versions and how they fit into the history of the various PC models and even it's standard and optional hardware.

==PC-DOS 0.90 Beta==

The only obtainable beta, that I know of is 0.90. It displays on boot as The IBM Personal Computer DOS Version 1.00 (C) Copyright IBM Corp 1981. Unlike the 1.00 release it does not ask for the date and this is the only major difference that I see between the two.

==PC-DOS 1.00==

PC-DOS 1.00 shipped with the early versions of [[floppy disk]] equipped PCs. It has only eight tracks instead of the nine tracks on later versions and is a single sided disk. It has a maximum capacity of 160k. One of the significant differences between 1.00 and all other versions is that you are required to enter the date presented as a M-D-Y format unlike later versions where you can type enter to avoid date and time entry (Actually, to enter time you have use the time command from the command prompt, it does not ask you for it at boot.). Most of the file on the disk are either the most basic DOS utilities such as Format and Sys or a quite lengthy selection of [[Basic]] demos. Also to note, a lot of traditional features are lacking such as directories, the prompt command, pipes, and the /w and /p switches with dir. Also, the "copy con" method of file creation does not work.

==PC-DOS 1.10==

Version 1.10 added quite a few well-known features such as dir's /w and /p switches and on boot up you get the traditional entering of date and time prompts. The copyright date is both 1981 and 1982. As far as I know it also fixed some bugs. Also, of note there are less basic demos than in 1.00.

==PC-DOS 2.00==

Version 2.00, in my opinion is the first version of PC-DOS that is truly the descendant of the more modern versions of DOS. It was released as the version designed for the [[IBM PC XT Model 5160]]. The main reason for this version was to utilize fixed disks (hard drives). It came on two single-sided, double-density (9-track) floppy disks. Many commands for hard disk operation are present such as [[fdisk]], cd, md, and rd. Also, the autoexec.bat and config.sys files are introduced as well as the prompt command and unlike PC-DOS 1.xx, "copy con" works as expected. It should be noted that this DOS's version of fdisk only supports up to a single 10 MB hard drive. An interesting fact about the format utility for this version is that it does not require a "Y" for confirmation before you format. The copyright date is 1981, 1982, 1983.

==PC-DOS 2.10==

Version 2.10 was mostly released for minor bug fixes and the ability to support half-height drives. The most important feature was that it also added support for the IBM PCjr and its special graphics.

==PC-DOS 3.00==

PC-DOS 3.00 was released for the support of the [[IBM Model PC AT Model 5170]]. Therefore, there were many new features added. First of all, it was released on two double-sided, double-density floppies and this version could support the new 1.2 MB high density floppies as featured on the AT. Also it supported a hard drive with a single partition up to 32 MB. It also supported EGA graphics and was supposed to support networking but this proved to be too buggy so it was shelved until the next release.

==PC-DOS 3.10==

Version 3.10 had networking support and had a few bug fixes, besides that, it isn't much different that version 3.00

==PC-DOS 3.2==

Version 3.20 had two big improvements. First, it supported the new 720 kb, 3 and a half inch, double-density floppy disk. Second, it supported the [[IBM PC Convertible Model 5140]] which was one of the first PCs to utilize the aforementioned 720 kb floppy disks. Later, 3.20 was used on the IBM PS/2 which utilized these disks as well

==PC-DOS 3.30==

The final version of the "classic PC-DOS family," PC-DOS 3.30, had a few major improvements. First, multiple partitions were supported, still up to 32 MB each. Quick anecdote, in the late 80s, most hard drive came in either 20 or 40 MB in size. 32 MB drives were rare. So, using PC-DOS or MS-DOS 3.30 most owners would partition a 40 MB drive into a 32 and an 8 MB partition and largely ignore the 8 MB partition. The reason for this is if you didn't know the ins and out of fdisk, this is how it would partition the drive by default even though if you just either read the documentation or played around with the settings, you would find that you could easily partition it into 2 equal 20 MB partitions.
Also, another major feature was support for the 1.44 MB high-density, 3 and a half inch floppy. This was originally in the new generation of [[Intel 80286]] IBM PCs, the PS/2 Model 50 amongst others.

