Notable early computers - Revision history

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See also: +Early British computer manufacturers

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	* [[Notable early computing devices]]		* [[Notable early computing devices]]
			* [[Early British computer manufacturers]]

	==Further reading==		==Further reading==

Jnc: Tweaks, +Achieving Accuracy

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Tweaks, +Achieving Accuracy

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	Whether the [[ENIAC]] was merely the last step before true computers ('merely' a large [[digital]] [[electronic]] [[computing device]]), or (eventually) a true computer, is a fairly complex question. As originally designed, it was only configurable, requiring considerable effort to re-configure it to perform a different computation (although it was general-purpose, unlike the [[Atanasoff-Berry Computer]] and [[Colossus]]). In 1947 an effort was started to re-configure it in a way that added a certain amount of programmability, via a program stored in the 'function-table switches' (originally intended as a [[read-only memory\|EPROM]] data source). Later, minor hardware modifications improved ENIACs efficiency when configured as a stored-program machine; it started to operate in that mode in 1948. However, it apparently never had the capability to modify its program, which is, to some people, the hallmark of a true computer.		Whether the [[ENIAC]] was merely the last step before true computers ('merely' a large [[digital]] [[electronic]] [[computing device]]), or (eventually) a true computer, is a fairly complex question. As originally designed, it was only configurable, requiring considerable effort to re-configure it to perform a different computation (although it was general-purpose, unlike the [[Atanasoff-Berry Computer]] and [[Colossus]]). In 1947 an effort was started to re-configure it in a way that added a certain amount of programmability, via a program stored in the 'function-table switches' (originally intended as a [[read-only memory\|EPROM]] data source). Later, minor hardware modifications improved ENIACs efficiency when configured as a stored-program machine; it started to operate in that mode in 1948. However, it apparently never had the capability to modify its program, which is, to some people, the hallmark of a true computer.

	Whether it, or the [[Manchester Baby]], was the first true computer, is thus an open question. The latter was more of an 'experiment' (used for testing the then-new idea of [[Williams tube]] [[main memory]]) than a 'prototype' - although it very quickly had more capable descendants.		Whether it, or the [[Manchester Baby]], was the first true computer, is thus an open question. The latter, actually, was more of an 'experiment' (used for testing the then-new idea of [[Williams tube]] [[main memory]]) than a 'prototype' - although it very quickly had more capable descendants.

	==British machines==		==British machines==
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	The design of the [[EDVAC]] started very early, in August, 1944. As an actual machine, it was not that influential, because after it was designed, the team that had done so scattered, which led to a considerable delay before it was actually built, completed, and working. Its real importance is because of its very early architectural design document, the widely-distributed ''First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC'', which set the path for essentially all later computers.		The design of the [[EDVAC]] started very early, in August, 1944. As an actual machine, it was not that influential, because after it was designed, the team that had done so scattered, which led to a considerable delay before it was actually built, completed, and working. Its real importance is because of its very early architectural design document, the widely-distributed ''First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC'', which set the path for essentially all later computers.

	[[Whirlwind]], at [[MIT]] (which set MIT off doing important work on computers for many decades), was important for several reasons, not just its early start. (Work on it started, in a way - the project which produced it originally started as an effort to produce a general-purpose flight simulator - in 1944.) It was the first [[real-time]] computer, unlike all the other first-generation computers, which were intended only for large-scale numerical computations. It was also used interactively, rather than in [[batch processing]] mode - which set the path for almost all of today's computers. Whirlwind was also the first computer with [[core memory]], which was the main memory technology which made widescale use of computers practical.		[[Whirlwind]], at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology\|MIT]] (which set MIT off doing important work on computers for many decades to come), was important for several reasons, not just its early start. (Work on it started, in a way - the project which produced it originally started as an effort to produce a general-purpose flight simulator - in 1944.) It was the first [[real-time]] computer, unlike all the other first-generation computers, which were intended only for large-scale numerical computations. It was also used interactively, rather than in [[batch processing]] mode - which set the path for almost all of today's computers. Whirlwind was also the first computer with [[core memory]], which was the main memory technology which made widescale use of computers practical.

