https://gunkies.org/w/api.php?hidebots=1&hideminor=1&urlversion=1&days=14&limit=50&action=feedrecentchanges&feedformat=atomComputer History Wiki - Recent changes [en]2024-03-29T14:20:05ZTrack the most recent changes to the wiki in this feed.MediaWiki 1.30.0https://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_Computer_Project&diff=34021&oldid=0Electronic Computer Project2024-03-29T08:49:58Z<p>Redir - covered there</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>#Redirect [[IAS computer]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=VAX_8200/8300_Revision_Control&diff=34016&oldid=0VAX 8200/8300 Revision Control2024-03-28T21:03:28Z<p>New page "VAX 8200/8300 Revision Control"</p>
<a href="https://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=VAX_8200/8300_Revision_Control&diff=34016">Show changes</a>Vaxorcisthttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=IAS_machine&diff=34015&oldid=0IAS machine2024-03-28T12:48:22Z<p>Redir - alt name</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>#Redirect [[IAS computer]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=IAS_computer&diff=34014&oldid=0IAS computer2024-03-28T12:47:15Z<p>A good start</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>The '''IAS computer''' (sometimes called the '''IAS machine'''; it seems not to have had a formal name) was a very early [[electronic]] [[program]]mable [[computer]]. The group that designed and built it began the task in June, 1946, and it passed its initial acceptance test in June, 1952. Its most significant contribution was the vast list of first-generation computers, both in the US, and around the world, which were copies of it (below).<br />
<br />
The group, the '''Electronic Computer Project''', was assembled by [[John von Neumann]] at the [[Institute for Avanced Study]] at Princeton (von Neumann's base institution at the time). This machine became his focus after his involvement in the planning for, and design of, the [[EDVAC]] had enlightened him to the promise of the field. (He broke of his connection to [[John Mauchly]] and [[J. Presper Eckert]] because they were focused on starting a business, the eventual [[Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation]], and he wished to make all his work public - as the many copies of the IAS computer testified.)<br />
<br />
The engineers on the ECP team initially included Julian Bigelow (Chief Engineer), John Davis, James Pomerene, Robert Shaw, Ralph Slutz, ad Willis Ware; Morris Rubinoff and Dick Snyder joined later. Other members of the team included Arthur Burks, Jule Charney, Hewitt Crane, Gerald Estrin, Herman Goldstine, and others. Their work was widely distributed via progress reports, which were circulated extensively.<br />
<br />
It eventually used [[Williams tube]]s for its [[main memory]] (after the [[Selectron]] project failed to produce usable memory), 1K 40-[[bit]] [[word]]s in total. It was constructed using [[vacuum tube]]s (although only about 3,000; many fewer than the [[ENIAC]]), and was a [[parallel computer]] internally, using [[binary]].<br />
<br />
[[Instruction]]s were 20 bits long, and contained a 10-bit [[operation code|opcode]] and a 10-bit [[address]]. There were 16 instruction classes, each with 16 variants, not all of which did something useful. It had instructions to perform multiplication and division, but no special hardware; both were performed a bit at a time, with shifting and addition/subtraction.<br />
<br />
It was eventually given a [[drum]] of 2K words; that was eventually replaced with a 12K one. [[Input/output|I/O]] was on [[paper tape]], later switched to [[punched card]]s, and supplemented with a 7" [[CRT]] for [[graphics]] output.<br />
<br />
==Copies==<br />
<br />
As mentioned, many copies of it were built, early on (and a few later), some with the help of people who had worked on the IAS machine. The faithfulness of the copies varied from machine to machine (apparently including a last one, built with [[transistor]]s); the later ones used [[core memory]]. The list of the US ones, with their dates of completion, is:<br />
<br />
* AVIDAC(Argonne) - January, 1953<br />
* CYCLONE (Iowa State University) - July, 1959<br />
* ILLIAC (Illinois) - September, 1952<br />
* JOHNNIAC (Rand) - March, 1954<br />
* MANIAC (Los Alamos) - March, 1952 (slightly before the original)<br />
* MISTIC (Michigan State University) - November, 1957 (a copy of the ILLIAC)<br />
* ORACLE (Oak Ridge) - September, 1953<br />
* ORDVAC (Aberdeen) - November, 1951<br />
<br />
(The MANIAC was said to have been so named in protest against the 'cute' names which had become the fashion.) Elsewhere, they included:<br />
<br />
* BESK (Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden) - November, 1953 (included hardware [[floating point]])<br />
* DASK (Academy of Technical Sciences, Denmark) - 1957 (a copy of BESK)<br />
* EDB-1 (Facit, Sweden) - 1957 (another copy of BESK, without floating point)<br />
* MUSASINO-1 (NTT, Japan) - March, 1957<br />
* SARA (SAAB, Sweden) - 1957 (another tweaked copy of BESK)<br />
* SILLIAC (University of Sydney, Australia) - June, 1956<br />
* SMIL (Lund University, Sweden) - June, 1956<br />
* TRASK (Datasystem AB, Sweden) - 1965 (another copy of BESK, using transistors and core)<br />
* WEIZAC (Weizmann Institute, Israel) - October, 1955<br />
<br />
The [[IBM 701]] was apparently a 'cleaned up' copy as well, as were the [[EDB-2]] and [[EDB-3]] families built in Sweden from 1957 on, and the FACOM 201 (a copy of the MUSASINO-1) produced by Fujitsu from 1960.<br />
<br />
Several other machines (such as the [[BESM 1]]) were built after close study of the IAS computer's documentation (and in the BESM 1's case, that of the BESK as well), but were not copies of it.<br />
<br />
{{semi-stub}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
<br />
* Herman H. Goldstine, ''The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann'', Princeton University, Princeton, 1972 - contains details of the entire effort, in which Goldstine participated<br />
* William Aspray, ''John von Neumann and the Origins of Modern Computing'', MIT Press, Cambridge, 1990<br />
* Nicholas Metropolis, Jack Howlett, Gian-Carlo Rota (editors), [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780124916500/a-history-of-computing-in-the-twentieth-century ''A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century''], Academic Press, New York, 1980 - the IAS computer is covered in the first section of Part IV; many descendants are covered in detail in other sections<br />
* George Dyson, ''Turing's Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe'', Pantheon, New York, 2012 - focused on the creation of this machine at the Institute for Advanced Study <br />
* Raul Rojas, Ulf Hashagen, ''The First Computers: History and Architectures'', MIT Press, Cambridge, 2002 - the IAS machine is covered in detail in chapter II/4<br />
* W. H. Ware, [http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/rand/P-377_The_History_And_Development_Of_The_IAS_Computer_Mar53.pdf ''The History and Development of the Electronic Computer Project at the Institute for Avanced Study''] (Rand Report P-377, March, 1953) - includes interesting detail of the electrical engineering design philosophy<br />
* John Deane, [https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2017/11/102693640-05-01-acc.pdf ''The IAS Computer Family Scrapbook''] - lists further information sources for each machine<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ias/ IAS] - documentation at [[Bitsavers]] (skimpy)<br />
** [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ias/IAS_Final_Report_Jan54.pdf ''Final Progress Report on the Physical Realization of an Electronic Computing Instrument''] - contains a lot of details on the mathematics, and a detailed list of instruction<br />
* [https://www.ias.edu/electronic-computer-project Electronic Computer Project]<br />
<br />
[[Category: Early Computers]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Installing_UNIX_Sixth_Edition&diff=34012&oldid=33496Installing UNIX Sixth Edition2024-03-27T03:35:07Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Programs: </span> Mention devices for each driver</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The first stage tape bootstrap is "tpboot.s"; this is assembled with either "tm.s" or "ht.s" to produce the first-stage bootstrap that goes in blocks 0 and 1 of the tape. It takes as input a file-name, for installing UNIX, normally 'xxyy' as above, entered at the console. It then reads the tp-format directory off the tape, and looks for that file-name in it, and if found, loads and starts it.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The first stage tape bootstrap is "tpboot.s"; this is assembled with either "tm.s" <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(the TM11 [[device driver]]) </ins>or "ht.s" <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(the TM02 driver) </ins>to produce the first-stage bootstrap that goes in blocks 0 and 1 of the tape. It takes as input a file-name, for installing UNIX, normally 'xxyy' as above, entered at the console. It then reads the tp-format directory off the tape, and looks for that file-name in it, and if found, loads and starts it.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>"mcopy.s" is the tape copier program, assembled with either "tm.s" or "ht.s", and one of "rk.s", "rp.s" and "hp.s", to produce the 'xxyy' files above.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>"mcopy.s" is the tape copier program, assembled with either "tm.s" or "ht.s", and one of "rk.s" <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(RK11 driver)</ins>, "rp.s" <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(RP11 driver) </ins>and "hp.s" <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(RP04 driver)</ins>, to produce the 'xxyy' files above.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>"fsboot.s" is the disk bootstrap, assembled with "rk.s", "rp.s" or "hp.s" to produce the various disk bootstraps.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>"fsboot.s" is the disk bootstrap, assembled with "rk.s", "rp.s" or "hp.s" to produce the various disk bootstraps.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Ferranti&diff=34010&oldid=33894Ferranti2024-03-27T01:52:17Z<p>Mention Pegasus and Mercury; +Lavington, ''Early Computing in Britain"</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:52, 27 March 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Ferranti''' was an old (founded in 1882) British electrical engineering and equipment company, originally involved in producing equipment for electricity supply. By WW2 they had also become involved in [[electronics]], and during the war had been involved in [[radar]] work. Like many others, their acquaintance with circuits that used pulses made the jump to computers an easy one.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Ferranti''' was an old (founded in 1882) British electrical engineering and equipment company, originally involved in producing equipment for electricity supply. By WW2 they had also become involved in [[electronics]], and during the war had been involved in [[radar]] work. Like many others, their acquaintance with circuits that used pulses made the jump to computers an easy one.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>They had contacts with the team at Manchester University, so it was natural that they manufactured the [[Ferranti Mark 1]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(also known as MADAM and MADM) </del>for Manchester<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; when </del>it was delivered in February, 1951, it was the world’s</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>They had contacts with the team at Manchester University <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">who did the [[Manchester Mark I]] (also known as MADAM and MADM)</ins>, so it was natural that they manufactured <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the productized version of that machine, </ins>the [[Ferranti Mark 1]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>for Manchester<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. When </ins>it was delivered in February, 1951, it was the world’s first production computer.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>first production computer.</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Through the 1950's, they continued to produce computers for the scientific and engineering market. Later, they also made [[Atlas]], which was the biggest and fastest computer in the world at the time of introduction (1962), but, of more note in the longer term, was the machine on which [[virtual memory]] was introduced.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Through the 1950's, they continued to produce computers for the scientific and engineering market<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, including the [[Pegasus]] and [[Mercury]]</ins>. Later, they also made <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </ins>[[Atlas]], which was the biggest and fastest computer in the world at the time of introduction (1962), but, of more note in the longer term, was the machine on which [[virtual memory]] was introduced<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. The latter two were also based on machines done at Manchester</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1963, its commercial computing activities were merged into [[International Computers and Tabulators|ICT]], leaving Ferranti with only smaller [[real-time]] machines, for the industrial and military fields.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1963, its commercial computing activities were merged into [[International Computers and Tabulators|ICT]], leaving Ferranti with only smaller [[real-time]] machines, for the industrial and military fields.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* John F. Wilson, ''Ferranti: A History - Volume I: Building a Family Business, 1882–1975'', Carnegie Publishing, Lancaster, 2001</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* John F. Wilson, ''Ferranti: A History - Volume I: Building a Family Business, 1882–1975'', Carnegie Publishing, Lancaster, 2001</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* John F. Wilson, ''Ferranti: A History - Volume 2: From Family Firm to Multinational, 1975-1987'', Crucible Books, Lancaster, 2007</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* John F. Wilson, ''Ferranti: A History - Volume 2: From Family Firm to Multinational, 1975-1987'', Crucible Books, Lancaster, 2007</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Simon H. Lavington, ''Early Computing in Britain: Ferranti Ltd. and Government Funding, 1948-1958'', Springer Nature, Cham, 2019 - mostly about the Mark 1, but has something about the other Ferranti machines</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==External links==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==External links==</div></td></tr>
