Neozeed: New page: LS(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual LS(1) == NAME == ls - list contents of directory == SYNOPSIS == ls [ -ltasdrucifg ] name ... == DESCRIPTION == ...

2009-10-26T14:42:36Z

New page: LS(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual LS(1) == NAME == ls - list contents of directory == SYNOPSIS == ls [ -ltasdrucifg ] name ... == DESCRIPTION == ...

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LS(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual LS(1)

== NAME ==
ls - list contents of directory

== SYNOPSIS ==
ls [ -ltasdrucifg ] name ...

== DESCRIPTION ==
For each directory argument, _l_s lists the contents of the
directory; for each file argument, _l_s repeats its name and
any other information requested. The output is sorted
alphabetically by default. When no argument is given, the
current directory is listed. When several arguments are
given, the arguments are first sorted appropriately, but
file arguments appear before directories and their contents.
There are several options:

-l List in long format, giving mode, number of links,
owner, size in bytes, and time of last modification for
each file. (See below.) If the file is a special file
the size field will instead contain the major and minor
device numbers.

-t Sort by time modified (latest first) instead of by
name, as is normal.

-a List all entries; usually `.' and `..' are suppressed.

-s Give size in blocks, including indirect blocks, for
each entry.

-d If argument is a directory, list only its name, not its
contents (mostly used with -l to get status on direc-
tory).

-r Reverse the order of sort to get reverse alphabetic or
oldest first as appropriate.

-u Use time of last access instead of last modification
for sorting (-t) or printing (-l).

-c Use time of last modification to inode (mode, etc.)
instead of last modification to file for sorting (-t)
or printing (-l).

-i Print i-number in first column of the report for each
file listed.

-f Force each argument to be interpreted as a directory
and list the name found in each slot. This option
turns off -l, -t, -s, and -r, and turns on -a; the
order is the order in which entries appear in the
directory.

-g Give group ID instead of owner ID in long listing.

The mode printed under the -l option contains 11 characters
which are interpreted as follows: the first character is

d if the entry is a directory;
b if the entry is a block-type special file;
c if the entry is a character-type special file;
- if the entry is a plain file.

The next 9 characters are interpreted as three sets of three
bits each. The first set refers to owner permissions; the
next to permissions to others in the same user-group; and
the last to all others. Within each set the three charac-
ters indicate permission respectively to read, to write, or
to execute the file as a program. For a directory, `exe-
cute' permission is interpreted to mean permission to search
the directory for a specified file. The permissions are
indicated as follows:

r if the file is readable;
w if the file is writable;
x if the file is executable;
- if the indicated permission is not granted.

The group-execute permission character is given as s if the
file has set-group-ID mode; likewise the user-execute per-
mission character is given as s if the file has set-user-ID
mode.

The last character of the mode (normally `x' or `-') is t if
the 1000 bit of the mode is on. See _c_h_m_o_d(1) for the mean-
ing of this mode.

When the sizes of the files in a directory are listed, a
total count of blocks, including indirect blocks is printed.

== FILES ==
/etc/passwd to get user ID's for `ls -l'.
/etc/group to get group ID's for `ls -g'.

[[Category:32v man section 1]]

32v 1m ls - Revision history

Neozeed: New page: LS(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual LS(1) == NAME == ls - list contents of directory == SYNOPSIS == ls [ -ltasdrucifg ] name ... == DESCRIPTION == ...