	The [[IAS computer]] and its many copies, built by a team led by [[John von Neumann\|von Neumann]], served to spread detailed engineering knowledge of the then-state of the art of digital electronic computers very widely, across the world. The [[IBM 701]], which set [[International Business Machines\|IBM]] on the path which led to it standing across the world of computers like a Colossus for several decades, was apparently a 'cleaned up' copy.		The [[IAS computer]] and its many copies, the initial one built by a team led by [[John von Neumann\|von Neumann]], served to spread detailed engineering knowledge of the then-state of the art of digital electronic computers very widely, across the world. The [[IBM 701]], which set [[International Business Machines\|IBM]] on the path which led to it standing across the world of computers like a Colossus for several decades, was apparently a 'cleaned up' copy.

	It was, however, the [[UNIVAC I]] of [[John Mauchly\|Mauchly]] and [[J. Presper Eckert\|Eckert]] which was the first commercially-available computer in the USA - marking the birth of an industry/field that the US slowly came to dominate.		It was, however, the [[UNIVAC I]] of [[John Mauchly\|Mauchly]] and [[J. Presper Eckert\|Eckert]] which was the first commercially-available computer in the USA - marking the birth of an industry/field that the US slowly came to dominate.
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	* Raúl Rojas, Ulf Hashagen (editors), ''The First Computers: History and Architectures'', MIT Press, Cambridge, 2002		* Raúl Rojas, Ulf Hashagen (editors), ''The First Computers: History and Architectures'', MIT Press, Cambridge, 2002
	* Simon H. Lavington, ''[https://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/EarlyBritish.html Early British Computers: The Story of Vintage Computers and the People Who Built Them]'', Manchester University, Manchester, Digital Press, Bedford, 1980		* Simon H. Lavington, ''[https://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/EarlyBritish.html Early British Computers: The Story of Vintage Computers and the People Who Built Them]'', Manchester University, Manchester, Digital Press, Bedford, 1980
			* Marshall William McMurran, ''Achieving Accuracy: A Legacy of Computers and Missiles'', Xlibris, 2008 - contains glosses on all early computers, up to transistor ones, and many thereafter

	<!-- ==External links== -->		<!-- ==External links== -->

	[[Category: Early Computers]]		[[Category: Early Computers]]

Jnc: /* Further reading */ Full title

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Jnc: Collects together a lot of our 'early computers' content

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Collects together a lot of our 'early computers' content

New page

'''Notable early computers''' are [[computer]]s which marked significant steps on the road from [[notable early computing devices|early computing devices]] to the widespread adoption of computers. The ones given below are the ones which the author of this page deems the most significant ones.

Depending exactly how one defines 'computer', some of those early stored [[program]] computing devices might have been computers. If a computer has to be able to modify its own [[program]], none of those qualify. If it only has to have the ability to do [[conditional branch]]es, those were added to the [[Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator]] and [[Zuse Z4]] later in their lives.

==The earliest computers==

[[Charles Babbage|Babbage]]'s [[Analytical Engine]] would unquestionably have the pride of place here, but sadly, he never produced a working instance. It was definitely a true 'stored program computing device' although it could not modify its own program, and lacked some common capabilities seen in many later machines (such as [[hardware]] support for [[subroutine]]s and [[stack]]s) - but the need for them was not obvious to designers of the early machines, either, until they started to do actual work on them.

Whether the [[ENIAC]] was merely the last step before true computers ('merely' a large [[digital]] [[electronic]] [[computing device]]), or (eventually) a true computer, is a fairly complex question. As originally designed, it was only configurable, requiring considerable effort to re-configure it to perform a different computation (although it was general-purpose, unlike the [[Atanasoff-Berry Computer]] and [[Colossus]]). In 1947 an effort was started to re-configure it in a way that added a certain amount of programmability, via a program stored in the 'function-table switches' (originally intended as a [[read-only memory|EPROM]] data source). Later, minor hardware modifications improved ENIACs efficiency when configured as a stored-program machine; it started to operate in that mode in 1948. However, it apparently never had the capability to modify its program, which is, to some people, the hallmark of a true computer.

Whether it, or the [[Manchester Baby]], was the first true computer, is thus an open question. The latter was more of an 'experiment' (used for testing the then-new idea of [[Williams tube]] [[main memory]]) than a 'prototype' - although it very quickly had more capable descendants.

==British machines==

The first operational and generally-available computer anywhere was the Cambridge [[EDSAC]]. A copy of it was the [[LEO]], the first computer to do business work anywhere.