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</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Bendix_G-15&diff=34006&oldid=34004Bendix G-152024-03-25T01:49:34Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Internals: </span> Correct how short tracks work</span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:49, 25 March 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l33" >Line 33:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Note that there is no [[operation code]] in the instruction; instead, combinations of certain source and destination values and characteristics had side-effects. (A complete list may be found on pg. 7 of the 'Coding Manual for the Bendix G-15', below.)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Note that there is no [[operation code]] in the instruction; instead, combinations of certain source and destination values and characteristics had side-effects. (A complete list may be found on pg. 7 of the 'Coding Manual for the Bendix G-15', below.)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In addition to the 20 long tracks, the drum also had 4 quad-word lines, 3 double-word lines (for double-length [[operand]]s, the "ID = 'cand denominator, MQ = multiplier quotient, and PN = product numerator" - the G-15 had hardware multiplication and division), and 1 single-word line (the accumulator, AR). The shorter ones had the role of [[register]]s in most computers, and came with lower [[access time]]s); to achieve that, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">they were replicated around </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">track, with multiple pairs of </del>[[head]]s.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In addition to the 20 long tracks, the drum also had 4 quad-word lines, 3 double-word lines (for double-length [[operand]]s, the "ID = 'cand denominator, MQ = multiplier quotient, and PN = product numerator" - the G-15 had hardware multiplication and division), and 1 single-word line (the accumulator, AR). The shorter ones had the role of [[register]]s in most computers, and came with lower [[access time]]s); to achieve that, the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">read and write </ins>[[head]]s <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">were placed closer together around the circumference of the track</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Having a [[breakpoint]] bit in every instruction simplified [[debug]]ging; no prior preparation was needed, to begin at any point in time.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Having a [[breakpoint]] bit in every instruction simplified [[debug]]ging; no prior preparation was needed, to begin at any point in time.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=G-15&diff=34005&oldid=0G-152024-03-25T00:23:33Z<p>Redir - short name</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>#Redirect [[Bendix G-15]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Bendix_G-15&diff=34004&oldid=0Bendix G-152024-03-25T00:22:46Z<p>After much sifting of hard-to-comprehend documentation, here is a reasonable executive summary</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>The '''Bendix G-15''' was an early low-cost (and thus low-performance) [[computer]], produced by Bendix Computer Division (later bought by [[Control Data]]), from a design by Harry Huskey. His design was based on the [[Automatic Computing Engine|ACE]], on which Huskey had worked while he was in the UK. It was first delivered in 1956; around 400 were sold (legend has it that the last one went to Harry Huskey personally). <br />
<br />
It was a [[serial]] machine, which used a [[drum]] for its [[main memory]]; like the ACE on which it was based, it was capable of [[optimum programming]]. The drum rotated at 1500 RPM, and held 20 'long' [[track]]s, each containing 108 words, which were 29 [[bit]]s wide; the words within a track were numbered with 'timing numbers'. The G-15 could perform 1,850 additions per second.<br />
<br />
Standard [[input/output]] equipment included an electric typewriter, and a [[paper tape]] reader and punch; up to 4 [[magnetic tape drive]]s were available as an option, along with a [[punched card]] reader and punch. A [[digital]] [[differential analyzer]] was available as a [[co-processor]] for solving certain types of problems.<br />
<br />
==Internals==<br />
<br />
The G-15's [[instruction]]s were also 29 bits wide. They contained 8 fields:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Field Name !! Width !! Description<br />
|-<br />
| SD || 1 || Single- or double-length <br />
|-<br />
| D || 5 || Destination; track where result is to be stored <br />
|-<br />
| S || 5 || Source; track holding source [[operand]]<br />
|-<br />
| CH || 2 || Characteristic; selected behaviour of transfers <br />
|-<br />
| N || 7 || Next; timing number of next instruction<br />
|-<br />
| B || 1 || Breakpoint<br />
|-<br />
| T || 7 || Transfer timing number<br />
|-<br />
| ID || 1 || Deferred instruction (if '1')<br />
|}<br />
<br />
For operands in long tracks, the timing number used was selected by the 'Transfer' field. Instructions contained up to ''3'' [[address]]es; a source, a destination, and the address of the next instruction. (The G-15 had no [[Program Counter]].) The 'next' instruction was in the same track (hence only its timing number is given); control could be passed to a different track (the equivalent of a [[jump]]) with a specific instruction.<br />
<br />
Note that there is no [[operation code]] in the instruction; instead, combinations of certain source and destination values and characteristics had side-effects. (A complete list may be found on pg. 7 of the 'Coding Manual for the Bendix G-15', below.)<br />
<br />
In addition to the 20 long tracks, the drum also had 4 quad-word lines, 3 double-word lines (for double-length [[operand]]s, the "ID = 'cand denominator, MQ = multiplier quotient, and PN = product numerator" - the G-15 had hardware multiplication and division), and 1 single-word line (the accumulator, AR). The shorter ones had the role of [[register]]s in most computers, and came with lower [[access time]]s); to achieve that, they were replicated around the track, with multiple pairs of [[head]]s.<br />
<br />
Having a [[breakpoint]] bit in every instruction simplified [[debug]]ging; no prior preparation was needed, to begin at any point in time.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
<br />
* Harry D. Huskey, David C. Evans, [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/bendix/g-15/G-15_WESCON_Aug54.pdf ''The Bendix G-15 General Purpose Computer''] - the best of a bad lot, as far as comprehensible documentation goes<br />
* Harry D. Huskey, Granino A. Korn, (editors), ''Computer Handbook'', McGraw-Hill, New York, 1962 - the G-15 is covered on pp. 20-15&mdash;20-19<br />
* Harry D. Huskey, ''From ACE to the G-15'', Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 6, No. 4, Oct0ber, 1984, pp. 350-371<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/bendix/g-15/ G-15] - documentation at [[Bitsavers]]<br />
** [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/bendix/g-15/G15_CodingManual.pdf Coding Manual for the Bendix G-15]<br />
** [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/bendix/g-15/G15D_Programmers_Ref_Man.pdf G15D Programmer's Reference Manual]<br />
** [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/bendix/g-15/60121600_G15_Theory_Of_Operation_Nov64.pdf Theory of Operation and Simplified Drawings for {the} G-15 Computer]<br />
* [https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/early-computer-companies/5/115 From Airplane Parts to Computers: The Bendix G-15]<br />
** [https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/early-computer-companies/5/115/491 Bendix G-15] - brochure<br />
** [https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/early-computer-companies/5/115/1506 Bendix G-15] - includes several images<br />
* [http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Bendix/Bendix.G-15.1955.102646277.pdf Bendix G-15] - brochure<br />
* [http://s3data.computerhistory.org/brochures/bendix.g15.1956.102646144.pdf Bendix G-15 All-Purpose Computer]<br />
** [http://s3data.computerhistory.org/brochures/bendix.g15auto.1956.102621696.pdf Bendix G-15 Automatic Programming Systems]<br />
* [https://rbk.delosent.com/g15doc.html Bendix G-15 Documentation] - a very large amount of material<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060719065651/http://members.iinet.com.au/~dgreen/ The First Generation Computers - Bendix G-15 Computer]<br />
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20061105152639/http://members.iinet.com.au/~dgreen/docs.html The Bendix G-15 General Purpose Digital Computer System Documentation]<br />
* [https://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/g-15.html Bendix G-15]<br />
* [http://www.piercefuller.com/collect/bendix/ Bendix G15]<br />
* [https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=5128 Harry Huskey Designs the Bendix G-15, the First Mini-Computer]<br />
* [https://www.livingcomputers.org/Blog/Bendix-G-15-Vacuum-Tubes.aspx Bendix G-15 Vacuum Tubes]<br />
* [https://www.livingcomputers.org/Blog/Bendix-G-15-%E2%80%93-Solder-Degradation.aspx Bendix G-15 – Solder Degradation]<br />
* [https://www.rrauction.com/auctions/lot-detail/347709906735051-bendix-g-15-the-first-mini-computer-the-third-built-in-1956 Bendix G-15, the First Mini-Computer] - sale of G-15 serial #3; many images<br />
<br />
[[Category: Early Computers]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Minimum_access_coding&diff=34003&oldid=0Minimum access coding2024-03-24T20:14:13Z<p>Redir - alt term</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>#Redirect [[Optimum programming]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Optimum_programming&diff=34002&oldid=33950Optimum programming2024-03-24T20:13:10Z<p>+also 'minimum access coding'</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Optimum programming''' (also called '''optimal coding''') was the name for a programming technique sometimes used on computers whose [[main memory]] was not [[random access]], but sequential (such as [[delay line]]- and [[drum]]-based memory).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Optimum programming''' (also called '''optimal <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">coding''', and '''minimum access </ins>coding''') was the name for a programming technique sometimes used on computers whose [[main memory]] was not [[random access]], but sequential (such as [[delay line]]- and [[drum]]-based memory).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In computers with such memory whose [[instruction]]s all include the [[address]] of the next instruction (i.e. they do not have a [[Program Counter]]), it was possible to scatter the instructions through the memory such that when any given instruction finishes its [[execute|execution]], the memory is just ready to provide the next instruction (whose address could/would be given by the 'next instruction' field in the prior instruction). This ensured that the computer was never wasting time waiting for the memory to provide the next instruction it needed.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In computers with such memory whose [[instruction]]s all include the [[address]] of the next instruction (i.e. they do not have a [[Program Counter]]), it was possible to scatter the instructions through the memory such that when any given instruction finishes its [[execute|execution]], the memory is just ready to provide the next instruction (whose address could/would be given by the 'next instruction' field in the prior instruction). This ensured that the computer was never wasting time waiting for the memory to provide the next instruction it needed.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Bendix_G-15&diff=34001&oldid=0Talk:Bendix G-152024-03-23T22:35:11Z<p>The most incomprehensible documentation ever</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>==Documentation==<br />
<br />
I think this machine wins the prize for the most incomprehensible documentation ever. [[User:Jnc|Jnc]] ([[User talk:Jnc|talk]]) 23:34, 23 March 2024 (CET)</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Category:People&diff=33999&oldid=33943Category:People2024-03-23T02:26:55Z<p>Add link to 'Computer Pioneers by J. A. N. Lee' bio pages</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 02:26, 23 March 2024</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>People who made a difference in computing.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>People who made a difference in computing.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">See also: [https://history.computer.org/pioneers/ Computer Pioneers by J. A. N. Lee] (brief biographical notes - note: the HTML versions are later than the PDF's)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: History]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: History]]</div></td></tr>