==PC-DOS 4.00 and 4.01==

These were the beginning of the more modern versions of PC-DOS. The only problem is that the initial version was very buggy. Version 4.01 cleaned up most of the bugs, but the damage had already been done, most people stuck with PC-DOS 3.30. There were two huge improvements though. First, partitions could be up to 2 GB although drives of this size weren't even really available. Second, [[DOSSHELL]] was included for the first time and was bundled with all DOS version thereafter. DOSSHELL is quite similar to the Windows 2 DOS Executive but it can't natively run Windows 2 programs, has cleaner fonts, and the directory tree is displayed on the left-hand side.

==PC-DOS 5.00, 5.00.1. and 5.02==

PC-DOS 5 was everything PC-DOS should have been. It was less buggy and it included EMS memory drivers natively and UMB (Upper Memory Block) support. It also included the QBASIC Basic interpreter and IDE and Microsoft Edit. The 5.00.1 and 5.02 versions were simply bug fixes.

==PC-DOS 6.10 and 6.30==

These versions of DOS were made completely in-house by IBM. They both included anti-virus, and backup software. Also, Qbasic was dropped and Microsoft Edit was replaced by IBM E editor which in my opinion is superior to Microsoft Edit and is the similar to nano. 6.30 also included SuperStor disk compression.

==PC-DOS 7.00 and 2000==

These were the final commercially available PC-DOS versions. 7.00 is basically 6.30 plus built-in [[REXX]] support. PC-DOS 2000, also known as PC-DOS 7.00 Revision 1. Version 2000 is simply version 7.00 with y2k fixes installed.

==External Links==

* [https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-rise-of-dos-how-microsoft-got-the-ibm-pc-os-contract A rather in-depth history of IBM's acquisition of an operating system from Microsoft]

* [https://lunduke.substack.com/p/quick-and-dirty-the-story-of-86-dos The story of QDOS, the operating system PC-DOS is based upon]

[[Category: DOS (Compatible PCs)]]
[[Category:IBM Operating Systems]]

Category:DOS (Compatible PCs)

2023-05-22T18:32:28Z

Rayrayemu: Added some more category links

[[Category:DOS]]
[[Category: Compatible PCs]]
[[Category: Compatible PC Software]]

User talk:Rayrayemu

2023-05-22T17:40:45Z

Rayrayemu: /* Two more editing notes */

==Useful tip==

A tip you might find useful; many find it useful to check [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent changes]] (available in the top left-hand corner) when they come by, to coordinate with other people. (In case you didn't see the below, which I will explicitly tag here for you.) [[User:Jnc|Jnc]] ([[User talk:Jnc|talk]]) 14:31, 20 May 2023 (CEST)

==Tandy categories==

You might want to check out [[Category talk:Tandy TRS-80]], I'd love to get your take. [[User:Jnc|Jnc]] ([[User talk:Jnc|talk]]) 14:31, 20 May 2023 (CEST)

Oh, BTW: when you re-name a category, you have to manually edit all the pages in the category so they are in the re-named category. [[User:Jnc|Jnc]] ([[User talk:Jnc|talk]]) 19:39, 20 May 2023 (CEST)

== Learning curve ==

No problem with start-up issues; everyone goes through a learning period.

To add the timestamp to the signature, use the special form <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> which adds both. [[User:Jnc|Jnc]] ([[User talk:Jnc|talk]]) 21:51, 20 May 2023 (CEST)

== Edit summary boxes ==

Hi, I've noticed that you usually leave the 'Summary' box blank when you do edits. Please always put something in the 'Summary' box, so that when looking at the history later, people will be able to get a rough sense of what was done, without needing to click on the 'prev' link of that revision. Thanks! [[User:Jnc|Jnc]] ([[User talk:Jnc|talk]]) 03:22, 22 May 2023 (CEST)

: I have been making sure to follow through with this, also, off-topic, how do I delete pages or categories since I overhauled so much.

:: Only admins can delete pages; I have been doing the cleanup for you (no problem). When you do a move, there should be a 'Leave a redirect behind' box; if you don't have any use for a redirect at the old name, un-check that, and there won't be anything to clean up.
:: Starting to look good! [[User:Jnc|Jnc]] ([[User talk:Jnc|talk]]) 13:51, 22 May 2023 (CEST)

== Two more editing notes ==

For a reason that I used to know, but have forgotten, Wikipedia (and thus here) uses '==' as the top level section marker. (I'll have to make a note of that in the [[Help:Basic MediaWiki Syntax|syntax Help: page]].)

