AN/FSQ-7 - Revision history

Jnc: /* Further reading */ link AHC

2024-12-06T01:15:16Z

‎Further reading: link AHC

Jnc: Add registers, etc; more manuals

2024-07-07T11:39:12Z

Add registers, etc; more manuals

Jnc: Brief, but a reasonable start

2024-07-06T13:47:22Z

Brief, but a reasonable start

New page

The '''AN/FSQ-7''' (originally named '''Whirlwind II''' during the design stage) was an early, very large (architecturally, by the standards of its day, as well as physically) [[vacuum tube]] [[real-time]] computer system; they were the heart of the 'direction centers', the main nodes in the [[Semi-Automatic Ground Environment|SAGE]] system.

It was designed by [[International Business Machines|IBM]], in cooperation with [[Lincoln Laboratory]], starting in October, 1952, and built by IBM (and was a significant factor in their growth in expertise in computers). The first prototype went into operation in 1955; the first operational system was shipped in July, 1958.

The [[main memory]], and the system generally, used [[parity]] for [[error detection]]. The machine used [[core memory]] (which was invented for it); typically a 64KW bank, and a 4KW bank, in most installations. Its [[word]] length was 32 bits, the two halves often being handled independently (as much of the data handled was coordinates). [[Instruction]]s were also 32 bits; the left half-word contained a number of fields, including the [[operation code|opcode]], and the right half-word (plus one bit from the left) was an [[address]].

The [[Central Processing Unit|CPU]] could perform roughly 55,000 to 83,000 instructions per second (there were about 48 different instructions in total), had five [[index register]]s, and used [[one's complement]] arithmetic. Minimal support for [[subroutine]]s was provided; the return instruction had to be modified before it could be executed, using an address stored in a [[register]] by the [[call]].

Each SAGE site included two complete AN/FSQ-7 systems, with one on 'hot standby' at all times, using [[redundancy]] to provide an extremely reliable system; [[marginal checking]] was used to discover failing tubes before they failed permanently. Twenty-four of the original dual AN/FSQ-7's were eventually built; each contained 49,000 tubes, weighed 275 tons, and used up to three megawatts of power.

As SAGE became operational, it became evident that its 'combat centers' (each of which oversaw several direction centers) could usefully be computerized as well. A variant of the AN/FSQ-7 named the '''AN/FSQ-8''' was produced for this; three were eventually built. It did not connect directly to radar units, as the AN/FSQ-7 did; and it also had a specialized display system.

==Further reading==

* Bernd Ulmann, [https://books.google.com/books/about/AN_FSQ_7_the_computer_that_shaped_the_Co.html?id=_HnpBQAAQBAJ ''AN/FSQ-7: The Computer That Shaped the Cold War''], De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Munich, 2014
* Morton M. Astrahan, John F. Jacobs, [https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/09/102686388-05-01-acc.pdf ''History of the Design of the SAGE Computer - The AN/FSQ-7''], Annals of the History of Computing, Volume 5, Number 4, October 1983

==External links==

* [http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/sage/ sage] - documentation at [[Bitsavers]]
** [http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/sage/AN_FSQ-7_ManualIndex.txt AN/FSQ-7 (SAGE) Manual List]
** [http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/sage/C686-416L-ST_Introduction_to_AN_FSQ-7_19660120.pdf Introduction to AN/FSQ-7] (C686-416L-ST)
** [http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/sage/Computer_Museum_First_Field_Trip_1982.pdf The Computer Museum Member's First Field Trip To Northbay AN/FSQ-7 SAGE Site]
* [https://www.anfsq7.org/31P2-2FSQ7-112_SagePgmNov56.pdf Theory of Programming for AN/FSQ-7] (31P2-2FSQ7-112)
* [https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?entryid=964 The 24 AN/FSQ-7 Computers IBM Built for SAGE are Physically the Largest Computers Ever Built]

[[Category: IBM Mainframes]]
[[Category: Early Computers]]

@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 * Bernd Ulmann, [https://books.google.com/books/about/AN_FSQ_7_the_computer_that_shaped_the_Co.html?id=_HnpBQAAQBAJ ''AN/FSQ-7: The Computer That Shaped the Cold War''], De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Munich, 2014
-* Morton M. Astrahan, John F. Jacobs, [https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/09/102686388-05-01-acc.pdf ''History of the Design of the SAGE Computer - The AN/FSQ-7''], Annals of the History of Computing, Volume 5, Number 4, October 1983
+* Morton M. Astrahan, John F. Jacobs, [https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/09/102686388-05-01-acc.pdf ''History of the Design of the SAGE Computer - The AN/FSQ-7''], [[Annals of the History of Computing]], Vol. 5, No. 4, October 1983, pp. 340-349
 ==External links==

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 The [[main memory]], and the system generally, used [[parity]] for [[error detection]]. The machine used [[core memory]] (which was invented for it); typically a 64KW bank, and a 4KW bank, in most installations. Its [[word]] length was 32 bits, the two halves often being handled independently (as much of the data handled was coordinates). [[Instruction]]s were also 32 bits; the left half-word contained a number of fields, including the [[operation code|opcode]], and the right half-word (plus one bit from the left) was an [[address]].
-The [[Central Processing Unit|CPU]] could perform roughly 55,000 to 83,000 instructions per second (there were about 48 different instructions in total), had five [[index register]]s, and used [[one's complement]] arithmetic. Minimal support for [[subroutine]]s was provided; the return instruction had to be modified before it could be executed, using an address stored in a [[register]] by the [[call]].
+The [[Central Processing Unit|CPU]] could perform roughly 55,000 to 83,000 instructions per second (initially there were about 48 different instructions in total; later there were 59), and used [[one's complement]] arithmetic. Minimal support for [[subroutine]]s was provided; the return instruction had to be modified before it could be executed, using an address stored in a [[register]] by the [[call]]. It had 8 registers that were visible to the programmer:
 Each SAGE site included two complete AN/FSQ-7 systems, with one on 'hot standby' at all times, using [[redundancy]] to provide an extremely reliable system; [[marginal checking]] was used to discover failing tubes before they failed permanently. Twenty-four of the original dual AN/FSQ-7's were eventually built; each contained 49,000 tubes, weighed 275 tons, and used up to three megawatts of power.
@@ Line 21: / Line 29: @@
 ** [http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/sage/AN_FSQ-7_ManualIndex.txt AN/FSQ-7 (SAGE) Manual List]
 ** [http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/sage/C686-416L-ST_Introduction_to_AN_FSQ-7_19660120.pdf Introduction to AN/FSQ-7] (C686-416L-ST)
 ** [http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/sage/Computer_Museum_First_Field_Trip_1982.pdf The Computer Museum Member's First Field Trip To Northbay AN/FSQ-7 SAGE Site]
 * [https://www.anfsq7.org/31P2-2FSQ7-112_SagePgmNov56.pdf Theory of Programming for AN/FSQ-7] (31P2-2FSQ7-112)
 * [https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?entryid=964 The 24 AN/FSQ-7 Computers IBM Built for SAGE are Physically the Largest Computers Ever Built]