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</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Jobs&diff=33996&oldid=11477Steve Jobs2024-03-22T22:56:41Z<p>Expand into a stub :-)</p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1955-2011.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''Steve Jobs''' (</ins>1955-2011<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) is best noted for having been the CEO of [[Apple|Apple Computers]] twice, and pushing the development of the [[Macintosh]] (after he famously visited [[Xerox PARC]] and saw the future of computers)</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Best noted for being the CEO of [[Apple|Apple Computers]] twice.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{stub}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:People]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==External links==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">* [https://history.computer.org/pioneers/pdfs/j/Jobs.pdf Steven Paul Jobs] - brief biography at the IEEE Computer Society </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{DEFAULTSORT: Jobs, Steve}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: People]]</div></td></tr>
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</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pouzin&diff=33992&oldid=33991Louis Pouzin2024-03-22T22:33:35Z<p>Louis' big idea</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 22:33, 22 March 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Louis Pouzin''' is the French computer scientist who made ''the'' key technical step in [[data network]]ing between the ideas of the [[ARPANET]] and those of the later [[Internet]]. The network that he and his team built, using this new approach, [[CYCLADES]], laid the technical groundwork for the Internet.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Louis Pouzin''' is the French computer scientist who made ''the'' key technical step in [[data network]]ing between the ideas of the [[ARPANET]] and those of the later [[Internet]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">: moving reliability mechanisms into the [[host]]s, allowing the network (and its constituent [[packet switch]]es) to be unreliable - and thereby simpler and faster</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The network that he and his team built, using this new approach, [[CYCLADES]], laid the technical groundwork for the Internet.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
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</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Rubin_10-11_interface&diff=33972&oldid=33258Rubin 10-11 interface2024-03-22T15:01:42Z<p>Fuller description</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:01, 22 March 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''Rubin 10-11 interface''' was a shared [[main memory]] interface used to connect the [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Incompatible Timesharing System</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ITS</del>]] [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">KA10</del>]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MIT-AI </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">up </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">eight </del>[[PDP-11]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">s</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''Rubin 10-11 interface''' was a shared [[main memory]] interface used to connect <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to up to eight [[PDP-11]]s (technically, 8 machines with a [[UNIBUS]]; several of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">attached machines were not -11's) to a </ins>[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">PDP-10 Memory Bus]]. It gave the [[KA10]]'s [[Central Processing Unit</ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CPU</ins>]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">read/write access (</ins>[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">interrupt</ins>]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">s were not supported) </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">everything on the connected UNIBI. As far as is known, the other machine(s) did not have access </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the KA10's memory (unlike with the </ins>[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">DL10 </ins>PDP-11 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Data Link|DL10</ins>]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and [[DTE20 Ten-Eleven Interface|DTE20]], similar devices)</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This table was compiled from various sources: source code for STUFF, IOELEV, etc.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==Technical details==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The [[address space]] provided by the Rubin interface on the PDP-10 memory bus was one [[PDP-10]] [[moby]]; that was divided into 255 [[page]]s of 1K [[word]]s each (the standard [[Incompatible Timesharing System|ITS]] page size). (The 256th page contained the mapping registers, below; unusually for a PDP-10 device, access to its [[register]]s was via the PDP-10 memory bus.) Each Rubin interface page could be independently directed to a window in the selected UNIBUS' address space, controlled by the page's mapping register:</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{| class="wikitable"</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">! Field !! Width !! Function</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| Valid || 1</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| Write enable || 1</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| Unused || 5</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| Machine || 3 || Selected machine/UNIBUS</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| Relocation || 16 || Base address on UNIBUS</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| Protection || 10 || Size of this window</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(The documentation, such as it is, does not explicitly say that any particular alignment of the window on the UNIBUS side was necessary; the [[data path]] for the [[address]] must have contained an [[adder]].)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A read cycle read two PDP-11 words; write cycles could write one or two words (selectable).</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==Machines==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The following machines were attached to the MIT-AI ITS KA10 via the Rubin interface. (</ins>This table was compiled from various sources: source code for STUFF, IOELEV, etc.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{|</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{|</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==External links==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==External links==</div></td></tr>
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</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Moby&diff=33971&oldid=0Moby2024-03-22T14:54:11Z<p>Stubby, but how much is there to say</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>'''Moby''' was [[hacker]] slang; it initially (from the [[TMRC|model railroad world]]) had the generalized meaning, 'very large'. Via the [[Fabritek Core Memory|'moby memory' unit]] acquired for the MIT-AI [[Incompatible Timesharing System|ITS]] [[KA10]], it also came to mean 'one complete [[PDP-10]] [[address space]]' (i.e. 256K [[word]]s).<br />
<br />
{{semi-stub}}<br />
<br />
[[Category: Terminology]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Fabritek&diff=33970&oldid=0Fabritek2024-03-22T14:44:37Z<p>Redir - common short name at Tech Sq</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>#Redirect [[Fabritek Core Memory]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_VAX_models_with_PDP-11_compatibility_mode&diff=33969&oldid=33963List of VAX models with PDP-11 compatibility mode2024-03-22T11:12:32Z<p>Will this ever end?</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:12, 22 March 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[VAX]]en which have the [[hardware]] (often mostly [[microcode]]) which allows them to [[execute]] [[PDP-11]] [[object code]]:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[VAX]]en which have the [[hardware]] (often mostly [[microcode]]) which allows them to [[execute]] [[PDP-11]] [[object code]]:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[VAX-11/725]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[VAX-11/730]] and variant: </ins>[[VAX-11/725]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[VAX-11/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">730</del>]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[VAX-11/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">750</ins>]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and variant: </ins>[[VAX-11/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">751</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">* </del>[[VAX-11/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">750</del>]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[VAX-11/780]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and variants: </ins>[[VAX-11/782]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>[[VAX-11/784]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>[[VAX-11/785]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>[[VAX-11/787]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[VAX-11/780]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[VAX 8600]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and variant: </ins>[[VAX 8650]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">* </del>[[VAX-11/782]]</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">* </del>[[VAX-11/784]]</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">* </del>[[VAX-11/785]]</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">* </del>[[VAX-11/787]]</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[VAX 8600]]</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">* </del>[[VAX 8650]]</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: PDP-11s]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: PDP-11s]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: VAXen]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: VAXen]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Larsbrinkhoffhttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=VAXstation_100&diff=33964&oldid=32826VAXstation 1002024-03-20T13:53:28Z<p>Clarify</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:53, 20 March 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l3" >Line 3:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 3:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''VAXstation 100''' was a programmable [[graphics]] [[terminal]] manufactured by [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]]. It had a [[bit-mapped display]], and could accept, for presentation to the user, text, diagrams or images (when running its usual on-board program, in its [[microprocessor]]).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''VAXstation 100''' was a programmable [[graphics]] [[terminal]] manufactured by [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]]. It had a [[bit-mapped display]], and could accept, for presentation to the user, text, diagrams or images (when running its usual on-board program, in its [[microprocessor]]).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It consists of a separate chassis containing a 'display processor module', which is attached remotely to a 'bus window module' in the host computer, which connected <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">it </del>via [[fiber optic]] cables. The [[VR100 Monochrome Monitor|VR100]] [[display]] (a [[cathode ray tube|CRT]] capable of 1,088x864 [[pixel]]s [[resolution]]) was attached to the display processor module, along with a [[keyboard]] and [[mouse]]. (The chassis contained a separate [[power supply]].)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It consists of a separate chassis containing a 'display processor module', which is attached remotely to a 'bus window module' in the host computer, which <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is </ins>connected <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to the other module </ins>via [[fiber optic]] cables. The [[VR100 Monochrome Monitor|VR100]] [[display]] (a [[cathode ray tube|CRT]] capable of 1,088x864 [[pixel]]s [[resolution]]) was attached to the display processor module, along with a [[keyboard]] and [[mouse]]. (The chassis contained a separate [[power supply]].)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The display processor module used a [[Motorola MC68000]]; it had 128K bytes of [[main memory]], in addition to the 512K bytes of memory for the bit-mapped display (only 1/4 of that actually drove the display; the rest could be used to hold data such as [[font]]s). [[Bootstrap]] and [[diagnostic]] code was contained in [[PROM]]s; operating [[object code]] was downloaded over the fiber link once the VAXstation 100 had powered on. A 'Bit Blit Accelerator module' was attached to the display processor module; it used a separate [[bus]] to get to the screen memory. The BBA off-loaded some laborious low-level tasks (such a copying an area of the display to somewhere else, e.g. in moving a [[window]]) from the microprocessor, and performed them as quickly as possible.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The display processor module used a [[Motorola MC68000]]; it had 128K bytes of [[main memory]], in addition to the 512K bytes of memory for the bit-mapped display (only 1/4 of that actually drove the display; the rest could be used to hold data such as [[font]]s). [[Bootstrap]] and [[diagnostic]] code was contained in [[PROM]]s; operating [[object code]] was downloaded over the fiber link once the VAXstation 100 had powered on. A 'Bit Blit Accelerator module' was attached to the display processor module; it used a separate [[bus]] to get to the screen memory. The BBA off-loaded some laborious low-level tasks (such a copying an area of the display to somewhere else, e.g. in moving a [[window]]) from the microprocessor, and performed them as quickly as possible.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* VMS has a layered product called ''VAXstation Software''; see below.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* VMS has a layered product called ''VAXstation Software''; see below.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* The X Window System supports the VAXstation 100 from the initial version, to X10R4.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* The X Window System supports the VAXstation 100 from the initial version, to X10R4.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] Project Athena had a terminal emulator that handled multiple VAXstation 100.  It was maybe called ''vsterm'', and was possibly written in CLU.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] Project Athena had a terminal emulator that handled multiple VAXstation 100<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'s</ins>.  It was maybe called ''vsterm'', and was possibly written in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>CLU<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==See also==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==See also==</div></td></tr>