Also, Wikipedia style is generally to only link the ''first'' instance of a term on term on a page; something else I'll have to note on the syntax Help: page. (See what I did there? :-) [[User:Jnc|Jnc]] ([[User talk:Jnc|talk]]) 14:20, 22 May 2023 (CEST)

Oh, yeah; liberal use of the 'Show preview' button ''before'' 'Save changes' will prevent many editing errors (and thus littering the edit history with their fixes). I don't use it as much as I should - and often regret it when I don't! [[User:Jnc|Jnc]] ([[User talk:Jnc|talk]]) 14:40, 22 May 2023 (CEST)

:I do use preview a lot but since it doesn't show Category Links, there have been a few times where I have mistyped a category name and have had to go back and fix it. Same thing has happened to me with other links. :As far as the top level headings, I only used a single = because that seemed logical coming from an HTML background. I will fix those.
:Also, to the best of knowledge I have only linked things one but may have accidentally done it before, especially in my first couple of articles since I was still figuring things out.
:Lastly, I hope that I am starting to make less mistakes and outputting a better product, so to speak. I am on my phone right now so I can't do any more editing until I get home but hopefully I can add another article or two tonight.
:One last thing, if I just using Wikipedia to literally jog my memory on things like specific dates and spelling, do I still have to credit it? [[User:Rayrayemu|Rayrayemu]] ([[User talk:Rayrayemu|talk]]) 19:40, 22 May 2023 (CEST)

DOS

2023-05-22T05:24:15Z

Rayrayemu: Added PC-DOS and added the DOS category

'''DOS''' is an acronym for '[[disk operating system|Disk Operating System]]'. There have been many [[operating system]]s which used this name, including:

* An early OS from [[International Business Machines|IBM]] for the [[IBM System/360]]
* [[DOS-11]] for the [[PDP-11]] from [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]]
* [[Apple DOS]] from [[Apple]]
* [[MS-DOS]] from [[Microsoft]]
* [[PC-DOS]] an MS-DOS OEM from [[IBM]]
{{disambiguation}}

[[Category: Operating Systems]] [[Category: DOS]]

MS-DOS

2023-05-22T05:03:23Z

Rayrayemu: forgot closing parenthesis on category

[[Image:MS-DOS 5.0.jpg|thumb|200px|right|MS-DOS 5.0 under Virtual PC.]]

'''MS-DOS''' was made popular by [[Microsoft]] for not only being the bundled [[operating system]] on the [[IBM-PC]] but also being available to the other clone [[OEM]]'s of the time.

Microsoft had sold [[IBM]] on the idea of MS-DOS when talks for [[CP/M]] had broken down. At the time Microsoft had no such product but was able to secure the rights to "[[86-DOS]]", a CP/M clone written by Tim Paterson, for the sum of $50,000. This has been the best ROI ever, as MS-DOS has made Microsoft untold billions of dollars.

MS-DOS uses the Int21 [[interface]] to allow programs to communicate with MS-DOS. It is designed to be a [[single tasking]] OS, that runs on the 8088/8086 [[Central Processing Unit|CPU]], and on the [[real mode]] of the [[80286]] and higher CPU's. There are ways to crudely [[multi-task]] via [[TSR]]'s and other shells that hook the [[clock]] [[interrupt]] and jump execution, although these are usually unstable at best.

DOS made use of the FAT [[file system]], and thus its popularity.

The OEM for IBM is called [[PC-DOS]] and version 6.xx of PC-DOS is quite different than MS-DOS 6.xx with the development of it being done completely by IBM.

== Versions ==

=== MS-DOS 1.25 ===

This was the first version of MS-DOS to be released to OEMs other than IBM with similar functionality. Some of the OEMs included Zenith, Eagle Computer, TI, and Sanyo.

=== MS-DOS 2.00, 2.10, and 2.11 ===

This version supported 10 MB [[hard drives]] and on some systems such as the [[TRS-80 Tandy 2000]] and Toshiba T1100 Plus supported non-standard disk formats such as Quad-Density and 3 and a half inches floppy disks. OEMs included DEC Rainbow, Tandy, AT&T, and Wang.

=== MS-DOS 3.0 ===

This version supports up to 32 MB hard drive partitions and 1.2 MB high-density floppy drives. There we very few OEMs for this version including Apricot and Compaq.

=== MS-DOS 3.1 ===

Added support for the NET command, and the Network re-director support both for server and client. It became the minimal DOS version for any network based software.It had many OEMs including Compaq, Wyse, and Zenith.

