RSTS/E - Revision history

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 {{infobox OS
   | name = RSTS/E
@@ Line 5: / Line 4: @@
   | architecture = [[PDP-11]]
 }}
 '''RSTS/E''' (an acronym for '''Resource Sharing Time Sharing Extended''') was a [[multi-user]] [[time-sharing|time-shared]] [[operating system]] developed by [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] (DEC) for the [[PDP-11]] series of 16-bit [[minicomputer]]s, and used primarily during the 1970s and 1980s, although some installations were still being upgraded well into the 1990s.
 == History ==
-RSTS/E started as [[RSTS-11]], for the [[PDP-11/20]].  Unlike RSTS/E, it ran on PDP-11s without memory mapping hardware.  RSTS-11 only supported the [[BASIC-PLUS]] programming language.  RSTS/E (V5A) was introduced in 1973, to take advantage of the memory mapping hardware and larger memory support introduced with the [[PDP-11/45]].  Starting with V5B, RSTS/E supported multiple [[programming language]]s, although that support was not made official until some time later.
+RSTS/E started as [[RSTS-11]], for the [[PDP-11/20]].  Unlike RSTS/E, it ran on PDP-11s without [[memory management]] [[hardware]].  RSTS-11 only supported the [[BASIC-PLUS]] [[programming language]].  RSTS/E (V5A) was introduced in 1973, to take advantage of the memory management hardware and larger [[main memory]] support introduced with the [[PDP-11/45]].  Starting with V5B, RSTS/E supported multiple programming languages, although that support was not made official until some time later.
-The cost of micro computers dropped so drastically, and their performance rose so radically, that minicomputers such as the PDP-11 were no longer cost effective.  In the late 1990s DEC sold its PDP-11 software business to a company named [http://www.mentec.com/ Mentec], and DEC then essentially discontinued releases of RSTS in order to concentrate on their [[VAX]] series of [[mainframe]] computers.
+The cost of [[microcomputer]]s dropped so drastically, and their performance rose so radically, that minicomputers such as the PDP-11 were no longer cost effective.  In the late 1990s DEC sold its PDP-11 [[software]] business to a company named [http://www.mentec.com/ Mentec], and DEC then essentially discontinued releases of RSTS in order to concentrate on their [[VAX]] series of [[supermini]] computers.
-Mentec would later publicly grant a no-cost license to anyone for non-commercial hobby purpose use of the operating system software developed for the PDP-11, and as the result of the release (for non-commercial use) of a PDP-11 [[simulator]] for the [[IBM-compatible PC|IBM-PC]], as well as image copies of disk drives of RSTS which exist on the Internet, it is possible for a hobbyist to run RSTS/E on a [[personal computer]] in software emulation as fast or faster than it originally ran on the real hardware.
+Mentec would later publicly grant a no-cost license to anyone for non-commercial hobby purpose use of the operating system software developed for the PDP-11, and as the result of the release (for non-commercial use) of a PDP-11 [[simulator]] for the [[IBM-compatible PC|IBM-PC]], as well as image copies of disk drives of RSTS which exist on the [[Internet]], it is possible for a hobbyist to run RSTS/E on a [[personal computer]] in software emulation as fast or faster than it originally ran on the real hardware.
 The last release of RSTS/E was version 10.1A (1998).
@@ Line 22: / Line 20: @@
 The RSTS/E Operating System is usually referred to just as "RSTS" and this article will generally use the shorter form. The acronym was usually pronounced as "RIST-ess" or "RIST-uhs". RSTS was primarily programmed using an extended version of the [[BASIC programming language]] which DEC called "BASIC-PLUS".  Essentially all of the system software for the operating system, including the programs for resource accounting, login, logout and managing the system, were written using BASIC-PLUS.