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</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_VAX_models_with_PDP-11_compatibility_mode&diff=33963&oldid=33958List of VAX models with PDP-11 compatibility mode2024-03-20T13:48:13Z<p>+Header, cats</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:48, 20 March 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[VAX]]en which have the [[hardware]] (often mostly [[microcode]]) which allows them to [[execute]] [[PDP-11]] [[object code]]:</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[VAX-11/725]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[VAX-11/725]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[VAX-11/730]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[VAX-11/730]]</div></td></tr>
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<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 11:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[VAX 8600]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[VAX 8600]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[VAX 8650]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[VAX 8650]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category: PDP-11s]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category: VAXen]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<!-- diff cache key mediawiki-wiki_:diff:version:1.11a:oldid:33958:newid:33963 -->
</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Switch&diff=33962&oldid=0Switch2024-03-20T13:42:04Z<p>Current top of the 'Wanted pages' list</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>A '''switch''', in its most general meaning, is a means of putting a break in a [[conductor]]. Most switches are mechanical; one of a pair of [[contact]]s is moved so that it is no longer touching the other. (Which can lead to an entertaining display when the [[circuit]] in which the switch is emplaced is carrying a very high [[voltage]]; if the switch is not in a vacuum, an [[arc]] can be created between the two contacts, until they are far enough apart.)<br />
<br />
Switches exist which contain multiple pairs of contacts, and the means (usually mechanical) which separates a pair simultaneously separates all the pairs. The other complication which exists is than instead of a pair of contacts, there can be multiple contacts, and the means moves one contact (the 'input') to select one (or none) of the multiple other contacts (the 'outputs'). (Obviously, this can be run in reverse, so that a single output may be connected to one of a number of inputs.)<br />
<br />
Both of these can be provided in a single switch; there is terminology to crisply describe the exact configuration of any such. A 'single-pole, single-throw' (usually abbreviated to 'SPST') is the simplest of all; a switch which contains two sets of contacts, each with two potential inputs, is termed a ' double-pole, double-throw' (abbreviated as 'DPDT').<br />
<br />
There are also [[solid state]] switches, but they are rare.<br />
<br />
{{semi-stub}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[DIP switch]]<br />
* [[Relay]]<br />
<br />
[[Category: Electrical Basics]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_VAX_models_with_PDP-11_compatibility_mode&diff=33958&oldid=0List of VAX models with PDP-11 compatibility mode2024-03-20T11:59:43Z<p>Nice to have this spelled out clearly somewhere.</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>* [[VAX-11/725]]<br />
* [[VAX-11/730]]<br />
* [[VAX-11/750]]<br />
* [[VAX-11/780]]<br />
* [[VAX-11/782]]<br />
* [[VAX-11/784]]<br />
* [[VAX-11/785]]<br />
* [[VAX-11/787]]<br />
* [[VAX 8600]]<br />
* [[VAX 8650]]</div>Larsbrinkhoffhttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=TX-0&diff=33957&oldid=33956TX-02024-03-19T22:25:00Z<p>Add instructions</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 22:25, 19 March 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''TX-0''' was a [[transistor]] computer (reportedly the first ever built), at the MIT Lincoln laboratory. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Predecessor </del>to the [[TX-2]] and an influence on the [[PDP-1]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">design</del>. It was in some sense a successor to the [[Memory Test Computer]], itself a spin-off of the pioneering [[Whirlwind]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''TX-0''' was a [[transistor]] computer (reportedly the first ever built), at the MIT Lincoln laboratory. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It was a predecessor </ins>to the [[TX-2]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and an influence on <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the design of </ins>the [[PDP-1]]. It was in some sense a successor to the [[Memory Test Computer]], itself a spin-off of the pioneering [[Whirlwind]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==Registers==</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">For [[input/output|I/O]], it had a [[Flexowriter]], a [[paper tape]] reader and punch, and a [[display]] [[cathode ray tube|CRT]]. The [[front panel]], in addition to the usual operations, had an [[array]] of [[switch]]es which allowed any combination of the bottom 16 [[main memory]] locations to be substituted by a line of switches.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These are the registers in the original design.  Later updates changed some register widths and added registers.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It had a [[word]] size of 18 [[bit]]s, and its only generally program-accessible [[register]] was the [[accumulator]]. The first two bits of the [[instruction]] were an [[operation code]] (yes, it only has 4 basic instructions); the remaining 16 bits were an [[address]] (or specified the action selected for the "operate" instruction). The instructions were:</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{| class="wikitable"</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">! Opcode || Instruction || Function</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| 00 || STO || Store accumulator contents in memory </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| 01 || ADD || Add contents of memory to accumulator</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| 10 || TRN || If accumulator is negative, jump </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| 11 || OPR || See table below </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Values (in octal) for the 'address' field in the 'operate' instruction are:</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{| class="wikitable"</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">! Value || Name || Action</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| 0100000 || CLL || Clear left half of accumulator</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| 040000 || CLR || Clear right half of accumulator</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| 030000 || Hlt || Halt machine</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| 020000 || IOS || 'In-Out Stop' - pause machine for I/O operation</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| 07000 || PRH || Punch 6 data holes from accumulator, and the 7th hole</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| 06000 || P6H || Punch 6 data holes from accumulator</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| 04000 || PNT || Print Flexowriter character from accumulator</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| 03000 || R3C || Read 3 characters from Flexowriter into accumulator (shifted between characters)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| 02000 || DIS || Intensify a point specified by the accumulator on the display scope</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| 01000 || R1C || Read character from Flexowriter into accumulator</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| 0600 || CYR || Rotate the accumulator right one bit</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| 0400 || SHR || Shift the accumulator right one bit</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| 0200 || MLR || Store the contents of the MBR (below) in the LR (below)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| 0100 || PEN || Read the [[light pen]] [[flip-flop]]s into the accumulator</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| 040 || COM || Complement the accumulator</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| 020 || PAD || Half-add (XOR) the MBR into the accumulator</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| 010 || CRY || Half-add the implied carry into the accumulator</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| 04 || TAC || OR the TAC (below) into the accumulator</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| 03 || TBR || Store the TBR (below) in the MBR (below)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| 02 || LMB || Store the LR (below) in the MBR</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| 01 || AMB || Store the accumulator in the MBR</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Many of these can be set together, and perform useful operations. E.g. as a simple example, CLL+CLR clears the accumulator; a more complex one is that AMB+PAD+CRY does a left rotate.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===Registers===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These are the registers <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(not all accessible under program control) </ins>in the original design.  Later updates changed some register widths and added registers.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| class="wikitable"</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| class="wikitable"</div></td></tr>
</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_McBee_LGP-30&diff=33952&oldid=0Royal McBee LGP-302024-03-19T16:32:00Z<p>Redir - alt name</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>#Redirect [[LGP-30]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=LGP-30&diff=33951&oldid=0LGP-302024-03-19T16:31:03Z<p>Fairly complete</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>The '''LGP-30''' (the 'LGP' was the acronym of 'Librascope General Purpose', later 'Librascope General Precision') was an early low-cost (and thus low-performance) [[computer]], produced by Librascope (later part of Royal McBee). It based on a design done at [[Caltech]], and implemented there in a prototype called MINAC, in 1954. It was first delivered in September, 1956. Around 500 were sold.<br />
<br />
It was a [[serial]] machine which used a [[drum]] for its [[main memory]], each [[track]] (of 64 tracks) holding 64 words, each 32 [[bit]]s long. (For arithmetical operations, there was a sign bit, only 30 bits in single-precision math, and a spacer bit, always zero in memory, though.) It could perform 500 additions per second, and contained only 113 [[vacuum tube]]s and 1,450 [[diode]]s. [[Input/output]] used a [[Flexowriter]], which had a [[paper tape]] reader attachment (a higher speed reader/punch was available as an option). <br />
<br />
==Internals==<br />
<br />
The drum also held three 'circulating register' tracks, each used for an internal [[register]] (the [[Program Counter]], the [[Instruction Register]], and the [[accumulator]]); they were replicated around the track, with multiple read [[head]]s, so as to reduce their [[access time]].<br />
<br />
The entire machine contained only fifteen [[flip-flop]]s!<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Flop !! Function<br />
|-<br />
| F, G, H || Phase of [[instruction]] execution<br />
|-<br />
| K || Drum [[sector]] search during [[fetch]]<br />
|-<br />
| L || Carry<br />
|-<br />
| Q1-Q4|| [[Operation code]] of current instruction<br />
|-<br />
| P1-P6 || Track selection<br />
|}<br />
<br />
K, Q2, and P1-P6 were used for other purposes during times in which they were not needed for their primary purpose. <br />
<br />
Instructions contained a 12-bit address (6 each track and sector), and 4-bit opcode (in octal; ones marked with '!' do not use the 'address' field for an address):<br />
<br />
* 0! - Stop<br />
* 1 - Load<br />
* 2 - Store address only<br />
* 3 - Save return address<br />
* 4! - Input<br />
* 5 - Divide<br />
* 6 - Truncated multiply (low order part of result)<br />
* 7 - Short multiply (high order part of result)<br />
* 10! - Output<br />
* 11 - And<br />
* 12 - Jump<br />
* 13 - Jump if negative<br />
* 14 - Store<br />
* 15 - Store and clear<br />
* 16 - Add<br />
* 17 - subtract<br />
<br />
The high order half of the word was unused by instructions. Since there was no 'next instruction field, [[optimum programming]] was not possible; words on the drum were [[interleaving|interleaved]] so that waiting was usually minimized.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
<br />
* Stanley P. Frankel, [https://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/StanleyFrankelIRE-PaperOnLGP-30.pdf ''The Logical Design of a Simple General Purpose Computer''], I.R.E. Transactions on Electronic Computers, March 1957<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/royalPrecision/LGP-30/ LGP-30] - documentation at [[Bitsavers]]<br />