=== MS-DOS 3.2 and 3.21 ===
[[Image:MS-DOS 3.2 box.jpg|150px|right]]

Released April (or, according to some, August), 1986.
This was the first OEM version of MS-DOS, a generic version for IBM-compatible PCs which for the first time included MS-written versions of the IBM utilities found in PC-DOS.

Earlier versions of MS-DOS could not be considered complete, they only included the core parts (i.e. the MS-developed parts of PC-DOS), were licensed to non-IBM vendors, and had to be augmented with modifications as/if needed for the particular hardware and with vendor-written versions of utilities found in PC-DOS. Documentation also had to be provided by said vendors.

MS-DOS version 3.2 changed all this, but the reason a generic MS-DOS could be produced was that vendors had started to see the point of being truly IBM compatible.

There were also a few non-generic OEMs including Tandy, Zenith, and Wang. One of the major additions to this was 720k 3 and a half inch floppies.

MS-DOS 3.21 was minor revision with quite a few OEMs.

=== MS-DOS 3.3 ===

This was the first retail version of MS-DOS. This release added support for the 3 1/2" high density floppy. I also recall this version being VERY popular... Even to the point where people avoided MS-DOS 4.00 to run this version. It added extended partition and logical drives. MS-DOS 3.3 also included some support for the FAT16 filesystem, however its format command still was limited to FAT12 filesystems. IBM (after a joint development agreement with Microsoft) was the main developer of MS-DOS 3.3, and PC-DOS 3.3 was nearly identical to the OEM version of MS-DOS 3.3.

===MS-DOS 3.31===

MS-DOS 3.31 was a Compaq only OEM. It was identical to MS-DOS 3.3 except you could create partitions up to 512 MB.

=== MS-DOS 4.0 ===


MS-DOS 4.0 could use partitions larger than 32MB. I've seen it on 512MB disks, it may go up to the full limitation of FAT16 of 2GB. DOS 4 still included the ancient programs edlin(MS-DOS and PC-DOS) & gwbasic(MS-DOS).

The first release 4.00 was VERY buggy, resulting in random disk file corruption, although I recall something about 'large' 32MB files and various other things. Most people downgraded to 3.30. 4.01 addressed whatever issue it was, and it was good news. The update 4.01 was released less than 3 weeks after 4.00, but the damage was done.

Also making its appearance in MS-DOS 4.0 was the DOS shell, a simple GUI, to help people navigate their systems,
Which was orginally a program called DOS MANAGER 1.0,

MS-DOS 4.0 was, as for version 3.3, mainly developed by IBM.

4.0 would have been released in October, 1988.

=== MS-DOS 4.00M ===
Also known as Multitasking DOS, or European DOS , this is the oddball outcast, rather it is a re-write of MS-DOS 2.1 to facilitate multitasking. It adds support for NE style executables, a task switcher, along with a few utilities to monitor the system. Also included is the needed LINK4 NE linker for the OS. So far no SDK or any real documentation has been found, although it is possible to build simple programs with Microsoft C 3.00 and link them with LINK4. MS-DOS 4.00M served as the foundation to what was to become OS/2.

It was the first version of MS dos, that its external commands were written entirely in 'C.'

There is one known disk set from ICL for this release, although it doesn't have a proper official place in the release tree, but it's name does place it here. The files are dated 11-26-85.
The ICL disks are 1.2MB HD disk, and consist of MS-DOS 4.1, ICL applications, and two disks of Windows 1.0.3. No online copies exist.

The other disk set(WinWorld), from Sharp/WinWorld is from a Seimens Computer's 4Mb ROMS that had a bootable copy, but no disk drive, it does not contain the swapper. [https://winworldpc.com/download/0b1a65c2-ba46-c2b0-11c3-a4c28d587054 MS DOS 4.0M]

The third disks set that JS located, boots the same way, but includes the swapper. [https://www.pcjs.org/software/pcx86/sys/dos/microsoft/4.0M/ MS-DOS 4.0M]

[https://sudonull.com/post/117191-Ms-dos-that-we-never-saw Details on swapper]

=== MS-DOS 5.0 ===
[[Image:MS-DOS 5.0 upgrade.jpg|150px|right|MS-DOS 5.0]]

This release was significant to allow for FAT partitions larger then 32MB, going up to 2GB. Also big features were himem.sys which allowed MS-DOS to execute in the top 64KB of [[protected mode]] because of a hardware bug in the IBM AT's handling of extended memory. Emm386.sys also was made popular allowing 386's to simulate [[EMS memory]] with [[extended memory]], and loading device drivers & TSR's into the reserved hardware space.