-RSTS operates strictly in text mode as it used non-graphical [[computer terminal]]s (and modems) connected to it by the equivalent of serial ports, and uses a [[command line interpreter]] (or CLI) whose primary command language is BASIC-PLUS, although special "CCL" (Concise Command Language) commands which can be installed by the System Manager may be used.  A CCL is analogous to a shortcut to a program on a Windows system or a symbolic link on Unix-based systems, although a CCL is installed as a memory-resident command each time the system is restarted, it is not permanent like a disk file. Later versions of RSTS include [[Digital Command Language|DCL]] as a choice for the CLI, giving users access to essentially the same command language used in [[RSX-11]] and, later, [[VMS]].  Starting with RSTS V9.0, command files containing DCL commands were supported for [[batch processing]] jobs, and also as indirect command files.
+RSTS operates strictly in text mode as it used non-graphical [[terminal]]s (and [[modem]]s) connected to it by the equivalent of serial ports, and uses a [[command line interpreter]] (CLI) whose primary command language is BASIC-PLUS, although special "CCL" (Concise Command Language) commands which can be installed by the System Manager may be used.  A CCL is analogous to a shortcut to a program on a Windows system or a symbolic link on [[UNIX|Unix-based]] systems, although a CCL is installed as a memory-resident command each time the system is restarted, it is not permanent like a disk file. Later versions of RSTS include [[Digital Command Language|DCL]] as a choice for the CLI, giving users access to essentially the same command language used in [[RSX-11]] and, later, [[VMS]].  Starting with RSTS V9.0, command files containing DCL commands were supported for [[batch processing]] jobs, and also as indirect command files.
-As many as 127 terminals could be connected to a RSTS system, depending on the [[processor]] being used, the amount of [[main memory]] and disk space, and the system load.  Most RSTS systems had nowhere near that many terminals.  As many as 63 concurrent jobs (processes, execution states) were supported.   These might be interactive jobs (controlled by a terminal), detached (similar to Unix "daemons"), or batch jobs (controlled by a batch command file).   A typical interactive job would interact only with its control terminal, but special programming techniques enabled the use of additional terminals ("multi terminal mode"), which is why 127 terminals were potentially useable even though the interactive job limit is at most 63.
+As many as 127 terminals could be connected to a RSTS system, depending on the [[processor]] being used, the amount of [[main memory]] and disk space, and the system load.  Most RSTS systems had nowhere near that many terminals.  As many as 63 concurrent jobs ([[process]]es, execution states) were supported.   These might be interactive jobs (controlled by a terminal), detached (similar to Unix "[[daemon]]s"), or batch jobs (controlled by a batch command file).   A typical interactive job would interact only with its control terminal, but special programming techniques enabled the use of additional terminals ("multi terminal mode"), which is why 127 terminals were potentially useable even though the interactive job limit is at most 63.
 == Use ==
@@ Line 63: / Line 61: @@
 '''Ready''' in this case is the system command prompt, similar to the C> prompt in MS-DOS or the % prompt in many Unix-based shells.  The '''DIR''' command is an installed CCL equivalent to a RUN command for the DIRECT program.  [0,1] is the account number (and directory name) of the main system storage account.  It would be referred to as "project number 0, programmer number 1".
-The numbers shown after each file represent its size in disk blocks, a block being 512 [[byte]]s or 1/2 kilobyte (K).  "C" indicates the file is contiguous (is stored as one file without being separated into pieces, similar to files on a [[Microsoft Windows]] system after a drive has been [[defragementation|defragmented]]), while "P" indicates it is specially protected (cannot be deleted, even by a privileged user unless the P bit is cleared using the "Refresh" system initialization option).  The numbers in brackets (like "< 40>") represent the protections for the file, which is always displayed in decimal.  Protections indicate if the file may be seen by any other user, by other users with the same programmer number, if the file is read only or if it may be altered by another user, and whether the file may be executed by an ordimary user giving them additional privileges.  These [[protection code]]s are very similar to the r, w and x protections in [[Unix]] and similar operating systems such as [[BSD]] and [[Linux]].  Code 60 is equivalent to a private file, code 62 is a private non-deletable file, and 40 is a public file.
