https://gunkies.org/w/api.php?hidemyself=1&hidebots=1&hideminor=1&urlversion=1&days=7&limit=50&action=feedrecentchanges&feedformat=atomComputer History Wiki - Recent changes [en]2024-03-29T15:05:34ZTrack the most recent changes to the wiki in this feed.MediaWiki 1.30.0https://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_Computer_Project&diff=34021&oldid=0Electronic Computer Project2024-03-29T08:49:58Z<p>Redir - covered there</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>#Redirect [[IAS computer]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=VAX_8200/8300_Revision_Control&diff=34016&oldid=0VAX 8200/8300 Revision Control2024-03-28T21:03:28Z<p>New page "VAX 8200/8300 Revision Control"</p>
<a href="https://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=VAX_8200/8300_Revision_Control&diff=34016">Show changes</a>Vaxorcisthttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=IAS_machine&diff=34015&oldid=0IAS machine2024-03-28T12:48:22Z<p>Redir - alt name</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>#Redirect [[IAS computer]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=IAS_computer&diff=34014&oldid=0IAS computer2024-03-28T12:47:15Z<p>A good start</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>The '''IAS computer''' (sometimes called the '''IAS machine'''; it seems not to have had a formal name) was a very early [[electronic]] [[program]]mable [[computer]]. The group that designed and built it began the task in June, 1946, and it passed its initial acceptance test in June, 1952. Its most significant contribution was the vast list of first-generation computers, both in the US, and around the world, which were copies of it (below).<br />
<br />
The group, the '''Electronic Computer Project''', was assembled by [[John von Neumann]] at the [[Institute for Avanced Study]] at Princeton (von Neumann's base institution at the time). This machine became his focus after his involvement in the planning for, and design of, the [[EDVAC]] had enlightened him to the promise of the field. (He broke of his connection to [[John Mauchly]] and [[J. Presper Eckert]] because they were focused on starting a business, the eventual [[Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation]], and he wished to make all his work public - as the many copies of the IAS computer testified.)<br />
<br />
The engineers on the ECP team initially included Julian Bigelow (Chief Engineer), John Davis, James Pomerene, Robert Shaw, Ralph Slutz, ad Willis Ware; Morris Rubinoff and Dick Snyder joined later. Other members of the team included Arthur Burks, Jule Charney, Hewitt Crane, Gerald Estrin, Herman Goldstine, and others. Their work was widely distributed via progress reports, which were circulated extensively.<br />
<br />
It eventually used [[Williams tube]]s for its [[main memory]] (after the [[Selectron]] project failed to produce usable memory), 1K 40-[[bit]] [[word]]s in total. It was constructed using [[vacuum tube]]s (although only about 3,000; many fewer than the [[ENIAC]]), and was a [[parallel computer]] internally, using [[binary]].<br />
<br />
[[Instruction]]s were 20 bits long, and contained a 10-bit [[operation code|opcode]] and a 10-bit [[address]]. There were 16 instruction classes, each with 16 variants, not all of which did something useful. It had instructions to perform multiplication and division, but no special hardware; both were performed a bit at a time, with shifting and addition/subtraction.<br />
<br />
It was eventually given a [[drum]] of 2K words; that was eventually replaced with a 12K one. [[Input/output|I/O]] was on [[paper tape]], later switched to [[punched card]]s, and supplemented with a 7" [[CRT]] for [[graphics]] output.<br />
<br />
==Copies==<br />
<br />
As mentioned, many copies of it were built, early on (and a few later), some with the help of people who had worked on the IAS machine. The faithfulness of the copies varied from machine to machine (apparently including a last one, built with [[transistor]]s); the later ones used [[core memory]]. The list of the US ones, with their dates of completion, is:<br />
<br />
* AVIDAC(Argonne) - January, 1953<br />
* CYCLONE (Iowa State University) - July, 1959<br />
* ILLIAC (Illinois) - September, 1952<br />
* JOHNNIAC (Rand) - March, 1954<br />
* MANIAC (Los Alamos) - March, 1952 (slightly before the original)<br />
* MISTIC (Michigan State University) - November, 1957 (a copy of the ILLIAC)<br />
* ORACLE (Oak Ridge) - September, 1953<br />
* ORDVAC (Aberdeen) - November, 1951<br />
<br />
(The MANIAC was said to have been so named in protest against the 'cute' names which had become the fashion.) Elsewhere, they included:<br />
<br />
* BESK (Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden) - November, 1953 (included hardware [[floating point]])<br />
* DASK (Academy of Technical Sciences, Denmark) - 1957 (a copy of BESK)<br />
* EDB-1 (Facit, Sweden) - 1957 (another copy of BESK, without floating point)<br />
* MUSASINO-1 (NTT, Japan) - March, 1957<br />
* SARA (SAAB, Sweden) - 1957 (another tweaked copy of BESK)<br />