** [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/royalPrecision/LGP-30/LGP-30_Operations_Manual.pdf LGP-30 Operations Manual]<br />
* [https://www.computerhistory.org/brochures/q-s/royal-mcbee-corporation/ Royal McBee Corporation]<br />
** [http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Royal_McBee/RPC.LGP-30.1956.102646223.pdf LGP-30] - fairly detailed brochure<br />
* [https://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/lgp-30.html LGP-30] - a vast amount of material<br />
** [https://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/lgp-30-man.html Royal Precision Electronic Computer LGP-30 Programming Manual]<br />
* [https://www.masswerk.at/nowgobang/2019/lgp-30 LGP-30 — A Drum Computer of Significance]<br />
* [http://computermuseum.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/dev_en/lgp30/lgp30_1.html LGP-30] - at the Computermuseum der Stuttgarter Informatik, has many images<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190704220349/https://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~smillie/ComputerAndMe/Part19.html LGP-30] - memories of someone who was taught to program it, but never actually used one<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230205001912/https://librascopememories.com/Welcome.html Librascope Memories]<br />
<br />
[[Category: Early Computers]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Optimum_programming&diff=33950&oldid=33946Optimum programming2024-03-19T11:33:50Z<p>Minor clarifications</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:33, 19 March 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Optimum programming''' (also called '''optimal coding''') was the name for a programming technique sometimes used on computers whose [[main memory]] was not [[random access]], but sequential (such as [[delay line]]- and [[drum]]-based memory).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Optimum programming''' (also called '''optimal coding''') was the name for a programming technique sometimes used on computers whose [[main memory]] was not [[random access]], but sequential (such as [[delay line]]- and [[drum]]-based memory).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In computers with such memory whose [[instruction]]s all include the [[address]] of the next instruction (i.e. they do not have a [[Program Counter]]), it was possible to scatter the instructions through the memory such that when any given instruction finishes its [[execute|execution]], the memory is just ready to provide the next instruction (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which </del>could/would be given by the 'next instruction' field in the prior instruction). This ensured that the computer was never wasting time waiting for the memory to provide the next instruction it needed.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In computers with such memory whose [[instruction]]s all include the [[address]] of the next instruction (i.e. they do not have a [[Program Counter]]), it was possible to scatter the instructions through the memory such that when any given instruction finishes its [[execute|execution]], the memory is just ready to provide the next instruction (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">whose address </ins>could/would be given by the 'next instruction' field in the prior instruction). This ensured that the computer was never wasting time waiting for the memory to provide the next instruction it needed.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Initially, the task of placing the instructions in memory at appropriate locations to allow this was left up to the programmer(s); eventually software tools (such as [[assembly language|assemblers]]) which did all the book-keeping necessary to automagically assign instructions to the appropriate addresses were written.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Initially, the task of placing the instructions in memory at appropriate locations to allow this was left up to the programmer(s); eventually software tools (such as [[assembly language|assemblers]]) which did all the book-keeping necessary to automagically assign instructions to the appropriate addresses were written.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l9" >Line 9:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 9:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==External links==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==External links==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/650/32-7646-1_SOAPII.pdf SOAP II] - optimizing assembler for the IBM 650</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/650/32-7646-1_SOAPII.pdf SOAP II] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">- address</ins>-optimizing assembler for the IBM 650</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: CPU Basics]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: CPU Basics]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: Software Basics]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: Software Basics]]</div></td></tr>
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</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Optimum_coding&diff=33949&oldid=0Optimum coding2024-03-18T22:36:58Z<p>Redir - alt term</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>#Redirect [[Optimum programming]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Optimal_coding&diff=33948&oldid=0Optimal coding2024-03-18T22:36:25Z<p>Redir - alt name</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>#Redirect [[Optimum programming]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Optimal_programming&diff=33947&oldid=0Optimal programming2024-03-18T22:35:52Z<p>Redir - alt term</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>#Redirect [[Optimum programming]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Optimum_programming&diff=33946&oldid=0Optimum programming2024-03-18T22:34:12Z<p>Reasonably complete</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>'''Optimum programming''' (also called '''optimal coding''') was the name for a programming technique sometimes used on computers whose [[main memory]] was not [[random access]], but sequential (such as [[delay line]]- and [[drum]]-based memory).<br />
<br />
In computers with such memory whose [[instruction]]s all include the [[address]] of the next instruction (i.e. they do not have a [[Program Counter]]), it was possible to scatter the instructions through the memory such that when any given instruction finishes its [[execute|execution]], the memory is just ready to provide the next instruction (which could/would be given by the 'next instruction' field in the prior instruction). This ensured that the computer was never wasting time waiting for the memory to provide the next instruction it needed.<br />
<br />
Initially, the task of placing the instructions in memory at appropriate locations to allow this was left up to the programmer(s); eventually software tools (such as [[assembly language|assemblers]]) which did all the book-keeping necessary to automagically assign instructions to the appropriate addresses were written.<br />
<br />
Among computers which used this technique were the [[Automatic Computing Engine|ACE]] and its descendants (including the [[Pilot ACE]] and the [[DEUCE]]), the [[Bendix G-15]], and the [[IBM 650]].<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/650/32-7646-1_SOAPII.pdf SOAP II] - optimizing assembler for the IBM 650<br />
<br />
[[Category: CPU Basics]]<br />
[[Category: Software Basics]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Category:People&diff=33943&oldid=22189Category:People2024-03-18T19:02:07Z<p>Simplify header</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:02, 18 March 2024</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>People who made a difference in computing <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">eg Grace Hopper, [[M</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">V. Wilkes]], [[A.M. Turing]], Knuth, F.W. Wilkinson, Clive Sinclair, [[A.D. Booth]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>People who made a difference in computing.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: History]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: History]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=A.D._Booth&diff=33942&oldid=0A.D. Booth2024-03-18T19:00:03Z<p><a href="/wiki/User:Jnc" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Jnc"><bdi>Jnc</bdi></a> moved page <a href="/w/index.php?title=A.D._Booth&redirect=no&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A.D. Booth (page does not exist)">A.D. Booth</a> to <a href="/wiki/A._D._Booth" title="A. D. Booth">A. D. Booth</a> without leaving a redirect No space</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>Andrew Dondald Booth (1918-2009) PhD wrote a number of articles during the early 1950's about the design of circuits for computers and about the computers at Birkbeck college Electonic Computation Laboratory.<br />
<br />
* Designed the A.R.C. (1947-1949), an Automatic Relay Computer. Some more details about it can be found in an A.D. Booth [http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/manuals/cambridge/p005.htm paper] from 1949, presented by ''Kathleen Britten'' (later ''Booth''), who worked with A.D. Booth on several of his computers (he built them, she programmed them). The A.R.C., or ARC, initially used a Booth-designed nickel-covered 2" brass cylinder with 21 data tracks and one clock track, which could store 256 20-bit words.<br />
* Produced the [http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/about-us/our-history/aperc/ All Purpose Electronic Computer] (London) in 1952. The APERC was one of the APE(X)C series of machines, where (X) stood for 'sponsors name'. The Norwegian [[NUSSE]] computer is modelled after the APE(X)C.<br />
* Came up with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booth%27s_multiplication_algorithm Booth's Algorithm] in 1950, for multiplying two signed binary numbers in 2's complement.<br />
<br />
===References===<br />
* [http://www.i-programmer.info/history/people/1253-andrew-booth.html Andrew Booth and the ARC]<br />
* [http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~williams/ComputerPioneersWebVersion/pdfs/B/Booth%20AD.pdf A.D. Booth, Computer Pioneer]<br />
* [http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/about-us/our-history/the-work-of-professor-andrew-d-booth/ The work of Professor Andrew D. Booth]<br />
<br />
[[Category:People]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Drum&diff=33940&oldid=33920Drum2024-03-18T18:45:20Z<p>Tweak order, add LGP-30</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:45, 18 March 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Drums''' were the predecessor [[magnetic storage]] technology to [[disk]]s; they were (as the name suggests) in physical form a drum<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, and generally had a [[head]] per [[track]] (like [[fixed-head disk]]s)</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Drums''' were the predecessor [[magnetic storage]] technology to [[disk]]s; they were (as the name suggests) in physical form a drum.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Like </del>fixed-head <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">disks</del>, this avoided the delays involved in having the head(s) [[seek]] to the correct track, and was also mechanically simpler (an important point at this early stage of development), but did require more components<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; </del>drums also needed more volume for their installation.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">They generally had a [[head]] per [[track]], like [[</ins>fixed-head <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">disk]]s. Like them</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on drums </ins>this avoided the delays involved in having the head(s) [[seek]] to the correct track, and was also mechanically simpler (an important point at this early stage of development), but did require more components<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Because of their fundamental geometry, </ins>drums also needed more volume for their installation <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">than disks did</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The very first drums were actually used for [[main memory]] on some very early computers; and also on slightly later, but low-end, ones (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">e.g. </del>the [[IBM 650]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and </del>[[Bendix G-15]]). Such use often required the use of [[optimum programming]], to control the execution delays (due to rotational latency) which resulted if [[instruction]]s were not placed in the optimum positions on the drum. Some drums were actually used to store [[register]]s, storing several registers in each track, and using multiple heads on that track to give faster access to the contents of the registers.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The very first drums were actually used for [[main memory]] on some very early computers; and also on slightly later, but low-end, ones (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">notably </ins>the [[IBM 650]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>[[Bendix G-15<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]], and [[LGP-30</ins>]]). Such use often required the use of [[optimum programming]], to control the execution delays (due to rotational latency) which resulted if [[instruction]]s were not placed in the optimum positions on the drum. Some drums were actually used to store [[register]]s, storing several registers in each track, and using multiple heads on that track to give faster access to the contents of the registers.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Once [[core memory]] appeared, drums were only seen in the role of high-speed [[secondary storage]]; often being used for [[swapping]] or [[virtual memory|paging]] purposes.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Once [[core memory]] appeared, drums were only seen in the role of high-speed [[secondary storage]]; often being used for [[swapping]] or [[virtual memory|paging]] purposes.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Drums fell out of use because they took more physical room than a disk with the equivalent surface area. A number of [[disk platter]]s, giving in total a significantly greater amount of storage, could be stacked in the volume occupied by a single drum.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Drums fell out of use <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in large part </ins>because they took more physical room than a disk with the equivalent surface area. A number of [[disk platter]]s, giving in total a significantly greater amount of storage, could be stacked in the volume occupied by a single drum.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: Device Basics]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: Device Basics]]</div></td></tr>