+The numbers shown after each file represent its size in disk blocks, a block being 512 [[byte]]s or 1/2 kilobyte (K).  "C" indicates the file is contiguous (is stored as one area without being separated into pieces, similar to files on a [[Microsoft Windows]] system after a drive has been [[defragementation|defragmented]]), while "P" indicates it is specially protected (cannot be deleted, even by a privileged user unless the P bit is cleared using the "Refresh" system initialization option).  The numbers in brackets (like "< 40>") represent the protections for the file, which is always displayed in decimal.  Protections indicate if the file may be seen by any other user, by other users with the same programmer number, if the file is read only or if it may be altered by another user, and whether the file may be executed by an ordimary user giving them additional privileges.  These [[protection code]]s are very similar to the r, w and x protections in Unix and similar operating systems such as [[BSD]] and [[Linux]].  Code 60 is equivalent to a private file, code 62 is a private non-deletable file, and 40 is a public file.
 Certain other system files are kept in account [1,1].  The account [1,2] is the system-wide public library, and any public file in that account could be referenced by prefixing its name with a dollar sign ($). "!" is used for account [1,3], "%" for [1,4] and "&amp;" for [1,5].  The account [1,1] also had the special privilege of being the only account where a user logged in under that account is permitted to execute the POKE system call to put values into any memory in the system. Thus the account number [1,1] is the closest equivalent to "root" on Unix-based systems.
@@ Line 164: / Line 162: @@
 {{sect-stub}}
 ==External links==

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 Mentec would later publicly grant a no-cost license to anyone for non-commercial hobby purpose use of the operating system software developed for the PDP-11, and as the result of the release (for non-commercial use) of a PDP-11 [[simulator]] for the [[IBM-compatible PC|IBM-PC]], as well as image copies of disk drives of RSTS which exist on the Internet, it is possible for a hobbyist to run RSTS/E on a [[personal computer]] in software emulation as fast or faster than it originally ran on the real hardware.
-The last release of RSTS/E was version 10.1A(1998).
+The last release of RSTS/E was version 10.1A (1998).
 == Overview ==
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 The RSTS/E Operating System is usually referred to just as "RSTS" and this article will generally use the shorter form. The acronym was usually pronounced as "RIST-ess" or "RIST-uhs". RSTS was primarily programmed using an extended version of the [[BASIC programming language]] which DEC called "BASIC-PLUS".  Essentially all of the system software for the operating system, including the programs for resource accounting, login, logout and managing the system, were written using BASIC-PLUS.
-RSTS operates strictly in text mode as it used non-graphical [[computer terminal]]s (and modems) connected to it by the equivalent of serial ports, and uses a [[command line interpreter]] (or CLI) whose primary command language is BASIC-PLUS, although special "CCL" (Concise Command Language) commands which can be installed by the System Manager may be used.  A CCL is analogous to a shortcut to a program on a Windows system or a symbolic link on Unix-based systems, although a CCL is installed as a memory-resident command each time the system is restarted, it is not permanent like a disk file. Later versions of RSTS include [[DIGITAL Command Language|DCL]] as a choice for the CLI, giving users access to essentially the same command language used in [[RSX-11]] and, later, [[VMS]].  Starting with RSTS V9.0, command files containing DCL commands were supported for [[batch processing]] jobs, and also as indirect command files.
+RSTS operates strictly in text mode as it used non-graphical [[computer terminal]]s (and modems) connected to it by the equivalent of serial ports, and uses a [[command line interpreter]] (or CLI) whose primary command language is BASIC-PLUS, although special "CCL" (Concise Command Language) commands which can be installed by the System Manager may be used.  A CCL is analogous to a shortcut to a program on a Windows system or a symbolic link on Unix-based systems, although a CCL is installed as a memory-resident command each time the system is restarted, it is not permanent like a disk file. Later versions of RSTS include [[Digital Command Language|DCL]] as a choice for the CLI, giving users access to essentially the same command language used in [[RSX-11]] and, later, [[VMS]].  Starting with RSTS V9.0, command files containing DCL commands were supported for [[batch processing]] jobs, and also as indirect command files.
