Difference between revisions of "FLIP CHIP"

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[[Image:B Series Flip Chip.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A B series FLIP CHIP used in a [[KA10]]]]
[[Image:B Series Flip Chip.jpg|thumb|300px|A B series Flip-Chip]]
 
'''Flip-Chip''' was a [[DEC]] registered trademark, named after the "flipchip" component mounting technique which quite rapidly faded from fame. The name was retained although the majority of Flip-Chips never really were flipchip-mounted as it became apparent that the flipchip mounting technique was highly unreliable.  Flip-chips were used in the DEC [[PDP-7]] (Referred to in documentation as the "FLIP CHIP"), [[PDP-8]], [[PDP-9]] and [[PDP-10]], beginning on August 24, 1964.
 
  
In practice, they performed generic, simple functions, similar to an integrated circuit. They were approximately 4 inches long and 2.5 inches wide.  Each had 36 connectors, 18 on each side.
+
'''FLIP CHIP''' was [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]]'s trade name (a registered trademark for DEC) for a lengthy series of DEC's small [[printed circuit board|cards]] used to build computers, and [[peripheral]]s for them. They were a successor to DEC's earlier [[System Module]]s; they were introduced as a replacement largely as a cost-reduction measure (ironic, since their eventual demise was also due to cost-reduction).
  
== Naming ==
+
Early FLIP CHIP modules were [[DEC card form factor|single-height]], normal-length modules, approximately 4 inches long and 2.5 inches wide. These had 18 contact fingers on one side of the [[printed circuit board|PCB]] only (the so-called 'solder' side); the contact pads were 'numbered' from the [[DEC Alphabet]]. A FLIP CHIP plugged directly into a 144-pin connector block [[backplane]] with [[wire-wrap]] pins on the back side; automatic Gardner-Denver wire-wrapping equipment could wire the connector blocks to produce larger functional (sub)-systems.
 +
 
 +
The earliest FLIP CHIPs, introduced on August 24, 1964, used discrete [[transistor]]s and [[diode]]s; they performed generic, simple [[logic]] functions, similar to an [[integrated circuit]]. FLIP CHIPs incorporating IC technology eventually followed, and the limited number of contact pins eventually became a problem, so that contact fingers were added on the other ('component') side as well, for a total of 36 connectors, 18 on each side.
 +
 
 +
FLIP CHIPs were used in the DEC [[PDP-7]] (referred to in its documentation as the "FLIP CHIP"), [[PDP-8 family|PDP-8]], [[PDP-9]] and [[PDP-10]]. DEC continued to use the name up into the period when [[DEC card form factor|extended-length quad-height]] cards started to appear, e.g. in the [[KA11 CPU]]. However, although these special-purpose cards are labelled 'FLIP CHIP's, they are generally not considered to be 'true' FLIP CHIPS; the name is generally only used to refer to the smaller, general-purpose cards.
 +
 
 +
The small, general-purpose FLIP CHIPs made sense when they were first introduced (in the transistor era), since they allowed designers to operate at a higher conceptual level ([[gate]]s, etc). In the IC era, those became the design elements, and it also became desirable, for cost reasons, to decrease the amount of connectors used in a (sub)-system, so the larger cards became the preferred direction.
 +
 
 +
==Naming==
  
 
There appeared to be some confusion inside DEC at the time, as various manuals refer to it as "FLIP CHIP", "Flip Chip", "FLIP-CHIP", "Flip-Chip" and "Flip Chip", with trademark and registered trademark symbols.
 
There appeared to be some confusion inside DEC at the time, as various manuals refer to it as "FLIP CHIP", "Flip Chip", "FLIP-CHIP", "Flip-Chip" and "Flip Chip", with trademark and registered trademark symbols.
 +
 +
(They should not be confused with the generic technology term [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip_chip 'flip chip']; the DEC version, properly spelled with all capital letters, as in the trademark filing, got its name from the fact that some early FLIP CHIPs used flip chips. The latter was a component mounting technique which quite rapidly faded. The name was retained although the majority of FLIP CHIPs never were flip chip-mounted, as it quickly became apparent that the flip chip mounting technique was highly un-reliable.)
  