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</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=LEO_I&diff=33938&oldid=0LEO I2024-03-18T18:30:45Z<p>Redir - later name</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>#Redirect [[LEO]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Delay_line&diff=33937&oldid=33921Delay line2024-03-18T18:29:36Z<p>+Computers that used them</p>
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</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l10" >Line 10:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although they were cheap and simple, they had one large drawback; they were not [[random access]]. If the computer needed a value that had just been sent into the delay line, it had to wait until it emerged at the other end. This often required the use of [[optimum programming]], to control the execution delays which resulted if [[instruction]]s were not placed in the optimum positions in the delay line. This made alternatives such as [[Williams tube]] storage attractive, despite their issues.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although they were cheap and simple, they had one large drawback; they were not [[random access]]. If the computer needed a value that had just been sent into the delay line, it had to wait until it emerged at the other end. This often required the use of [[optimum programming]], to control the execution delays which resulted if [[instruction]]s were not placed in the optimum positions in the delay line. This made alternatives such as [[Williams tube]] storage attractive, despite their issues.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Still, despite delay lines' inherent problems, several important and influential families of early computers used them:</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [[Automatic Computing Engine|ACE]] ([[Pilot ACE]], [[DEUCE]])</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [[EDSAC]] ([[LEO]])</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [[EDVAC]] ([[UNIVAC I]])</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Once [[core memory]] appeared, delay line memories rapidly disappeared.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Once [[core memory]] appeared, delay line memories rapidly disappeared.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Leo_Computers&diff=33936&oldid=33657Leo Computers2024-03-18T17:07:04Z<p>Tweaks</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:07, 18 March 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l3" >Line 3:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 3:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>They built a new computer, the [[LEO II]] (the original LEO was retrospectively named 'LEO I'), of which 11 were sold, starting in 1957. They then moved on in 1962 to the [[LEO III]], of which they sold 94.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>They built a new computer, the [[LEO II]] (the original LEO was retrospectively named 'LEO I'), of which 11 were sold, starting in 1957. They then moved on in 1962 to the [[LEO III]], of which they sold 94.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1963, Lyons decided that Leo Computers, although successful, was ancillary to their main business focus, and would require the investment of a great deal of capital, so they decided to divest it. They merged Leo Computers with English Electric's computer business, forming <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[English Electric Computers|</del>English Electric Leo Computers<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </del>(which Lyons exited in 1964).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1963, Lyons decided that Leo Computers, although successful, was ancillary to their main business focus, and would require the investment of a great deal of capital <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(for which they had other priorities)</ins>, so they decided to divest it. They merged Leo Computers with <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>English Electric <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Computers|English Electric]]</ins>'s computer business, forming English Electric Leo Computers (which Lyons exited in 1964).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{semi-stub}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{semi-stub}}</div></td></tr>
</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=LEO&diff=33935&oldid=33899LEO2024-03-18T17:03:35Z<p>Delay line main memory</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr style="vertical-align: top;" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:03, 18 March 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''Lyons Electronic Office''' (usually referred to by the acronym, '''LEO''') was a computer built by Lyons, a British chain of cafeterias; the first computer ever built for business applications.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''Lyons Electronic Office''' (usually referred to by the acronym, '''LEO'''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; later referred to as the '''LEO I''', after follow-ons were built</ins>) was a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>computer<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>built by Lyons, a British chain of cafeterias; the first computer ever built for business applications.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It was a brave and audacious start for a company that ran corner tea shops; they decided in 1949 to investigate the computer for their office functions. Their work showed the path to the adoption of computers in businesses - the first non-mathematical task to which they had been put.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It was a brave and audacious start for a company that ran corner tea shops; they decided in 1949 to investigate the computer for their office functions. Their work showed the path to the adoption of computers in businesses - the first non-mathematical task to which they had been put.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The design of their first computer<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, retrospectively named the '''LEO I''', </del>was based on the [[EDSAC]]; an engineer from Lyons was seconded to the EDSAC project, and helped build it.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The design of their first computer was based on the [[EDSAC]]; an engineer from Lyons was seconded to the EDSAC project, and helped build it<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Like the EDSAC, the LEO used [[delay line]] [[main memory]]</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There was a public announcement in "Electronic Engineering" of its running in production in April 1954, but it had at that time been under test and doing some government work for 18 months.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There was a public announcement in "Electronic Engineering" of its running in production in April 1954, but it had at that time been under test and doing some government work for 18 months.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It was so successful that Lyons set up a subsidiary, [[Leo Computers]], to build more of them.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It was so successful that Lyons set up a subsidiary, [[Leo Computers]], to build more of them.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The increasing capital requirements to build computers eventually resulted in Lyons' computer business being merged with [[English Electric Computers]] in 1963 (Lyons exited in 1964).</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{semi-stub}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{semi-stub}}</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: Early Computers]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: Early Computers]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category: Unique Computers]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: Mainframes]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: Mainframes]]</div></td></tr>
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</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=DEUCE&diff=33933&oldid=33932DEUCE2024-03-18T15:06:39Z<p>+Good quote about it</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr style="vertical-align: top;" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:06, 18 March 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''DEUCE''' was a product version of the [[Pilot ACE]], produced by [[English Electric Computers|English Electric]], which had assisted on the building of the Pilot ACE. No less than 33 were built; the last was sold in 1962. Roughly 20 were still running in 1965; the last operational DEUCE was shut down in 1967 (possibly 1971; sources differ).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''DEUCE''' was a product version of the [[Pilot ACE]], produced by [[English Electric Computers|English Electric]], which had assisted on the building of the Pilot ACE<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. It was aptly described by one user as "DEUCE has a fair claim to being, for programmers, the most complicated computer ever put into general production"</ins>. No less than 33 were built; the last was sold in 1962. Roughly 20 were still running in 1965; the last operational DEUCE was shut down in 1967 (possibly 1971; sources differ).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The changes from the Pilot ACE were minor; mostly in the numbers of the various [[main memory]] [[delay line]]s. The DEUCE had 12 long ones (instead of 11), 4 single word lines, 3 doubles, and 2 quads (newly introduced with the DEUCE). It did contain more [[vacuum tube]]s than the Pilot ACE (in part because the DEUCE had a hardware divide unit) - 1,450, instead of around 1,000. The packaging was entirely different, and much more finished.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The changes from the Pilot ACE were minor; mostly in the numbers of the various [[main memory]] [[delay line]]s. The DEUCE <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">initially (in the Mark I and II) </ins>had 12 long ones (instead of 11), 4 single word lines, 3 doubles, and 2 quads (newly introduced with the DEUCE). It did contain more [[vacuum tube]]s than the Pilot ACE (in part because the DEUCE had a hardware divide unit) - 1,450, instead of around 1,000. The packaging was entirely different, and much more finished.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Input/output]] used a [[printer]], as well as the [[punched card]]s of the Pilot ACE; [[magnetic tape drive]]s and a [[paper tape]] reader and punch were also available. The Mark II DEUCE had [[International Business Machines|IBM]] card equipment, which was superior. The DEUCE also had a [[drum]], holding 256 [[track]]s, each containing 32 words - the same size as the large delay lines. The Mark IA and Mark IIA had seven extra of the large delay lines.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Input/output]] used a [[printer]], as well as the [[punched card]]s of the Pilot ACE; [[magnetic tape drive]]s and a [[paper tape]] reader and punch were also available. The Mark II DEUCE had [[International Business Machines|IBM]] card equipment, which was superior. The DEUCE also had a [[drum]], holding 256 [[track]]s, each containing 32 words - the same size as the large delay lines. The Mark IA and Mark IIA had seven extra of the large delay lines.</div></td></tr>
<!-- diff cache key mediawiki-wiki_:diff:version:1.11a:oldid:33932:newid:33933 -->
</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=BB%2BN&diff=33931&oldid=0BB+N2024-03-18T14:20:20Z<p>Redir - another acronym form</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>#Redirect [[Bolt, Beranek, and Newman]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=DEUCE&diff=33929&oldid=0DEUCE2024-03-18T01:35:12Z<p>Fairly complete</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>The '''DEUCE''' was a product version of the [[Pilot ACE]], produced by [[English Electric Computers|English Electric]], which had assisted on the building of the Pilot ACE. No less than 33 were built; the last was sold in 1962. Roughly 20 were still running in 1965; the last operational DEUCE was shut down in 1967 (possibly 1971; sources differ).<br />
<br />
The changes from the Pilot ACE were minor; mostly in the numbers of the various [[main memory]] [[delay line]]s. The DEUCE had 12 long ones (instead of 11), 4 single word lines, 3 doubles, and 2 quads (newly introduced with the DEUCE). It did contain more [[vacuum tube]]s than the Pilot ACE (in part because the DEUCE had a hardware divide unit) - 1,450, instead of around 1,000. The packaging was entirely different, and much more finished. <br />
<br />
[[Input/output]] used a [[printer]], as well as the [[punched card]]s of the Pilot ACE; [[magnetic tape drive]]s and a [[paper tape]] reader and punch were also available. The Mark II DEUCE had [[International Business Machines|IBM]] card equipment, which was superior. The DEUCE also had a [[drum]], holding 256 [[track]]s, each containing 32 words - the same size as the large delay lines. The Mark IA and Mark IIA had seven extra of the large delay lines.<br />