 As many as 127 terminals could be connected to a RSTS system, depending on the [[processor]] being used, the amount of [[main memory]] and disk space, and the system load.  Most RSTS systems had nowhere near that many terminals.  As many as 63 concurrent jobs (processes, execution states) were supported.   These might be interactive jobs (controlled by a terminal), detached (similar to Unix "daemons"), or batch jobs (controlled by a batch command file).   A typical interactive job would interact only with its control terminal, but special programming techniques enabled the use of additional terminals ("multi terminal mode"), which is why 127 terminals were potentially useable even though the interactive job limit is at most 63.
@@ Line 151: / Line 151: @@
 {{sect-stub}}
 == Documentation ==
 === '''Official''' ===
 ===== Version 9.x =====
 [http://elvira.stacken.kth.se/rstsdoc/rsts-doc-v97/v9.7-v1-k-aa-2666j-tc-rsts-e-system-installation-and-update-guide-v9.7.pdf RSTS/E System Installation and Update Guide v9.7]
 === Practical Guides ===

@@ Line 158: / Line 158: @@
 === Practical Guides ===
 ==== System Generation ====
-[[FireflyST's user notes for RSTS/E 9.x system generation]]
 {{sect-stub}}

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 == History ==
-RSTS/E started as [[RSTS-11]], for the [[PDP-11/20]].  Unlike RSTS/E, it ran on PDP-11s without memory mapping hardware.  RSTS-11 only supported the [[BASIC-PLUS]] programming language.  RSTS/E (V5A) was introduced  in 1973, to take advantage of the memory mapping hardware and larger memory support introduced with the [[PDP-11/45]].  Starting with V5B, RSTS/E supported multiple [[programming language]]s, although that support was not made official until some time later.
+RSTS/E started as [[RSTS-11]], for the [[PDP-11/20]].  Unlike RSTS/E, it ran on PDP-11s without memory mapping hardware.  RSTS-11 only supported the [[BASIC-PLUS]] programming language.  RSTS/E (V5A) was introduced in 1973, to take advantage of the memory mapping hardware and larger memory support introduced with the [[PDP-11/45]].  Starting with V5B, RSTS/E supported multiple [[programming language]]s, although that support was not made official until some time later.
 The cost of micro computers dropped so drastically, and their performance rose so radically, that minicomputers such as the PDP-11 were no longer cost effective.  In the late 1990s DEC sold its PDP-11 software business to a company named [http://www.mentec.com/ Mentec], and DEC then essentially discontinued releases of RSTS in order to concentrate on their [[VAX]] series of [[mainframe]] computers.
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 The RSTS/E Operating System is usually referred to just as "RSTS" and this article will generally use the shorter form. The acronym was usually pronounced as "RIST-ess" or "RIST-uhs". RSTS was primarily programmed using an extended version of the [[BASIC programming language]] which DEC called "BASIC-PLUS".  Essentially all of the system software for the operating system, including the programs for resource accounting, login, logout and managing the system, were written using BASIC-PLUS.
-RSTS operates strictly in text mode as it used non-graphical [[computer terminal]]s (and modems) connected to it by the equivalent of serial ports, and uses a [[command line interpreter]] (or CLI) whose primary command language is BASIC-PLUS, although special "CCL" (Concise Command Language) commands which can be installed by the System Manager may be used.  A CCL is analogous to a shortcut to a program on a Windows system or a symbolic link on Unix-based systems, although a CCL is installed as a memory-resident command each time the system is restarted, it is not permanent like a disk file. Later versions of RSTS include [[DIGITAL Command Language|DCL]] as a choice for the CLI, giving users access to essentially the same command language used in [[RSX-11]] and, later, [[VMS]].  Starting with RSTS V9.0, command files containing DCL commands were supported for [[batch]] jobs, and also as indirect command files.