Among the first computers in the UK was the [[Manchester Mark I]] (it being a re-built and considerably expanded Baby); copies were made available as the [[Ferranti Mark 1]], the first commercially-available computer.

The UK had a third computer effort, one that was (unusually) not connected to the flurry of work set off by the [[Moore School Lectures]]; its design in late 1945 preceded those. That line started with the [[Automatic Computing Engine|ACE]], designed by [[Alan Turing|Turing]] himself; when slowness at the NPL, its home institution, delayed it, a scaled-down version, the [[Pilot ACE]] was done instead. This too was commercially copied, as the [[DEUCE]].

==American machines==

The design of the [[EDVAC]] started very early, in August, 1944. As an actual machine, it was not that influential, because after it was designed, the team that had done so scattered, which led to a considerable delay before it was actually built, completed, and working. Its real importance is because of its very early architectural design document, the widely-distributed ''First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC'', which set the path for essentially all later computers.

[[Whirlwind]], at [[MIT]] (which set MIT off doing important work on computers for many decades), was important for several reasons, not just its early start. (Work on it started, in a way - the project which produced it originally started as an effort to produce a general-purpose flight simulator - in 1944.) It was the first [[real-time]] computer, unlike all the other first-generation computers, which were intended only for large-scale numerical computations. It was also used interactively, rather than in [[batch processing]] mode - which set the path for almost all of today's computers. Whirlwind was also the first computer with [[core memory]], which was the main memory technology which made widescale use of computers practical.

The [[IAS computer]] and its many copies, built by a team led by [[John von Neumann|von Neumann]], served to spread detailed engineering knowledge of the then-state of the art of digital electronic computers very widely, across the world. The [[IBM 701]], which set [[International Business Machines|IBM]] on the path which led to it standing across the world of computers like a Colossus for several decades, was apparently a 'cleaned up' copy.

It was, however, the [[UNIVAC I]] of [[John Mauchly|Mauchly]] and [[J. Presper Eckert|Eckert]] which was the first commercially-available computer in the USA - marking the birth of an industry/field that the US slowly came to dominate.

==See also==

* [[Notable early computing devices]]

==Further reading==

* Paul E. Ceruzzi, [https://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Reckoners.html ''Reckoners: The Prehistory of The Digital Computer, From Relays to the Stored Program Concept, 1935-1945''], Greenwood, Westport, 1983
* William Aspray (editor), [https://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/CBC.html ''Computing Before Computers''], Iowa State University Press, Ames, 1990
* Brian Randell (editor), [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-96145-8 ''The Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers''], Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1973, 1982 (3rd edition)
* Nicholas Metropolis, Jack Howlett, Gian-Carlo Rota (editors), [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780124916500/a-history-of-computing-in-the-twentieth-century ''A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century''], Academic Press, New York, 1980
* Raúl Rojas, Ulf Hashagen (editors), ''The First Computers: History and Architectures'', MIT Press, Cambridge, 2002
* Simon H. Lavington, ''[https://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/EarlyBritish.html Early British Computers]'', Manchester University, Manchester, 1980



[[Category: Early Computers]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:37, 20 September 2026
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	* Nicholas Metropolis, Jack Howlett, Gian-Carlo Rota (editors), [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780124916500/a-history-of-computing-in-the-twentieth-century ''A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century''], Academic Press, New York, 1980		* Nicholas Metropolis, Jack Howlett, Gian-Carlo Rota (editors), [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780124916500/a-history-of-computing-in-the-twentieth-century ''A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century''], Academic Press, New York, 1980
	* Raúl Rojas, Ulf Hashagen (editors), ''The First Computers: History and Architectures'', MIT Press, Cambridge, 2002		* Raúl Rojas, Ulf Hashagen (editors), ''The First Computers: History and Architectures'', MIT Press, Cambridge, 2002
	* Simon H. Lavington, ''[https://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/EarlyBritish.html Early British Computers]'', Manchester University, Manchester, 1980		* Simon H. Lavington, ''[https://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/EarlyBritish.html Early British Computers: The Story of Vintage Computers and the People Who Built Them]'', Manchester University, Manchester, Digital Press, Bedford, 1980

	<!-- ==External links== -->		<!-- ==External links== -->

	[[Category: Early Computers]]		[[Category: Early Computers]]