 
==Flip-Chip families==
 
==Flip-Chip families==
  
[[Image:FlipChips.jpeg|thumb|250px|Flip-chips in different forms and colours, in a PDP-8.]]
+
[[Image:FlipChips.jpeg|thumb|250px|Flip-chips in different forms and a rainbow of colours, in a [[PDP-8]].]]
The various families were colour-coded, and the first letter denoted a colour, which was also visible on the handle.
+
 
 +
The following FLIP CHIP families ('series', in DEC terminology) were
 +
introduced over the years. The various series were colour-coded: the first letter denoted a colour, which was the colour of the plastic which the handle(s) were formed out of.
  
 
===A series===
 
===A series===
  
The A stands for Amber. The A series were used for analog functions - ADCs, DACs, amplifiers etc.
+
''See the list of [[List of DEC part numbers#A series|DEC parts]].''
  
{|class="wikitable"
+
The A stands for 'Amber'. The A series were used for analog functions - ADCs, DACs, amplifiers etc.
|-
+
 
| Part Number|| Description
+
* Typical price $350 to $750 (08/67 price list)
|-
 
| A123  || Positive logic multiplexer
 
|-
 
| A131  || unknown
 
|-
 
| A200  || Op. amp.
 
|-
 
| A206  || Op. amp.
 
|-
 
| A207  || Op. amp.
 
|-
 
| A214  || unknown
 
|-
 
| A215  || unknown
 
|-
 
| A404  || sampler???
 
|-
 
| A613  || 12 bit DAC converter
 
|-
 
| A615  || unknown
 
|-
 
| A618  || 10 bit DAC converter
 
|-
 
| A619  || 10 bit DAC converter
 
|-
 
| A620  || 10 bit DAC converter
 
|-
 
| A621  || 10 bit DAC converter
 
|-
 
| A702  || reference supply???
 
|-
 
| A704  || reference supply???
 
|-
 
| A811  || 10 bit ADC converter
 
|-
 
| A990  || amplifier
 
|-
 
| A992  || amplifier
 
|}
 
  
 
===B series===
 
===B series===
  
The B stands for Blue. The B series were used as core logic in the higher-end CPUs.
+
The B stands for 'Blue'; they were effectively the same as the 6000 Series System Modules, but re-packaged into FLIP CHIP form. First used on the PDP-7, and later in the famous [[KA10]] PDP-10 [[Central Processing Unit|CPU]]; they used silicon transistors, and were used for the main logic in the higher-end CPUs.
 +
 
 +
* Power supply: +10 and -15 volts
 +
* Operational to 10 megahertz
 +
* Signal level 0 volts, logic 0 and -3 volts, logic 1
 +
* Typical price $15 to $57 (10/65 price list)
  
 
===G series===
 
===G series===
  
The G stands for Green. The G series were used for "anything with non-standard voltages", I think.  
+
The G stands for 'Green' (the handles are an olive green, not a forest green, though). The G series were specialized modules that are part of a specific larger (sub)-system (e.g. [[core memory]] drivers).
 +
 
 +
===K series===
 +
 
 +
The K stands for 'Black' (blacK handles); they were used in industrial control applications, and could tolerate higher voltages, more noise, etc.
  