Version 5.0 also brought [[Qbasic]] 1.0, to replace the aging [[GWBasic]]. Included were the example programs money, gorilla, nibbles & remline. Along with a proper editor based on the Qbasic interface, supplementing the ancient edlin.

DOS-5 also used an install program with the same look & feel from Windows 3.0.

There is also a horrible promotion video [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmEvPZUdAVI on youtube].

With version 5.0 Microsoft was again the main developer of MS-DOS.

=== MS-DOS 6.0 ===

This release added disk compression in order to compete with [[Stacker]]. Also included were some simple tools licensed from Central Point, including an anti virus program MSAV, a graphical backup program MSBACKUP, and a defrag program licensed from Symantec.

MS-DOS 6.0 was mainly to compete with the feature full DR-DOS 6.0

===MS-DOS 6.20===

This release fixed bugs in the compression software and replaced CHKDSK with SCANDISK which is still used today.

=== MS-DOS 6.21 ===

This release is simply 6.20 minus the compression software due to a lawsuit from Stacker.

=== MS-DOS 6.22 ===
[[Image:MS-DOS 6.22 upgrade box.jpg|150px|right|MS-DOS 6.22]]

This release was to rectify the various lawsuits around the bundled disk compression by coming up with a unique compression software called drvspace. It should also be noted that drvspace was also the compression software used in Windows 95, 98, and ME.

This was also the last retail version of MS-DOS. As version 7 of MS-DOS was the base part of Windows 95.

[[Category: Microsoft Operating Systems]]
[[Category: DOS (Compatible PCs)]]

MS-DOS

2023-05-22T05:02:00Z

Rayrayemu: Major overhaul. Made it MS-DOS (not PC-DOS) specific. Left versions 5 through 6.22 intact. Moderately modified version 4.. All earlier versions either completely mostly re-done.

86-DOS

2023-05-22T03:56:49Z

Rayrayemu: added a dos category link

{{Infobox OS
| image = 86-dos.png
| caption = Booting up the 86-DOS system
| name = 86-DOS
| creator = Seattle Computer Products
| current version = 1.0 (1981)
| year introduced = 1981
| type = Singletasking, Singleuser
| architecture = [[IBM PC]]
}}

86-DOS was the CP/M work alike that was being written by Tim Patterson.

There is a great information site [https://web.archive.org/web/20181002215506/http://www.86dos.org/index.htm http://www.86dos.org/index.htm]

One thing that is interesting about 86-DOS on the [[S-100]] type machines, is that unlike the [[IBM PC]] The S-100's could access the full megabyte of ram. According to Tim Patterson this feature was used within Microsoft until the creation of 32bit tools to link the linker that Microsoft had built because it needed so much memory. Although I was always under the impression that Microsoft had their compilers ported to a VAX and cross compiled stuff from there as it was faster, and didn't have the same memory limits... but that's from some unbased rumor I heard so you know... grain of salt.

== How do I get this to run ==

There is a download like available to a [[SIMH]] image of the boot disk [http://schorn.ch/cpm/zip/86dos.zip here] Simple download the zip file & extract it, then use a version of SIMH's 3.0 or higher Altair Z80 emulator to bootstrap it. Although the name may seem misleading, the Altair z80 simulates a development environment that allows for an 8086 coprocessor to execute the 86-DOS Operating System.

{{stub}}
[[Category:Operating Systems]]
[[Category:DOS]]

PC-DOS

2023-05-22T03:54:30Z

Rayrayemu: fixed error

IBM PC-DOS is the OEM of Microsoft's [[MS-DOS]] for the [[IBM PC Model 5150]] and its successors. The history of how PC-DOS came to be the principal [[Operating System]] for the PC is a story that has been told many times and a I will supply links at the bottom of this article. This article is mostly on the other story of PC-DOS, the story of the individual versions and how they fit into the history of the various PC models and even it's standard and optional hardware.

=PC-DOS 0.90 Beta=

The only obtainable beta, that I know of is 0.90. It displays on boot as The IBM Personal Computer DOS Version 1.00 (C) Copyright IBM Corp 1981. Unlike the 1.00 release it does not ask for the date and this is the only major difference that I see between the two.