* SILLIAC (University of Sydney, Australia) - June, 1956<br />
* SMIL (Lund University, Sweden) - June, 1956<br />
* TRASK (Datasystem AB, Sweden) - 1965 (another copy of BESK, using transistors and core)<br />
* WEIZAC (Weizmann Institute, Israel) - October, 1955<br />
<br />
The [[IBM 701]] was apparently a 'cleaned up' copy as well, as were the [[EDB-2]] and [[EDB-3]] families built in Sweden from 1957 on, and the FACOM 201 (a copy of the MUSASINO-1) produced by Fujitsu from 1960.<br />
<br />
Several other machines (such as the [[BESM 1]]) were built after close study of the IAS computer's documentation (and in the BESM 1's case, that of the BESK as well), but were not copies of it.<br />
<br />
{{semi-stub}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
<br />
* Herman H. Goldstine, ''The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann'', Princeton University, Princeton, 1972 - contains details of the entire effort, in which Goldstine participated<br />
* William Aspray, ''John von Neumann and the Origins of Modern Computing'', MIT Press, Cambridge, 1990<br />
* Nicholas Metropolis, Jack Howlett, Gian-Carlo Rota (editors), [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780124916500/a-history-of-computing-in-the-twentieth-century ''A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century''], Academic Press, New York, 1980 - the IAS computer is covered in the first section of Part IV; many descendants are covered in detail in other sections<br />
* George Dyson, ''Turing's Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe'', Pantheon, New York, 2012 - focused on the creation of this machine at the Institute for Advanced Study <br />
* Raul Rojas, Ulf Hashagen, ''The First Computers: History and Architectures'', MIT Press, Cambridge, 2002 - the IAS machine is covered in detail in chapter II/4<br />
* W. H. Ware, [http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/rand/P-377_The_History_And_Development_Of_The_IAS_Computer_Mar53.pdf ''The History and Development of the Electronic Computer Project at the Institute for Avanced Study''] (Rand Report P-377, March, 1953) - includes interesting detail of the electrical engineering design philosophy<br />
* John Deane, [https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2017/11/102693640-05-01-acc.pdf ''The IAS Computer Family Scrapbook''] - lists further information sources for each machine<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ias/ IAS] - documentation at [[Bitsavers]] (skimpy)<br />
** [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ias/IAS_Final_Report_Jan54.pdf ''Final Progress Report on the Physical Realization of an Electronic Computing Instrument''] - contains a lot of details on the mathematics, and a detailed list of instruction<br />
* [https://www.ias.edu/electronic-computer-project Electronic Computer Project]<br />
<br />
[[Category: Early Computers]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Installing_UNIX_Sixth_Edition&diff=34012&oldid=33496Installing UNIX Sixth Edition2024-03-27T03:35:07Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Programs: </span> Mention devices for each driver</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The first stage tape bootstrap is "tpboot.s"; this is assembled with either "tm.s" or "ht.s" to produce the first-stage bootstrap that goes in blocks 0 and 1 of the tape. It takes as input a file-name, for installing UNIX, normally 'xxyy' as above, entered at the console. It then reads the tp-format directory off the tape, and looks for that file-name in it, and if found, loads and starts it.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The first stage tape bootstrap is "tpboot.s"; this is assembled with either "tm.s" <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(the TM11 [[device driver]]) </ins>or "ht.s" <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(the TM02 driver) </ins>to produce the first-stage bootstrap that goes in blocks 0 and 1 of the tape. It takes as input a file-name, for installing UNIX, normally 'xxyy' as above, entered at the console. It then reads the tp-format directory off the tape, and looks for that file-name in it, and if found, loads and starts it.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>"mcopy.s" is the tape copier program, assembled with either "tm.s" or "ht.s", and one of "rk.s", "rp.s" and "hp.s", to produce the 'xxyy' files above.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>"mcopy.s" is the tape copier program, assembled with either "tm.s" or "ht.s", and one of "rk.s" <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(RK11 driver)</ins>, "rp.s" <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(RP11 driver) </ins>and "hp.s" <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(RP04 driver)</ins>, to produce the 'xxyy' files above.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>"fsboot.s" is the disk bootstrap, assembled with "rk.s", "rp.s" or "hp.s" to produce the various disk bootstraps.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>"fsboot.s" is the disk bootstrap, assembled with "rk.s", "rp.s" or "hp.s" to produce the various disk bootstraps.