<br />
{{semi-stub}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
<br />
* Alan Turing, B. E. Carpenter (editor), R. W. Doran (editor), ''A. M. Turing's ACE report of 1946 and other papers'', MIT Press/Tomash, Cambridge/Los Angeles, 1986 - brief notes about the DEUCE are in the last document re-printed herein<br />
* David M. Yates, ''Turing's Legacy: A History of Computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945-1995'', Science Museum, London, 1997 - the DEUCE is covered on pp. 40-46<br />
* B. Jack Copeland (editor), [https://dokumen.tips/documents/alan-turings-automatic-computing-engine.html ''Alan Turing's Automatic Computing Engine: The Master Codebreaker's Struggle to Build the Modern Computer''], Oxford University, Oxford, 2005 - essays from a number of people, including one covering the DEUCE in some detail<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.ourcomputerheritage.org/Maincomp/Eel/ccs-n1x2.pdf Architecture of the English Electric DEUCE computer]<br />
* [https://www.ourcomputerheritage.org/Maincomp/Eel/ccs-n1x3.pdf Instruction set of the English Electric DEUCE]<br />
* [https://www.ourcomputerheritage.org/Maincomp/Eel/ccs-n1x1.pdf List of probable English Electric DEUCE computer deliveries]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230712212624/http://users.tpg.com.au/eedeuce/ English Electric D.E.U.C.E.] - a vast amount of material<br />
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20230712212515/http://users.tpg.com.au/eedeuce/navigation.html Navigating the DEUCE Manuals]<br />
*** [https://web.archive.org/web/20230712212738/http://users.tpg.com.au/eedeuce/pm.htm English Electric Deuce Programming Manual]<br />
*** [https://web.archive.org/web/20230712212515/http://users.tpg.com.au/eedeuce/ldmpart1.html English Electric Deuce Logical Design Manual]<br />
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20220705060051/http://www.members.optusnet.com.au/deucepix/photoindex.htm English Electric DEUCE Photo Gallery]<br />
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20160512215248/http://www.members.optusnet.com.au/deuceplus/brochures/brochures.html English Electric DEUCE Sales Brochures]<br />
* [https://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/archive/graphics/deuce.html English Electric DEUCE] - image<br />
<br />
[[Category: Early Computers]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Pilot_ACE&diff=33927&oldid=0Pilot ACE2024-03-17T23:32:31Z<p>Fairly complete</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>The '''Pilot ACE''' was a prototype of the full [[Automatic Computing Engine]] (ACE). It too was designed by [[Alan Turing]] personally, with the assistance of J. H. Wilkinson. Like the ACE, its [[main memory]] also was mercury [[delay line]]s, and its whole [[architecture]] was adapted to their characteristics, to a degree which today is hard to imagine without seeing the details (for instance, in the use of using [[optimum coding]], to give a simple example). For its day, as a result, it was thus a very fast machine indeed, although difficult to program.<br />
<br />
After Turing did the ACE design in late 1945, the NPL moved very slowly on doing anything (although in fairness, resources at NPL were short, compared with what Turing had become used to at Bletchley Park). In January, 1947, Harry Huskey joined the group, and pushed for action, and the group started work on a machine called the Test Assembly, to prototype Turing's ideas. Turing, apparently unhappy at the delays in building the ACE, left NPL at the end of September, 1947, eventually ending up at Manchester University.<br />
<br />
The NPL had by then abandoned the Test Assembly, which was a marginal design, and instead moved on to a scaled-down prototype of the ACE, the Pilot ACE. Construction of that started in early 1949, and it was initially operational by May, 1950; a public demonstration was held at the end of November, 1950. It contained about 800 [[vacuum tube]]s.<br />
<br />
It was so successful that [[English Electric Computers|English Electric]], which had assisted on the building of the Pilot ACE, produced a copy of it as a product, the [[DEUCE]], of which no less than 33 were built. The [[Bendix G-15]], done by Huskey, was also a descendant of the Pilot ACE. The original Pilot ACE was shut down in June, 1956.<br />
<br />
==Technical details==<br />
<br />
In addition to 11 (at the end of its development) long delay lines, each of which had a capacity of 32 32-bit [[word]]s, the Pilot ACE also had 2 double-word lines (for double-length [[operand]]s), and 5 single-word lines (the reduced size gave lower [[access time]]s). The shorter ones had the role of [[register]]s in most computers. The time required for one word (the whole machine was [[serial]]) was termed a 'minor cycle'; a complete cycle of a long line was a 'major cycle'.<br />
<br />
The Pilot ACE's [[instruction]]s were also 32 bits. They contained 7 fields:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Field !! Width !! Description<br />
|-<br />
| Next Instruction Source|| 3 || Next instruction line<br />
|-<br />
| Source || 5 || Line holding source operand<br />
|-<br />
| Destination || 5 || Line where result is to be stored<br />
|-<br />
| Characteristic || 2 || Number of minor cycles for this instruction<br />
|-<br />
| Wait || 5 || Minor cycle in which to start instruction<br />
|-<br />
| Timing || 5 || Next instruction minor cycle<br />
|-<br />
| Go || 1 || Actuated by console key<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Five bits were unused. For sources in long lines, the minor cycle used was that selected by the 'Wait' field. Instructions contained ''3'' [[address]]es; a source, a destination, and the address of the next instruction. (The Pilot ACE had no [[Program Counter]].) Note that there is no [[operation code]] in the instruction; instead, many of the sources and destinations had side-effects.<br />
<br />
It could do an addition in 64 μsec. The machine underwent a number of changes during the period 1946-49; the information above represents its final configuration. A hardware multiplier was added in 1951.<br />
<br />
[[Input/output]] used [[punched card]]s; in February, 1954 the Pilot ACE was given a [[drum]] (holding 32 [[track]]s initially, eventually 128; each containing 32 words - the same size as the large delay lines); it used a moving group of 16 [[head]]s.<br />
<br />
{{semi-stub}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
<br />
* Alan Turing, B. E. Carpenter (editor), R. W. Doran (editor), ''A. M. Turing's ACE report of 1946 and other papers'', MIT Press/Tomash, Cambridge/Los Angeles, 1986 - the Pilot ACE is covered in the last document re-printed herein<br />
* David M. Yates, ''Turing's Legacy: A History of Computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945-1995'', Science Museum, London, 1997 - the environment which produced the Pilot ACE is covered in Section 2.3, in some detail; the Pilot ACE itself is covered in Section 2.4; descendants are covered on pp. 40-46<br />
* B. Jack Copeland (editor), [https://dokumen.tips/documents/alan-turings-automatic-computing-engine.html ''Alan Turing's Automatic Computing Engine: The Master Codebreaker's Struggle to Build the Modern Computer''], Oxford University, Oxford, 2005 - essays from a number of people, including a lot of material on various aspects of the Pilot ACE<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.ourcomputerheritage.org/Maincomp/Eel/ccs-n1x2.pdf Architecture of the English Electric DEUCE computer] - also covers the Pilot ACE in some detail<br />
* [http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res02.htm#f Evolution of the ACE]<br />
* [http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res02.htm#g ACE hardware]<br />
* [https://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/archive/graphics/ace1.html Photographs of the Pilot Model ACE]<br />
<br />
[[Category: Early Computers]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_Computing_Engine&diff=33924&oldid=33913Automatic Computing Engine2024-03-17T16:35:33Z<p>Note separate multiplier and divider hardware units</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:35, 17 March 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''Automatic Computing Engine''' (usually given as the acronym, '''ACE'''; the name was a conscious tribute to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </del>[[Analytical Engine]]) was a very early [[computer]] (the first one designed in the UK); it was designed by [[Alan Turing]], personally. Its [[main memory]] was mercury [[delay line]]s, and the whole [[architecture]] of the machine was adapted to their characteristics, to a degree which today is hard to imagine without seeing the details (for instance, in the use of using [[optimum <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">coding</del>]], to give a simple example). For its day, as a result, it was thus a very fast machine indeed, although difficult to program.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''Automatic Computing Engine''' (usually given as the acronym, '''ACE'''; the name was a conscious tribute to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Charles Babbage|Babbage]]'s </ins>[[Analytical Engine]]) was a very early [[computer]] (the first one designed in the UK); it was designed by [[Alan Turing]], personally. Its [[main memory]] was mercury [[delay line]]s, and the whole [[architecture]] of the machine was adapted to their characteristics, to a degree which today is hard to imagine without seeing the details (for instance, in the use of using [[optimum <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">programming</ins>]], to give a simple example). For its day, as a result, it was thus a very fast machine indeed, although difficult to program.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Turing did the design in late 1945, after he moved to the National Physical Laboratory - perhaps inspired by news of [[John von Neumann]]'s ''First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC''. He produced a lengthy detailed design document, ''Proposal for Development in the Mathematics Division of an Automatic Computing Engine (ACE)'', which came out in March, 1946; the NPL approved his proposal, but moved very slowly on doing anything. Turing, apparently unhappy at the delays in building it, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">eventually </del>moved to Manchester University.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Turing did the design in late 1945, after he moved to the National Physical Laboratory - perhaps inspired by news of [[John von Neumann]]'s ''First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC''. He produced a lengthy detailed design document, ''Proposal for Development in the Mathematics Division of an Automatic Computing Engine (ACE)'', which came out in March, 1946; the NPL approved his proposal, but moved very slowly on doing anything. Turing, apparently unhappy at the delays in building it, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">left the NPL in September, 1947 for a short sabbatical at Cambridge, and then </ins>moved to Manchester University.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The NPL then produced a scaled-down prototype, the [[Pilot ACE]], <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">starting </del>in early 1949, and initially operational by May, 1950; it was both successful, and much copied. After <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a </del>considerable delay, they then moved on to produce the full-scale ACE, starting in 1953; it was initially operational in 1958. Already obsolescent, but still quite powerful (oh, had it only been built when he first proposed it!), it soldiered on, and was shut down in February, 1967.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The NPL then produced a scaled-down prototype, the [[Pilot ACE]], <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on which construction started </ins>in early 1949, and initially operational by May, 1950; it was both successful, and much copied. After <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">another </ins>considerable delay, they then moved on to produce the full-scale ACE, starting in 1953; it was initially operational in 1958. Already obsolescent, but still quite powerful (oh, had it only been built when he first proposed it!), it soldiered on, and was shut down in February, 1967.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Technical details==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Technical details==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l14" >Line 14:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>! Field !! Width !! Description</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>! Field !! Width !! Description</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Wait || 5 || Minor cycle in which to start instruction</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Wait || 5 || Minor cycle in which to start instruction <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">execution</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Source A || 6</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Source A || 6 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|| Line holding source [[operand]] A</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Source B || 6</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Source B || 6 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|| Line holding source operand B</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Function || 6 || 8 groups of 8</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Function || 6 || 8 groups of 8</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Destination || 6</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Destination || 6 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|| Line where result is to be stored</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Stop || 1 || Actuated by console key</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Stop || 1 || Actuated by console key</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l28" >Line 28:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 28:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Next || 5 || Next instruction line</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Next || 5 || Next instruction line</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| J || 6 || Counting area</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Auxiliary Timing Number (</ins>J<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) </ins>|| 6 || Counting area</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Time || 5 || Next instruction minor cycle</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Time || 5 || Next instruction minor cycle</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l37" >Line 37:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 37:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>One bit was unused. Apparently, for sources in long lines, the minor cycle used was that selected by the 'Wait' field. Instructions contained no less than ''4'' [[address]]es; two sources, a destination, and the address of the next instruction. (The ACE had no [[Program Counter]].) Many of the destinations had side-effects.