=PC-DOS 1.00=

PC-DOS 1.00 shipped with the early versions of [[floppy disk]] equipped PCs. It has only eight tracks instead of the nine tracks on later versions and is a single sided disk. It has a maximum capacity of 160k. One of the significant differences between 1.00 and all other versions is that you are required to enter the date presented as a M-D-Y format unlike later versions where you can type enter to avoid date and time entry (Actually, to enter time you have use the time command from the command prompt, it does not ask you for it at boot.). Most of the file on the disk are either the most basic DOS utilities such as Format and Sys or a quite lengthy selection of [[Basic]] demos. Also to note, a lot of traditional features are lacking such as directories, the prompt command, pipes, and the /w and /p switches with dir. Also, the "copy con" method of file creation does not work.

=PC-DOS 1.10=

Version 1.10 added quite a few well-known features such as dir's /w and /p switches and on boot up you get the traditional entering of date and time prompts. The copyright date is both 1981 and 1982. As far as I know it also fixed some bugs. Also, of note there are less basic demos than in 1.00.

=PC-DOS 2.00=

Version 2.00, in my opinion is the first version of PC-DOS that is truly the descendant of the more modern versions of DOS. It was released as the version designed for the [[IBM PC XT Model 5160]]. The main reason for this version was to utilize fixed disks (hard drives). It came on two single-sided, double-density (9-track) floppy disks. Many commands for hard disk operation are present such as [[fdisk]], cd, md, and rd. Also, the autoexec.bat and config.sys files are introduced as well as the prompt command and unlike PC-DOS 1.xx, "copy con" works as expected. It should be noted that this DOS's version of fdisk only supports up to a single 10 MB hard drive. An interesting fact about the format utility for this version is that it does not require a "Y" for confirmation before you format. The copyright date is 1981, 1982, 1983.

=PC-DOS 2.10=

Version 2.10 was mostly released for minor bug fixes and the ability to support half-height drives. The most important feature was that it also added support for the IBM PCjr and its special graphics.

=PC-DOS 3.00=

PC-DOS 3.00 was released for the support of the [[IBM Model PC AT Model 5170]]. Therefore, there were many new features added. First of all, it was released on two double-sided, double-density floppies and this version could support the new 1.2 MB high density floppies as featured on the AT. Also it supported a hard drive with a single partition up to 32 MB. It also supported EGA graphics and was supposed to support networking but this proved to be too buggy so it was shelved until the next release.

=PC-DOS 3.10=

Version 3.10 had networking support and had a few bug fixes, besides that, it isn't much different that version 3.00

=PC-DOS 3.2=

Version 3.20 had two big improvements. First, it supported the new 720 kb, 3 and a half inch, double-density floppy disk. Second, it supported the [[IBM PC Convertible Model 5140]] which was one of the first PCs to utilize the aforementioned 720 kb floppy disks. Later, 3.20 was used on the IBM PS/2 which utilized these disks as well

=PC-DOS 3.30=

The final version of the "classic PC-DOS family," PC-DOS 3.30, had a few major improvements. First, multiple partitions were supported, still up to 32 MB each. Quick anecdote, in the late 80s, most hard drive came in either 20 or 40 MB in size. 32 MB drives were rare. So, using PC-DOS or MS-DOS 3.30 most owners would partition a 40 MB drive into a 32 and an 8 MB partition and largely ignore the 8 MB partition. The reason for this is if you didn't know the ins and out of fdisk, this is how it would partition the drive by default even though if you just either read the documentation or played around with the settings, you would find that you could easily partition it into 2 equal 20 MB partitions.
Also, another major feature was support for the 1.44 MB high-density, 3 and a half inch floppy. This was originally in the new generation of [[Intel 80286]] IBM PCs, the PS/2 Model 50 amongst others.

=PC-DOS 4.00 and 4.01=

These were the beginning of the more modern versions of PC-DOS. The only problem is that the initial version was very buggy. Version 4.01 cleaned up most of the bugs, but the damage had already been done, most people stuck with PC-DOS 3.30. There were two huge improvements though. First, partitions could be up to 2 GB although drives of this size weren't even really available. Second, [[DOSSHELL]] was included for the first time and was bundled with all DOS version thereafter. DOSSHELL is quite similar to the Windows 2 DOS Executive but it can't natively run Windows 2 programs, has cleaner fonts, and the directory tree is displayed on the left-hand side.

