Integrated circuit - Revision history

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	An '''integrated circuit''' (often '''IC''' or '''chip''') is a section of electronic ~~circuitry~~ ([[transistor]]s, [[resistor]]s, [[capacitor]]s, and the wires connecting them together) fabricated as a small monolithic entity. They are usually produced by a photo-lithography process on small pieces of [[semi-conductor]].		An '''integrated circuit''' (often '''IC''' or '''chip''') is a section of [[electronic]] [[circuit]]ry ([[transistor]]s, [[resistor]]s, [[capacitor]]s, and the wires connecting them together) fabricated as a small monolithic entity. They are usually produced by a photo-lithography process on small pieces of [[semi-conductor]].

	The first ICs were independently invented in the late 1950s by Jack Kilby of [[Texas Instruments]] and Robert Noyce of [[Fairchild Semiconductor]]. (Several people had described the basic concept before them, but they were the first to reduce the idea to working hardware.)		The first ICs were independently invented in the late 1950s by [[Jack Kilby]] of [[Texas Instruments]] and [[Robert Noyce]] of [[Fairchild Semiconductor]]. (Several people had described the basic concept before them, but they were the first to reduce the idea to working hardware.)

	Experience, and improved production technology, allowed the amount of circuitry in ICs to increase rapidly. Initial ICs, in the early 1960s, so-called '''Small-Scale Integration''' or '''SSI''', contained only a few transistors; the next generation, so-called '''Medium-Scale Integration''' or '''MSI''', in the late 1960s contained hundreds; this was followed by '''Large-Scale Integration''' or '''LSI''' in the early 1970s, which contained tens of thousands of transistors.		Experience, and improved production technology, allowed the amount of circuitry in ICs to increase rapidly. Initial ICs, in the early 1960s, so-called '''Small-Scale Integration''' or '''SSI''', contained only a few transistors; the next generation, so-called '''Medium-Scale Integration''' or '''MSI''', in the late 1960s contained hundreds; this was followed by '''Large-Scale Integration''' or '''LSI''' in the early 1970s, which contained tens of thousands of transistors.

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	Since the IC contains a large mass of circuitry in a small space, thereby increasing the speed, and reducing the power requirements, as well as being one which is easy to produce in high volume at low cost, it has utterly revolutionized the computer field (and indeed, electronics as a whole).		Since the IC contains a large mass of circuitry in a small space, thereby increasing the speed, and reducing the power requirements, as well as being one which is easy to produce in high volume at low cost, it has utterly revolutionized the computer field (and indeed, electronics as a whole).

			Early IC's were usually packaged in plastic or ceramic [[Dual Inline Package]]s; in recent years, [[surface mount]] packaging, which avoids the need for [[through hole]]s, and can be denser, has become usual.

	[[Category: Technology‎]]		[[Category: Technology‎]]

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	Since the IC contains a large mass of circuitry in a small space, thereby increasing the speed, and reducing the power requirements, as well as being one which is easy to produce in high volume at low cost, it has utterly revolutionized the computer field (and indeed, electronics as a whole).		Since the IC contains a large mass of circuitry in a small space, thereby increasing the speed, and reducing the power requirements, as well as being one which is easy to produce in high volume at low cost, it has utterly revolutionized the computer field (and indeed, electronics as a whole).

			[[Category: Technology‎]]

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	An '''integrated circuit''' (often '''IC''' or '''chip''') is a section of electronic circuitry ([[transistor]]s, [[resistor]]s, [[capacitor]]s, and the wires connecting them together) fabricated as a small monolithic entity. They are usually produced by a ~~photolithography~~ process on small pieces of [[semi-conductor]].		An '''integrated circuit''' (often '''IC''' or '''chip''') is a section of electronic circuitry ([[transistor]]s, [[resistor]]s, [[capacitor]]s, and the wires connecting them together) fabricated as a small monolithic entity. They are usually produced by a photo-lithography process on small pieces of [[semi-conductor]].

	~~Initial IC's,~~ in the ~~early 1960's, so-called '''Small Scale Integration''' or '''SSI''', contained only a few transistors;~~ the ~~next generation, so-called '''Medium-Scale Integration''' or '''MSI'''~~, in the ~~late 1960's contained hundreds; this was followed by '''Large-Scale Integration''' or '''LSI''' in~~ the ~~early 1970's, which contained contained tens of thousands of transistors~~.		The first ICs were independently invented in the late 1950s by Jack Kilby of [[Texas Instruments]] and Robert Noyce of [[Fairchild Semiconductor]]. (Several people had described the basic concept before them, but they were the first to reduce the idea to working hardware.)

	~~Since~~ the ~~IC contains a large mass~~ of circuitry in ~~a small space~~, ~~thereby increasing~~ the ~~speed~~, ~~and reducing~~ the ~~power requirements~~, ~~as well as one which is easy to produce~~ in ~~high volume at low cost, it has utterly revolutionized~~ the ~~computer field (and indeed~~, ~~electronics as a whole)~~.		Experience, and improved production technology, allowed the amount of circuitry in ICs to increase rapidly. Initial ICs, in the early 1960s, so-called '''Small-Scale Integration''' or '''SSI''', contained only a few transistors; the next generation, so-called '''Medium-Scale Integration''' or '''MSI''', in the late 1960s contained hundreds; this was followed by '''Large-Scale Integration''' or '''LSI''' in the early 1970s, which contained tens of thousands of transistors.

	~~The first ICs were independently invented in~~ the ~~late 1950s by Jack Kilby~~ of ~~[[Texas Instruments]] and Robert Noyce~~ of ~~[[Fairchild Semiconductor]]~~. ~~(Several people had described~~ the ~~basic concept before them~~, ~~but they were~~ the ~~first~~ to ~~reduce~~ the ~~idea to working hardware~~.)		Further growth required the development of a whole new methodology of design to be developed; with this in hand, the process moved on through the '''Very-Large-Scale Integration''' or '''VLSI''' in the early 1980s, which contained contained up to a million transistors. Today's largest ICs contain billions.

			Since the IC contains a large mass of circuitry in a small space, thereby increasing the speed, and reducing the power requirements, as well as being one which is easy to produce in high volume at low cost, it has utterly revolutionized the computer field (and indeed, electronics as a whole).

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An '''integrated circuit''' (often '''IC''' or '''chip''') is a section of electronic circuitry ([[transistor]]s, [[resistor]]s, [[capacitor]]s, and the wires connecting them together) fabricated as a small monolithic entity. They are usually produced by a photolithography process on small pieces of [[semi-conductor]].

Initial IC's, in the early 1960's, so-called '''Small Scale Integration''' or '''SSI''', contained only a few transistors; the next generation, so-called '''Medium-Scale Integration''' or '''MSI''', in the late 1960's contained hundreds; this was followed by '''Large-Scale Integration''' or '''LSI''' in the early 1970's, which contained contained tens of thousands of transistors.

Since the IC contains a large mass of circuitry in a small space, thereby increasing the speed, and reducing the power requirements, as well as one which is easy to produce in high volume at low cost, it has utterly revolutionized the computer field (and indeed, electronics as a whole).

The first ICs were independently invented in the late 1950s by Jack Kilby of [[Texas Instruments]] and Robert Noyce of [[Fairchild Semiconductor]]. (Several people had described the basic concept before them, but they were the first to reduce the idea to working hardware.)