Semi-Automatic Ground Environment - Revision history

Jnc: /* External links */ +SAGE - older version, with more details

2025-10-25T14:51:37Z

‎External links: +SAGE - older version, with more details

Jnc: /* Further reading */ link AHC

2024-12-06T01:31:50Z

‎Further reading: link AHC

Jnc: /* External links */ +Introduction to AN/FSQ-7 and AN/FSQ-8

2024-07-07T11:41:17Z

‎External links: +Introduction to AN/FSQ-7 and AN/FSQ-8

Jnc: /* External links */ +Introduction to AN/FSQ-7 - contains a good overview of SAGE

2024-07-01T23:37:32Z

‎External links: +Introduction to AN/FSQ-7 - contains a good overview of SAGE

Jnc: /* External links */ +Bitsavers

2024-07-01T23:25:00Z

‎External links: +Bitsavers

Jnc: /* External links */ +Milestones: SAGE - Semi-Automatic Ground Environment, 1951-1958

2024-07-01T22:50:15Z

‎External links: +Milestones: SAGE - Semi-Automatic Ground Environment, 1951-1958

Jnc: Add a bit dribs'n'drabs

2024-07-01T19:49:02Z

Add a bit dribs'n'drabs

Jnc: /* External links */ +Final Report of PROJECT CHARLES

2024-03-01T19:25:15Z

‎External links: +Final Report of PROJECT CHARLES

Jnc: /* Further reading */ typo

2024-02-27T23:00:42Z

‎Further reading: typo

Jnc: /* Further reading */ link to online SAGE history

2024-02-27T23:00:08Z

‎Further reading: link to online SAGE history

@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 * [https://www.ll.mit.edu/about/history/sage-semi-automatic-ground-environment-air-defense-system SAGE: Semi-Automatic Ground Environment Air Defense System] - good, fairly detailed history
 ** [https://www.ll.mit.edu/about/history/reflections-sage Reflections on SAGE]
 * [https://ethw.org/Milestones:SAGE-Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment,_1951-1958 Milestones: SAGE&mdash;Semi-Automatic Ground Environment, 1951-1958]
 * [https://ed-thelen.org/SageIntro.html Introduction to AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central and AN/FSQ-8 Combat Control Central] - good detailed technical overview

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 * Kent C. Redmond, Thomas M. Smith, ''From Whirlwind to MITRE: The R&D Story of the SAGE Air Defense Computer'', MIT Press, Cambridge, 2000
 * John F. Jacobs, [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/mit/lincolnLaboratory/Jacobs_The_SAGE_Air_Defense_System_A_Personal_History_1986.pdf ''The SAGE Air Defense System: A Personal History''], MITRE Corporation, Bedford, 1986
-*  [https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/an/1983/04 ''Special Issue - SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment)''], Annals of the History of Computing, Volume 5, Number 4, October 1983
+* ''Special Issue - SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment)'', [[Annals of the History of Computing]], Vol. 5, No. 4, October 1983
 ==External links==

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 ** [https://www.ll.mit.edu/about/history/reflections-sage Reflections on SAGE]
 * [https://ethw.org/Milestones:SAGE-Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment,_1951-1958 Milestones: SAGE&mdash;Semi-Automatic Ground Environment, 1951-1958]
 * [https://ed-thelen.org/sage-1.html Stories about SAGE]
 ** [https://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/vs-ibm-sage.html IBM SAGE]

@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 * [http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/sage/ sage] - documentation at [[Bitsavers]]
 ** [http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/sage/Computer_Museum_First_Field_Trip_1982.pdf The Computer Museum Member's First Field Trip To Northbay AN/FSQ-7 SAGE Site]
 * [http://bitsavers.org/pdf/mit/lincolnLaboratory/project_charles/A800165_Final_Report_of_Project_Charles_Vol_1_Aug1951.pdf Final Report of PROJECT CHARLES] - the effort that started SAGE rolling

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 ==External links==
 * [http://bitsavers.org/pdf/mit/lincolnLaboratory/project_charles/A800165_Final_Report_of_Project_Charles_Vol_1_Aug1951.pdf Final Report of PROJECT CHARLES] - the effort that started SAGE rolling
 * [https://www.ll.mit.edu/about/history/sage-semi-automatic-ground-environment-air-defense-system SAGE: Semi-Automatic Ground Environment Air Defense System] - good, fairly detailed history

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The '''Semi-Automatic Ground Environment''' (usually referred to by the acronym, '''SAGE''') of the USA was the earliest computerised air defense system; it used the [[Whirlwind]] machine (suitably augmented) as a prototype.
+The '''Semi-Automatic Ground Environment''' (usually referred to by the acronym, '''SAGE''') of the USA was a computerised air defense system; the earliest distributed [[real-time]] system. It used the [[Whirlwind]] machine (suitably augmented) as a prototype.
 The hardware, the [[AN/FSQ-7]], was designed by [[International Business Machines|IBM]], in cooperation with [[Lincoln Laboratory]], and built by IBM (and was a significant factor in their growth in expertise in computers). The software was begun by Lincoln, but the effort was taken over by the [[Rand Corporation]], whose [[System Development Division]] (where the work was done) grew so large that in November, 1956, it was spun off as the non-profit [[System Development Corporation]]. [[MITRE]] was also created by the SAGE effort, in July, 1958, as a spin-off of Lincoln, to help take the system to completion.
@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 * Kent C. Redmond, Thomas M. Smith, ''From Whirlwind to MITRE: The R&D Story of the SAGE Air Defense Computer'', MIT Press, Cambridge, 2000
 * John F. Jacobs, [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/mit/lincolnLaboratory/Jacobs_The_SAGE_Air_Defense_System_A_Personal_History_1986.pdf ''The SAGE Air Defense System: A Personal History''], MITRE Corporation, Bedford, 1986
 ==External links==
@@ Line 14: / Line 15: @@
 * [http://bitsavers.org/pdf/mit/lincolnLaboratory/project_charles/A800165_Final_Report_of_Project_Charles_Vol_1_Aug1951.pdf Final Report of PROJECT CHARLES] - the effort that started SAGE rolling
 * [https://www.ll.mit.edu/about/history/sage-semi-automatic-ground-environment-air-defense-system SAGE: Semi-Automatic Ground Environment Air Defense System] - good, fairly detailed history
 * [https://ed-thelen.org/sage-1.html Stories about SAGE]
 * [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/this-is-only-a-test-3119878/ “This Is Only a Test”] - interesting description of full-scale tests of SAGE
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130217134853/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/the-never-before-told-story-of-the-worlds-first-computer-art-its-a-sexy-dame/267439/ The Never-Before-Told Story of the World's First Computer Art (It's a Sexy Dame)]
 [[Category: Early Computers]]

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 * Kent C. Redmond, Thomas M. Smith, ''From Whirlwind to MITRE: The R&D Story of the SAGE Air Defense Computer'', MIT Press, Cambridge, 2000
-* John F. Jacobs, ''The SAGE Air Defense System: A Personal History'', MITRE Corporation, Bedford, 1986
+* John F. Jacobs, http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/mit/lincolnLaboratory/Jacobs_The_SAGE_Air_Defense_System_A_Personal_History_1986.pdf ''The SAGE Air Defense System: A Personal History''], MITRE Corporation, Bedford, 1986
 ==External links==