=PC-DOS 5.00, 5.00.1. and 5.02=

PC-DOS 5 was everything PC-DOS should have been. It was less buggy and it included EMS memory drivers natively and UMB (Upper Memory Block) support. It also included the QBASIC Basic interpreter and IDE and Microsoft Edit. The 5.00.1 and 5.02 versions were simply bug fixes.

=PC-DOS 6.10 and 6.30=

These versions of DOS were made completely in-house by IBM. They both included anti-virus, and backup software. Also, Qbasic was dropped and Microsoft Edit was replaced by IBM E editor which in my opinion is superior to Microsoft Edit and is the similar to nano. 6.30 also included SuperStor disk compression.

=PC-DOS 7.00 and 2000=

These were the final commercially available PC-DOS versions. 7.00 is basically 6.30 plus built-in [[REXX]] support. PC-DOS 2000, also known as PC-DOS 7.00 Revision 1. Version 2000 is simply version 7.00 with y2k fixes installed.

=External Links=

* [https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-rise-of-dos-how-microsoft-got-the-ibm-pc-os-contract A rather in-depth history of IBM's acquisition of an operating system from Microsoft]

* [https://lunduke.substack.com/p/quick-and-dirty-the-story-of-86-dos The story of QDOS, the operating system PC-DOS is based upon]

[[Category: DOS (Compatible PCs)]]
[[Category:IBM Operating Systems]]

Category:DOS (Compatible PCs)

2023-05-22T03:53:43Z

Rayrayemu: Rayrayemu moved page Category:DOS (Compatible PC) to Category:DOS (Compatible PCs): Fixed error

[[Category:DOS]]

Category:DOS (Compatible PCs)

2023-05-22T03:52:09Z

Rayrayemu:

[[Category:DOS]]

Category:DOS (Compatible PCs)

2023-05-22T03:51:15Z

Rayrayemu: Created page with "Category:DOS (Compatible PC)"

[[Category:DOS (Compatible PC)]]

PC-DOS

2023-05-22T03:50:08Z

Rayrayemu:

IBM PC-DOS is the OEM of Microsoft's [[MS-DOS]] for the [[IBM PC Model 5150]] and its successors. The history of how PC-DOS came to be the principal [[Operating System]] for the PC is a story that has been told many times and a I will supply links at the bottom of this article. This article is mostly on the other story of PC-DOS, the story of the individual versions and how they fit into the history of the various PC models and even it's standard and optional hardware.

=PC-DOS 0.90 Beta=

The only obtainable beta, that I know of is 0.90. It displays on boot as The IBM Personal Computer DOS Version 1.00 (C) Copyright IBM Corp 1981. Unlike the 1.00 release it does not ask for the date and this is the only major difference that I see between the two.

=PC-DOS 1.00=

PC-DOS 1.00 shipped with the early versions of [[floppy disk]] equipped PCs. It has only eight tracks instead of the nine tracks on later versions and is a single sided disk. It has a maximum capacity of 160k. One of the significant differences between 1.00 and all other versions is that you are required to enter the date presented as a M-D-Y format unlike later versions where you can type enter to avoid date and time entry (Actually, to enter time you have use the time command from the command prompt, it does not ask you for it at boot.). Most of the file on the disk are either the most basic DOS utilities such as Format and Sys or a quite lengthy selection of [[Basic]] demos. Also to note, a lot of traditional features are lacking such as directories, the prompt command, pipes, and the /w and /p switches with dir. Also, the "copy con" method of file creation does not work.

=PC-DOS 1.10=

Version 1.10 added quite a few well-known features such as dir's /w and /p switches and on boot up you get the traditional entering of date and time prompts. The copyright date is both 1981 and 1982. As far as I know it also fixed some bugs. Also, of note there are less basic demos than in 1.00.

=PC-DOS 2.00=

Version 2.00, in my opinion is the first version of PC-DOS that is truly the descendant of the more modern versions of DOS. It was released as the version designed for the [[IBM PC XT Model 5160]]. The main reason for this version was to utilize fixed disks (hard drives). It came on two single-sided, double-density (9-track) floppy disks. Many commands for hard disk operation are present such as [[fdisk]], cd, md, and rd. Also, the autoexec.bat and config.sys files are introduced as well as the prompt command and unlike PC-DOS 1.xx, "copy con" works as expected. It should be noted that this DOS's version of fdisk only supports up to a single 10 MB hard drive. An interesting fact about the format utility for this version is that it does not require a "Y" for confirmation before you format. The copyright date is 1981, 1982, 1983.