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Ferranti&diff=34010&oldid=33894Ferranti2024-03-27T01:52:17Z<p>Mention Pegasus and Mercury; +Lavington, ''Early Computing in Britain"</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:52, 27 March 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Ferranti''' was an old (founded in 1882) British electrical engineering and equipment company, originally involved in producing equipment for electricity supply. By WW2 they had also become involved in [[electronics]], and during the war had been involved in [[radar]] work. Like many others, their acquaintance with circuits that used pulses made the jump to computers an easy one.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Ferranti''' was an old (founded in 1882) British electrical engineering and equipment company, originally involved in producing equipment for electricity supply. By WW2 they had also become involved in [[electronics]], and during the war had been involved in [[radar]] work. Like many others, their acquaintance with circuits that used pulses made the jump to computers an easy one.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>They had contacts with the team at Manchester University, so it was natural that they manufactured the [[Ferranti Mark 1]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(also known as MADAM and MADM) </del>for Manchester<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; when </del>it was delivered in February, 1951, it was the world’s</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>They had contacts with the team at Manchester University <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">who did the [[Manchester Mark I]] (also known as MADAM and MADM)</ins>, so it was natural that they manufactured <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the productized version of that machine, </ins>the [[Ferranti Mark 1]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>for Manchester<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. When </ins>it was delivered in February, 1951, it was the world’s first production computer.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>first production computer.</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Through the 1950's, they continued to produce computers for the scientific and engineering market. Later, they also made [[Atlas]], which was the biggest and fastest computer in the world at the time of introduction (1962), but, of more note in the longer term, was the machine on which [[virtual memory]] was introduced.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Through the 1950's, they continued to produce computers for the scientific and engineering market<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, including the [[Pegasus]] and [[Mercury]]</ins>. Later, they also made <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </ins>[[Atlas]], which was the biggest and fastest computer in the world at the time of introduction (1962), but, of more note in the longer term, was the machine on which [[virtual memory]] was introduced<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. The latter two were also based on machines done at Manchester</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1963, its commercial computing activities were merged into [[International Computers and Tabulators|ICT]], leaving Ferranti with only smaller [[real-time]] machines, for the industrial and military fields.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1963, its commercial computing activities were merged into [[International Computers and Tabulators|ICT]], leaving Ferranti with only smaller [[real-time]] machines, for the industrial and military fields.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* John F. Wilson, ''Ferranti: A History - Volume I: Building a Family Business, 1882–1975'', Carnegie Publishing, Lancaster, 2001</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* John F. Wilson, ''Ferranti: A History - Volume I: Building a Family Business, 1882–1975'', Carnegie Publishing, Lancaster, 2001</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* John F. Wilson, ''Ferranti: A History - Volume 2: From Family Firm to Multinational, 1975-1987'', Crucible Books, Lancaster, 2007</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* John F. Wilson, ''Ferranti: A History - Volume 2: From Family Firm to Multinational, 1975-1987'', Crucible Books, Lancaster, 2007</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Simon H. Lavington, ''Early Computing in Britain: Ferranti Ltd. and Government Funding, 1948-1958'', Springer Nature, Cham, 2019 - mostly about the Mark 1, but has something about the other Ferranti machines</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==External links==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==External links==</div></td></tr>