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>One bit was unused. Apparently, for sources in long lines, the minor cycle used was that selected by the 'Wait' field. Instructions contained no less than ''4'' [[address]]es; two sources, a destination, and the address of the next instruction. (The ACE had no [[Program Counter]].) Many of the destinations had side-effects.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When eventually built, the ACE was given 4 [[drum]]s (each holding 256 [[track]]s of 32 words - the same size as the large delay lines), and 6 [[magnetic tape drive]]s. [[Input/output]] used [[punched card]]s and [[paper tape]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The ACE had separate multiplier and divider hardware units. The divider could perform [[normalization]], for use in [[floating point]] calculations.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When eventually built, the ACE was given 4 [[drum]]s (each holding 256 [[track]]s of 32 words - the same size as the large delay lines<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, for ease of bringing their contents in</ins>), and 6 [[magnetic tape drive]]s. [[Input/output]] used [[punched card]]s and [[paper tape]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{semi-stub}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{semi-stub}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l52" >Line 52:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 54:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://cs.furman.edu/~tallen/csc475/materials/Turing_Report_on_ACE.pdf Proposal for Development in the Mathematics Division of an Automatic Computing Engine] - scan of Turing's original proposal</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://cs.furman.edu/~tallen/csc475/materials/Turing_Report_on_ACE.pdf Proposal for Development in the Mathematics Division of an Automatic Computing Engine] - scan of Turing's original proposal</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [https://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/archive/index/aceindex.html Turing's Automatic Computing Engine] - NPL internal correspondence about the ACE</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [https://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/archive/index/aceindex.html Turing's Automatic Computing Engine] - NPL internal correspondence about the ACE</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">** [https://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/archive/l/l09/l09.php Some Features of the ACE Computer] - a fairly complete, detailed description, from May, 1957</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [https://cds.cern.ch/record/263304/files/p230.pdf Turing and ACE: Lessons from a 1946 Computer Design] - a later paper by Carpenter about the ACE</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [https://cds.cern.ch/record/263304/files/p230.pdf Turing and ACE: Lessons from a 1946 Computer Design] - a later paper by Carpenter about the ACE</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res02.htm#f Evolution of the ACE]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res02.htm#f Evolution of the ACE]</div></td></tr>
</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Delay_line&diff=33921&oldid=21616Delay line2024-03-17T16:01:02Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Delay line memory: </span> Need optimum programming when used for main memory</span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr style="vertical-align: top;" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:01, 17 March 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l9" >Line 9:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 9:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A string of [[bit]]s could be stored in the delay line by taking its output, sending it through some [[electronic]]s (including an [[amplifier]]) to 'clean up' the signal, and then directing it back to the start of the delay line for re-insertion.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A string of [[bit]]s could be stored in the delay line by taking its output, sending it through some [[electronic]]s (including an [[amplifier]]) to 'clean up' the signal, and then directing it back to the start of the delay line for re-insertion.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although they were cheap and simple, they had one large drawback; they were not [[random access]]. If the computer needed a value that had just been sent into the delay line, it had to wait until it emerged at the other end. This made alternatives such as [[Williams tube]] storage attractive, despite their issues.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although they were cheap and simple, they had one large drawback; they were not [[random access]]. If the computer needed a value that had just been sent into the delay line, it had to wait until it emerged at the other end<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. This often required the use of [[optimum programming]], to control the execution delays which resulted if [[instruction]]s were not placed in the optimum positions in the delay line</ins>. This made alternatives such as [[Williams tube]] storage attractive, despite their issues.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Once [[core memory]] appeared, delay line memories rapidly disappeared.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Once [[core memory]] appeared, delay line memories rapidly disappeared.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Drum&diff=33920&oldid=22517Drum2024-03-17T15:53:21Z<p>Need optimum programming if used for main memory</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:53, 17 March 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l3" >Line 3:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Like fixed-head disks, this avoided the delays involved in having the head(s) [[seek]] to the correct track, and was also mechanically simpler (an important point at this early stage of development), but did require more components; drums also needed more volume for their installation.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Like fixed-head disks, this avoided the delays involved in having the head(s) [[seek]] to the correct track, and was also mechanically simpler (an important point at this early stage of development), but did require more components; drums also needed more volume for their installation.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The very first drums were <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">actuallly </del>used for [[main memory]] on some very early computers; and also on slightly later, but low-end, ones (e.g. the [[IBM 650]]). Some drums were actually used to store [[register]]s, storing several registers in each track, and using multiple heads on that track to give faster access to the contents of the registers.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The very first drums were <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">actually </ins>used for [[main memory]] on some very early computers; and also on slightly later, but low-end, ones (e.g. the [[IBM 650<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] and [[Bendix G-15</ins>]])<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Such use often required the use of [[optimum programming]], to control the execution delays (due to rotational latency) which resulted if [[instruction]]s were not placed in the optimum positions on the drum</ins>. Some drums were actually used to store [[register]]s, storing several registers in each track, and using multiple heads on that track to give faster access to the contents of the registers.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Once [[core memory]] appeared, drums were only seen in the role of high-speed [[secondary storage]]; often being used for [[swapping]] or [[virtual memory|paging]] purposes.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Once [[core memory]] appeared, drums were only seen in the role of high-speed [[secondary storage]]; often being used for [[swapping]] or [[virtual memory|paging]] purposes.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Packet_switch&diff=33916&oldid=0Talk:Packet switch2024-03-17T03:26:10Z<p>Baran v. Davies</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>==Baran v. Davies==<br />
<br />
A comment on Baran and Davies as the originator of 'packet switching', and on the question of whether Davies knew of Baran's work: an abstract of Baran's '64 IEEE ToN paper had been published in IEEE Spectrum (circulation about 160,000 in those days) in August '64, so Baran's ideas had been circulated extremely widely years before Davies' work. Just because Davies didn't later ''remember'' seeing it, doesn't mean there wasn't a now-forgotten thread connecting them. (I am ''not at all'' saying that Davies deliberately hid any connection - I'm just trying to be realistic about the way human minds work.) E.g. maybe someone Davies knew ''had'' read of Baran's work, and mentioned it over lunch one day - and it went in one ear of Davies, and out the other - but it left a sub-conscious trace. We'll never know, sadly. All we can say, with certainty, is that Baran's work long preceded Davies, and was fairly widely publicized.<br />
<br />
The topic is discussed at more length, including also Leonard Kleinrock's contribution, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Packet_switching/OriginsArchive here] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:ARPANET#Leonard_Kleinrock here]. [[User:Jnc|Jnc]] ([[User talk:Jnc|talk]]) 04:25, 17 March 2024 (CET)</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=English_Electric&diff=33914&oldid=0English Electric2024-03-17T01:52:31Z<p>Redir - short form</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>#Redirect [[English Electric Computers]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_Computing_Engine&diff=33913&oldid=33910Automatic Computing Engine2024-03-17T01:30:24Z<p>The name was a conscious tribute to the Analytical Engine</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:30, 17 March 2024</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''Automatic Computing Engine''' (usually given as the acronym, '''ACE''') was a very early [[computer]] (the first one designed in the UK)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>designed by [[Alan Turing]], personally. Its [[main memory]] was mercury [[delay line]]s, and the whole [[architecture]] of the machine was adapted to their characteristics, to a degree which today is hard to imagine without seeing the details (for instance, in the use of using [[optimum coding]], to give a simple example). For its day, as a result, it was thus a very fast machine indeed, although difficult to program.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''Automatic Computing Engine''' (usually given as the acronym, '''ACE'''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; the name was a conscious tribute to the [[Analytical Engine]]</ins>) was a very early [[computer]] (the first one designed in the UK)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; it was </ins>designed by [[Alan Turing]], personally. Its [[main memory]] was mercury [[delay line]]s, and the whole [[architecture]] of the machine was adapted to their characteristics, to a degree which today is hard to imagine without seeing the details (for instance, in the use of using [[optimum coding]], to give a simple example). For its day, as a result, it was thus a very fast machine indeed, although difficult to program.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Turing did the design in late 1945, after he moved to the National Physical Laboratory - perhaps inspired by news of [[John von Neumann]]'s ''First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC''. He produced a lengthy detailed design document, ''Proposal for Development in the Mathematics Division of an Automatic Computing Engine (ACE)'', which came out in March, 1946; the NPL approved his proposal, but moved very slowly on doing anything. Turing, apparently unhappy at the delays in building it, eventually moved to Manchester University.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Turing did the design in late 1945, after he moved to the National Physical Laboratory - perhaps inspired by news of [[John von Neumann]]'s ''First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC''. He produced a lengthy detailed design document, ''Proposal for Development in the Mathematics Division of an Automatic Computing Engine (ACE)'', which came out in March, 1946; the NPL approved his proposal, but moved very slowly on doing anything. Turing, apparently unhappy at the delays in building it, eventually moved to Manchester University.</div></td></tr>
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