+RSTS operates strictly in text mode as it used non-graphical [[computer terminal]]s (and modems) connected to it by the equivalent of serial ports, and uses a [[command line interpreter]] (or CLI) whose primary command language is BASIC-PLUS, although special "CCL" (Concise Command Language) commands which can be installed by the System Manager may be used.  A CCL is analogous to a shortcut to a program on a Windows system or a symbolic link on Unix-based systems, although a CCL is installed as a memory-resident command each time the system is restarted, it is not permanent like a disk file. Later versions of RSTS include [[DIGITAL Command Language|DCL]] as a choice for the CLI, giving users access to essentially the same command language used in [[RSX-11]] and, later, [[VMS]].  Starting with RSTS V9.0, command files containing DCL commands were supported for [[batch processing]] jobs, and also as indirect command files.
-As many as 127 terminals could be connected to a RSTS system, depending on the [[processor]] being used, the amount of [[main memory]] and disk space, and the system load.  Most RSTS systems had nowhere near that many terminals.  As many as 63 concurrent jobs (processes, execution states) were supported.   These might be interactive jobs (controlled by a terminal), detached (similar to Unix "daemons"), or [[batch]] jobs (controlled by a batch command file).   A typical interactive job would interact only with its control terminal, but special programming techniques enabled the use of additional terminals ("multi terminal mode"), which is why 127 terminals were potentially useable even though the interactive job limit is at most 63.
+As many as 127 terminals could be connected to a RSTS system, depending on the [[processor]] being used, the amount of [[main memory]] and disk space, and the system load.  Most RSTS systems had nowhere near that many terminals.  As many as 63 concurrent jobs (processes, execution states) were supported.   These might be interactive jobs (controlled by a terminal), detached (similar to Unix "daemons"), or batch jobs (controlled by a batch command file).   A typical interactive job would interact only with its control terminal, but special programming techniques enabled the use of additional terminals ("multi terminal mode"), which is why 127 terminals were potentially useable even though the interactive job limit is at most 63.
 == Use ==
@@ Line 65: / Line 65: @@
 The numbers shown after each file represent its size in disk blocks, a block being 512 [[byte]]s or 1/2 kilobyte (K).  "C" indicates the file is contiguous (is stored as one file without being separated into pieces, similar to files on a [[Microsoft Windows]] system after a drive has been [[defragementation|defragmented]]), while "P" indicates it is specially protected (cannot be deleted, even by a privileged user unless the P bit is cleared using the "Refresh" system initialization option).  The numbers in brackets (like "< 40>") represent the protections for the file, which is always displayed in decimal.  Protections indicate if the file may be seen by any other user, by other users with the same programmer number, if the file is read only or if it may be altered by another user, and whether the file may be executed by an ordimary user giving them additional privileges.  These [[protection code]]s are very similar to the r, w and x protections in [[Unix]] and similar operating systems such as [[BSD]] and [[Linux]].  Code 60 is equivalent to a private file, code 62 is a private non-deletable file, and 40 is a public file.
-Certain other system files are kept in account [1,1].  The account [1,2] is the system-wide public library, and any public file in that account could be referenced by prefixing its name with a dollar sign ($). "!" is used for account [1,3], "%" for [1,4] and "&amp;" for [1,5].  The account [1,1] also had the special privilege of being the only account where a user logged in under that account is permitted to execute the POKE system call to put values into any memory in the system.  Thus the account number [1,1] is the closest equivalent to "root" on Unix-based systems.