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</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Bendix_G-15&diff=34006&oldid=34004Bendix G-152024-03-25T01:49:34Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Internals: </span> Correct how short tracks work</span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:49, 25 March 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l33" >Line 33:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Note that there is no [[operation code]] in the instruction; instead, combinations of certain source and destination values and characteristics had side-effects. (A complete list may be found on pg. 7 of the 'Coding Manual for the Bendix G-15', below.)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Note that there is no [[operation code]] in the instruction; instead, combinations of certain source and destination values and characteristics had side-effects. (A complete list may be found on pg. 7 of the 'Coding Manual for the Bendix G-15', below.)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In addition to the 20 long tracks, the drum also had 4 quad-word lines, 3 double-word lines (for double-length [[operand]]s, the "ID = 'cand denominator, MQ = multiplier quotient, and PN = product numerator" - the G-15 had hardware multiplication and division), and 1 single-word line (the accumulator, AR). The shorter ones had the role of [[register]]s in most computers, and came with lower [[access time]]s); to achieve that, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">they were replicated around </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">track, with multiple pairs of </del>[[head]]s.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In addition to the 20 long tracks, the drum also had 4 quad-word lines, 3 double-word lines (for double-length [[operand]]s, the "ID = 'cand denominator, MQ = multiplier quotient, and PN = product numerator" - the G-15 had hardware multiplication and division), and 1 single-word line (the accumulator, AR). The shorter ones had the role of [[register]]s in most computers, and came with lower [[access time]]s); to achieve that, the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">read and write </ins>[[head]]s <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">were placed closer together around the circumference of the track</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Having a [[breakpoint]] bit in every instruction simplified [[debug]]ging; no prior preparation was needed, to begin at any point in time.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Having a [[breakpoint]] bit in every instruction simplified [[debug]]ging; no prior preparation was needed, to begin at any point in time.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=G-15&diff=34005&oldid=0G-152024-03-25T00:23:33Z<p>Redir - short name</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>#Redirect [[Bendix G-15]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Bendix_G-15&diff=34004&oldid=0Bendix G-152024-03-25T00:22:46Z<p>After much sifting of hard-to-comprehend documentation, here is a reasonable executive summary</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>The '''Bendix G-15''' was an early low-cost (and thus low-performance) [[computer]], produced by Bendix Computer Division (later bought by [[Control Data]]), from a design by Harry Huskey. His design was based on the [[Automatic Computing Engine|ACE]], on which Huskey had worked while he was in the UK. It was first delivered in 1956; around 400 were sold (legend has it that the last one went to Harry Huskey personally). <br />
<br />
It was a [[serial]] machine, which used a [[drum]] for its [[main memory]]; like the ACE on which it was based, it was capable of [[optimum programming]]. The drum rotated at 1500 RPM, and held 20 'long' [[track]]s, each containing 108 words, which were 29 [[bit]]s wide; the words within a track were numbered with 'timing numbers'. The G-15 could perform 1,850 additions per second.<br />
<br />
Standard [[input/output]] equipment included an electric typewriter, and a [[paper tape]] reader and punch; up to 4 [[magnetic tape drive]]s were available as an option, along with a [[punched card]] reader and punch. A [[digital]] [[differential analyzer]] was available as a [[co-processor]] for solving certain types of problems.<br />
<br />
==Internals==<br />
<br />
The G-15's [[instruction]]s were also 29 bits wide. They contained 8 fields:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Field Name !! Width !! Description<br />
|-<br />
| SD || 1 || Single- or double-length <br />
|-<br />
| D || 5 || Destination; track where result is to be stored <br />
|-<br />
| S || 5 || Source; track holding source [[operand]]<br />
|-<br />
| CH || 2 || Characteristic; selected behaviour of transfers <br />
|-<br />
| N || 7 || Next; timing number of next instruction<br />
|-<br />
| B || 1 || Breakpoint<br />
|-<br />
| T || 7 || Transfer timing number<br />
|-<br />
| ID || 1 || Deferred instruction (if '1')<br />
|}<br />
<br />