=PC-DOS 2.10=

Version 2.10 was mostly released for minor bug fixes and the ability to support half-height drives. The most important feature was that it also added support for the IBM PCjr and its special graphics.

=PC-DOS 3.00=

PC-DOS 3.00 was released for the support of the [[IBM Model PC AT Model 5170]]. Therefore, there were many new features added. First of all, it was released on two double-sided, double-density floppies and this version could support the new 1.2 MB high density floppies as featured on the AT. Also it supported a hard drive with a single partition up to 32 MB. It also supported EGA graphics and was supposed to support networking but this proved to be too buggy so it was shelved until the next release.

=PC-DOS 3.10=

Version 3.10 had networking support and had a few bug fixes, besides that, it isn't much different that version 3.00

=PC-DOS 3.2=

Version 3.20 had two big improvements. First, it supported the new 720 kb, 3 and a half inch, double-density floppy disk. Second, it supported the [[IBM PC Convertible Model 5140]] which was one of the first PCs to utilize the aforementioned 720 kb floppy disks. Later, 3.20 was used on the IBM PS/2 which utilized these disks as well

=PC-DOS 3.30=

The final version of the "classic PC-DOS family," PC-DOS 3.30, had a few major improvements. First, multiple partitions were supported, still up to 32 MB each. Quick anecdote, in the late 80s, most hard drive came in either 20 or 40 MB in size. 32 MB drives were rare. So, using PC-DOS or MS-DOS 3.30 most owners would partition a 40 MB drive into a 32 and an 8 MB partition and largely ignore the 8 MB partition. The reason for this is if you didn't know the ins and out of fdisk, this is how it would partition the drive by default even though if you just either read the documentation or played around with the settings, you would find that you could easily partition it into 2 equal 20 MB partitions.
Also, another major feature was support for the 1.44 MB high-density, 3 and a half inch floppy. This was originally in the new generation of [[Intel 80286]] IBM PCs, the PS/2 Model 50 amongst others.

=PC-DOS 4.00 and 4.01=

These were the beginning of the more modern versions of PC-DOS. The only problem is that the initial version was very buggy. Version 4.01 cleaned up most of the bugs, but the damage had already been done, most people stuck with PC-DOS 3.30. There were two huge improvements though. First, partitions could be up to 2 GB although drives of this size weren't even really available. Second, [[DOSSHELL]] was included for the first time and was bundled with all DOS version thereafter. DOSSHELL is quite similar to the Windows 2 DOS Executive but it can't natively run Windows 2 programs, has cleaner fonts, and the directory tree is displayed on the left-hand side.

=PC-DOS 5.00, 5.00.1. and 5.02=

PC-DOS 5 was everything PC-DOS should have been. It was less buggy and it included EMS memory drivers natively and UMB (Upper Memory Block) support. It also included the QBASIC Basic interpreter and IDE and Microsoft Edit. The 5.00.1 and 5.02 versions were simply bug fixes.

=PC-DOS 6.10 and 6.30=

These versions of DOS were made completely in-house by IBM. They both included anti-virus, and backup software. Also, Qbasic was dropped and Microsoft Edit was replaced by IBM E editor which in my opinion is superior to Microsoft Edit and is the similar to nano. 6.30 also included SuperStor disk compression.

=PC-DOS 7.00 and 2000=

These were the final commercially available PC-DOS versions. 7.00 is basically 6.30 plus built-in [[REXX]] support. PC-DOS 2000, also known as PC-DOS 7.00 Revision 1. Version 2000 is simply version 7.00 with y2k fixes installed.

=External Links=

* [https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-rise-of-dos-how-microsoft-got-the-ibm-pc-os-contract A rather in-depth history of IBM's acquisition of an operating system from Microsoft]

* [https://lunduke.substack.com/p/quick-and-dirty-the-story-of-86-dos The story of QDOS, the operating system PC-DOS is based upon]

[[Category: DOS (Compatible PC)]]
[[Category:IBM Operating Systems]]

User talk:Rayrayemu

2023-05-22T03:44:43Z

Rayrayemu: /* Edit summary boxes */

Category:Radio Shack Emulation Tutorials

2023-05-22T03:42:18Z

Rayrayemu: Update to new naming convention and description change

These are tutorials for various Radio Shack computer systems using various emulators.

[[Category: Tutorials]]
[[Category: Radio Shack Computers]]