+Certain other system files are kept in account [1,1].  The account [1,2] is the system-wide public library, and any public file in that account could be referenced by prefixing its name with a dollar sign ($). "!" is used for account [1,3], "%" for [1,4] and "&amp;" for [1,5].  The account [1,1] also had the special privilege of being the only account where a user logged in under that account is permitted to execute the POKE system call to put values into any memory in the system. Thus the account number [1,1] is the closest equivalent to "root" on Unix-based systems.
 When logged in, a user may either type language statements in the BASIC-PLUS programming language, issue the RUN command to run a program, or issue a special command called a CCL to execute a program with command options.
@@ Line 157: / Line 157: @@
 === Practical Guides ===
-===== System Generation =====
+==== System Generation ====
 [[FireflyST's user notes for RSTS/E 9.x system generation]]
 {{sect-stub}}

@@ Line 160: / Line 160: @@
 [[FireflyST's user notes for RSTS/E 9.x system generation]]
 {{sect-stub}}
 [[Category: PDP-11 Operating Systems]]
 [[Category: DEC Operating Systems]]

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−	[[Category:PDP-11 Operating Systems]]	+	[[Category: PDP-11 Operating Systems]]
		+	[[Category: Non-DEC Operating Systems]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:13, 9 February 2018
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−	~~[[Category:DEC Operating Systems]]~~
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@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
   | architecture = [[PDP-11]]
 }}
-'''RSTS/E''' (an acronym for '''Resource Sharing Time Sharing Extended''') was a [[multi-user]] [[time-shared]] [[operating system]] developed by [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] ("DEC") (now part of [[Hewlett Packard]]) for the [[PDP-11]] series of 16-bit [[minicomputers]], and used primarily during the [[1970s]] and [[1980s]], although some installations were still being upgraded well into the [[1990s]].
 == History ==
-RSTS/E started as [[RSTS-11]], for the [[PDP-11/20]].  Unlike RSTS/E, it ran on PDP-11s without memory mapping hardware.  RSTS-11 only supported the BASIC-PLUS programming language.  RSTS/E (V5A) was introduced  in 1973, to take advantage of the memory mapping hardware and larger memory support introduced with the PDP-11/45.  Starting with V5B, RSTS/E supported multiple programming languages, although that support was not made official until some time later.
+RSTS/E started as [[RSTS-11]], for the [[PDP-11/20]].  Unlike RSTS/E, it ran on PDP-11s without memory mapping hardware.  RSTS-11 only supported the [[BASIC-PLUS]] programming language.  RSTS/E (V5A) was introduced  in 1973, to take advantage of the memory mapping hardware and larger memory support introduced with the [[PDP-11/45]].  Starting with V5B, RSTS/E supported multiple [[programming language]]s, although that support was not made official until some time later.
-The cost of micro computers dropped so drastically, and their performance rose so radically, that minicomputers such as the PDP-11 were no longer cost effective.  In the late 1990s DEC sold its PDP-11 software business to a company named Mentec [http://www.mentec.com/], and DEC then essentially discontinued releases of RSTS in order to concentrate on their [[VAX]] series of mainframe computers.
+The cost of micro computers dropped so drastically, and their performance rose so radically, that minicomputers such as the PDP-11 were no longer cost effective.  In the late 1990s DEC sold its PDP-11 software business to a company named [http://www.mentec.com/ Mentec], and DEC then essentially discontinued releases of RSTS in order to concentrate on their [[VAX]] series of [[mainframe]] computers.
-Mentec would later publicly grant a no-cost license to anyone for non-commercial hobby purpose use of the operating system software developed for the PDP-11, and as the result of the release (for non-commercial use) of a PDP-11 emulator for the IBM-PC, as well as image copies of disk drives of RSTS which exist on the Internet, it is possible for a hobbyist to run RSTS/E on a personal computer in software emulation as fast or faster than it originally ran on the real hardware.