For operands in long tracks, the timing number used was selected by the 'Transfer' field. Instructions contained up to ''3'' [[address]]es; a source, a destination, and the address of the next instruction. (The G-15 had no [[Program Counter]].) The 'next' instruction was in the same track (hence only its timing number is given); control could be passed to a different track (the equivalent of a [[jump]]) with a specific instruction.<br />
<br />
Note that there is no [[operation code]] in the instruction; instead, combinations of certain source and destination values and characteristics had side-effects. (A complete list may be found on pg. 7 of the 'Coding Manual for the Bendix G-15', below.)<br />
<br />
In addition to the 20 long tracks, the drum also had 4 quad-word lines, 3 double-word lines (for double-length [[operand]]s, the "ID = 'cand denominator, MQ = multiplier quotient, and PN = product numerator" - the G-15 had hardware multiplication and division), and 1 single-word line (the accumulator, AR). The shorter ones had the role of [[register]]s in most computers, and came with lower [[access time]]s); to achieve that, they were replicated around the track, with multiple pairs of [[head]]s.<br />
<br />
Having a [[breakpoint]] bit in every instruction simplified [[debug]]ging; no prior preparation was needed, to begin at any point in time.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
<br />
* Harry D. Huskey, David C. Evans, [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/bendix/g-15/G-15_WESCON_Aug54.pdf ''The Bendix G-15 General Purpose Computer''] - the best of a bad lot, as far as comprehensible documentation goes<br />
* Harry D. Huskey, Granino A. Korn, (editors), ''Computer Handbook'', McGraw-Hill, New York, 1962 - the G-15 is covered on pp. 20-15&mdash;20-19<br />
* Harry D. Huskey, ''From ACE to the G-15'', Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 6, No. 4, Oct0ber, 1984, pp. 350-371<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/bendix/g-15/ G-15] - documentation at [[Bitsavers]]<br />
** [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/bendix/g-15/G15_CodingManual.pdf Coding Manual for the Bendix G-15]<br />
** [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/bendix/g-15/G15D_Programmers_Ref_Man.pdf G15D Programmer's Reference Manual]<br />
** [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/bendix/g-15/60121600_G15_Theory_Of_Operation_Nov64.pdf Theory of Operation and Simplified Drawings for {the} G-15 Computer]<br />
* [https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/early-computer-companies/5/115 From Airplane Parts to Computers: The Bendix G-15]<br />
** [https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/early-computer-companies/5/115/491 Bendix G-15] - brochure<br />
** [https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/early-computer-companies/5/115/1506 Bendix G-15] - includes several images<br />
* [http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Bendix/Bendix.G-15.1955.102646277.pdf Bendix G-15] - brochure<br />
* [http://s3data.computerhistory.org/brochures/bendix.g15.1956.102646144.pdf Bendix G-15 All-Purpose Computer]<br />
** [http://s3data.computerhistory.org/brochures/bendix.g15auto.1956.102621696.pdf Bendix G-15 Automatic Programming Systems]<br />
* [https://rbk.delosent.com/g15doc.html Bendix G-15 Documentation] - a very large amount of material<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060719065651/http://members.iinet.com.au/~dgreen/ The First Generation Computers - Bendix G-15 Computer]<br />
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20061105152639/http://members.iinet.com.au/~dgreen/docs.html The Bendix G-15 General Purpose Digital Computer System Documentation]<br />
* [https://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/g-15.html Bendix G-15]<br />
* [http://www.piercefuller.com/collect/bendix/ Bendix G15]<br />
* [https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=5128 Harry Huskey Designs the Bendix G-15, the First Mini-Computer]<br />
* [https://www.livingcomputers.org/Blog/Bendix-G-15-Vacuum-Tubes.aspx Bendix G-15 Vacuum Tubes]<br />
* [https://www.livingcomputers.org/Blog/Bendix-G-15-%E2%80%93-Solder-Degradation.aspx Bendix G-15 – Solder Degradation]<br />
* [https://www.rrauction.com/auctions/lot-detail/347709906735051-bendix-g-15-the-first-mini-computer-the-third-built-in-1956 Bendix G-15, the First Mini-Computer] - sale of G-15 serial #3; many images<br />
<br />
[[Category: Early Computers]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Minimum_access_coding&diff=34003&oldid=0Minimum access coding2024-03-24T20:14:13Z<p>Redir - alt term</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>#Redirect [[Optimum programming]]</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Optimum_programming&diff=34002&oldid=33950Optimum programming2024-03-24T20:13:10Z<p>+also 'minimum access coding'</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Optimum programming''' (also called '''optimal coding''') was the name for a programming technique sometimes used on computers whose [[main memory]] was not [[random access]], but sequential (such as [[delay line]]- and [[drum]]-based memory).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Optimum programming''' (also called '''optimal <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">coding''', and '''minimum access </ins>coding''') was the name for a programming technique sometimes used on computers whose [[main memory]] was not [[random access]], but sequential (such as [[delay line]]- and [[drum]]-based memory).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In computers with such memory whose [[instruction]]s all include the [[address]] of the next instruction (i.e. they do not have a [[Program Counter]]), it was possible to scatter the instructions through the memory such that when any given instruction finishes its [[execute|execution]], the memory is just ready to provide the next instruction (whose address could/would be given by the 'next instruction' field in the prior instruction). This ensured that the computer was never wasting time waiting for the memory to provide the next instruction it needed.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In computers with such memory whose [[instruction]]s all include the [[address]] of the next instruction (i.e. they do not have a [[Program Counter]]), it was possible to scatter the instructions through the memory such that when any given instruction finishes its [[execute|execution]], the memory is just ready to provide the next instruction (whose address could/would be given by the 'next instruction' field in the prior instruction). This ensured that the computer was never wasting time waiting for the memory to provide the next instruction it needed.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Bendix_G-15&diff=34001&oldid=0Talk:Bendix G-152024-03-23T22:35:11Z<p>The most incomprehensible documentation ever</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>==Documentation==<br />
<br />
I think this machine wins the prize for the most incomprehensible documentation ever. [[User:Jnc|Jnc]] ([[User talk:Jnc|talk]]) 23:34, 23 March 2024 (CET)</div>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Category:People&diff=33999&oldid=33943Category:People2024-03-23T02:26:55Z<p>Add link to 'Computer Pioneers by J. A. N. Lee' bio pages</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 02:26, 23 March 2024</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>People who made a difference in computing.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>People who made a difference in computing.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">See also: [https://history.computer.org/pioneers/ Computer Pioneers by J. A. N. Lee] (brief biographical notes - note: the HTML versions are later than the PDF's)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: History]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: History]]</div></td></tr>
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</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Jobs&diff=33996&oldid=11477Steve Jobs2024-03-22T22:56:41Z<p>Expand into a stub :-)</p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1955-2011.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''Steve Jobs''' (</ins>1955-2011<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) is best noted for having been the CEO of [[Apple|Apple Computers]] twice, and pushing the development of the [[Macintosh]] (after he famously visited [[Xerox PARC]] and saw the future of computers)</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Best noted for being the CEO of [[Apple|Apple Computers]] twice.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{stub}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:People]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==External links==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">* [https://history.computer.org/pioneers/pdfs/j/Jobs.pdf Steven Paul Jobs] - brief biography at the IEEE Computer Society </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{DEFAULTSORT: Jobs, Steve}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category: People]]</div></td></tr>
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</table>Jnchttps://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pouzin&diff=33992&oldid=33991Louis Pouzin2024-03-22T22:33:35Z<p>Louis' big idea</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 22:33, 22 March 2024</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Louis Pouzin''' is the French computer scientist who made ''the'' key technical step in [[data network]]ing between the ideas of the [[ARPANET]] and those of the later [[Internet]]. The network that he and his team built, using this new approach, [[CYCLADES]], laid the technical groundwork for the Internet.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Louis Pouzin''' is the French computer scientist who made ''the'' key technical step in [[data network]]ing between the ideas of the [[ARPANET]] and those of the later [[Internet]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">: moving reliability mechanisms into the [[host]]s, allowing the network (and its constituent [[packet switch]]es) to be unreliable - and thereby simpler and faster</ins>.</div></td></tr>
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