+Mentec would later publicly grant a no-cost license to anyone for non-commercial hobby purpose use of the operating system software developed for the PDP-11, and as the result of the release (for non-commercial use) of a PDP-11 [[simulator]] for the [[IBM-compatible PC|IBM-PC]], as well as image copies of disk drives of RSTS which exist on the Internet, it is possible for a hobbyist to run RSTS/E on a [[personal computer]] in software emulation as fast or faster than it originally ran on the real hardware.
-The last release of RSTS/E was version 10.1A(1998).  DEC would later be purchased by [[Compaq]], which itself later merged with [[Hewlett Packard]].
+The last release of RSTS/E was version 10.1A(1998).  DEC would later be purchased by [[Compaq]], which itself later merged with Hewlett Packard.
 == Overview ==
-The RSTS/E Operating System is usually referred to just as "RSTS" and this article will generally use the shorter form. The acronym was usually pronounced as "RIST-ess" or "RIST-uhs". RSTS was primarily programmed using an extended version of the [[BASIC programming language]] which DEC called "[[BASIC-PLUS]]."  Essentially all of the system software for the operating system, including the programs for resource accounting, login, logout and managing the system, were written using BASIC-PLUS.
+The RSTS/E Operating System is usually referred to just as "RSTS" and this article will generally use the shorter form. The acronym was usually pronounced as "RIST-ess" or "RIST-uhs". RSTS was primarily programmed using an extended version of the [[BASIC programming language]] which DEC called "BASIC-PLUS".  Essentially all of the system software for the operating system, including the programs for resource accounting, login, logout and managing the system, were written using BASIC-PLUS.
-RSTS operates strictly in text mode as it used non-graphical [[computer terminal]]s (and modems) connected to it by the equivalent of serial ports, and uses a [[command line interpreter]] (or CLI) whose primary command language is BASIC-PLUS, although special "CCL" (Concise Command Language) commands which can be installed by the System Manager may be used.  A CCL is analogous to a shortcut to a program on a Windows system or a symbolic link on Unix-based systems, although a CCL is installed as a memory-resident command each time the system is restarted, it is not permanent like a disk file. Later versions of RSTS include [[DIGITAL Command Language|DCL]] as a choice for the CLI, giving users access to essentially the same command language used in [[RSX-11]] and, later, [[OpenVMS]].  Starting with RSTS V9.0, command files containing DCL commands were supported for [[batch]] jobs, and also as indirect command files.
+RSTS operates strictly in text mode as it used non-graphical [[computer terminal]]s (and modems) connected to it by the equivalent of serial ports, and uses a [[command line interpreter]] (or CLI) whose primary command language is BASIC-PLUS, although special "CCL" (Concise Command Language) commands which can be installed by the System Manager may be used.  A CCL is analogous to a shortcut to a program on a Windows system or a symbolic link on Unix-based systems, although a CCL is installed as a memory-resident command each time the system is restarted, it is not permanent like a disk file. Later versions of RSTS include [[DIGITAL Command Language|DCL]] as a choice for the CLI, giving users access to essentially the same command language used in [[RSX-11]] and, later, [[VMS]].  Starting with RSTS V9.0, command files containing DCL commands were supported for [[batch]] jobs, and also as indirect command files.
 As many as 127 terminals could be connected to a RSTS system, depending on the [[processor]] being used, the amount of [[main memory]] and disk space, and the system load.  Most RSTS systems had nowhere near that many terminals.  As many as 63 concurrent jobs (processes, execution states) were supported.   These might be interactive jobs (controlled by a terminal), detached (similar to Unix "daemons"), or [[batch]] jobs (controlled by a batch command file).   A typical interactive job would interact only with its control terminal, but special programming techniques enabled the use of additional terminals ("multi terminal mode"), which is why 127 terminals were potentially useable even though the interactive job limit is at most 63.
@@ Line 160: / Line 161: @@
 [[FireflyST's user notes for RSTS/E 9.x system generation]]
 {{sect-stub}}
 [[Category:DEC Operating Systems]]
 [[Category:PDP-11 Operating Systems]]