 
===M series===
 
===M series===
  
The M stands for ...? I'll have to find that out. Don't know what defines this, but I think it's "TTL-level logic".
+
''See the list of [[List of DEC part numbers#M series|DEC parts]].''
 +
 
 +
The M stands for 'Magenta' (a purple colour). When first introduced, they carried the then-new [[transistor-transistor logic|TTL]] chips; they were first used in the [[PDP-8/I]]. Later on, they became quite complex (see [[list of DEC part numbers]]). They replaced the R and S series.
 +
 
 +
* Power supply: +5 V
 +
* Operate at up to 6 MHz
 +
* Signal level 0 volts, logic 0 and +3 volts, logic 1
 +
* Typical price $23 to $84 (08/67 price list)
  
 
===R series===
 
===R series===
  
The R stands for Red. Slower logic than the B series, but cheaper. Used extensively in the I/O circuitry of computers.
+
The first FLIP CHIP family; R stands for 'Red'. They used discrete transistors; intended to be easy to use, they used [[diode]] gates and diode-[[capacitor]]-diode circuits. They were slower logic than the B series, but cheaper. They were used extensively in the I/O circuitry of computers.
 +
 
 +
* Power supply +10 and -15 volts
 +
* Operational to 2 megahertz
 +
* Signal level 0 volts, logic 0 and -3 volts, logic 1
 +
* Typical price $15 to $47 (10/65 price list)
 +
 
 +
=== S series ===
 +
 
 +
The S series (also with red handles) is identical to the R series, except that its transistors switched faster, and it also used lower resistance [[resistor]]s, allowing more cards to be wired in series, and also operate somewhat faster. First developed for the original [[PDP-8]].
  
 
===W series===
 
===W series===
  
The W stands for White. These are components that plug into Flip-Chip sockets, but have no logic of their own.
+
The W stands for 'White'. These are components that plug into connector block slots that can hold a FLIP CHIP, but have no logic of their own; they are used for input/output to external circuitry.
 +
 
 +
==See also==
 +
 
 +
* [[List of DEC board part numbers]]
 +
* [[System Module]]
 +
 
 +
==Further reading==
 +
 
 +
* ''FLIP CHIP Modules'', Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, September, 1964
 +
* ''Digital FLIP CHIP Modules'', Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, February, 1965
 +
* ''M Series Modules'', Digital Equipment Corporation, February, 1967
 +
 
 +
==External links==
 +
 
 +
* Richard L. Best, Russell C. Doane and John E. McNamara, [http://gordonbell.azurewebsites.net/Computer_Engineering/00000134.htm Digital Modules, The Basis for Computers], in C. Gordon Bell, J. Craig Mudge, John. E. McNamara, ''Computer Engineering: A DEC View of Hardware Systems Design'', Digital Press, Bedford, 1978
 +
* [http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/gbell/Computer_Engineering/00000134.htm In the Beginning] and linked subsequent pages
 +
* [http://www.soemtron.org/pdp7flipchips.html Digital FlipChip Technology]
 +
* [http://so-much-stuff.com/pdp8/flipchip/flipchip.php FlipChip Modules] - Large database of detailed FLIP CHIP information
 +
* [http://www.bitsavers.org/www.computer.museum.uq.edu.au/pdf/DEC-15-H2EB-D%20PDP-15%20Module%20Manual.pdf PDP-15 Module Manual] - Contains many M-series modules
 +
* [http://retrocmp.com/flipchipshop Flip-Chip Shop]
 +
 
 +
[[Category: Digital Equipment Corporation]]
 +
[[Category: DEC Boards]]

Revision as of 14:40, 9 December 2021

A B series FLIP CHIP used in a KA10

FLIP CHIP was DEC's trade name (a registered trademark for DEC) for a lengthy series of DEC's small cards used to build computers, and peripherals for them. They were a successor to DEC's earlier System Modules; they were introduced as a replacement largely as a cost-reduction measure (ironic, since their eventual demise was also due to cost-reduction).

Early FLIP CHIP modules were single-height, normal-length modules, approximately 4 inches long and 2.5 inches wide. These had 18 contact fingers on one side of the PCB only (the so-called 'solder' side); the contact pads were 'numbered' from the DEC Alphabet. A FLIP CHIP plugged directly into a 144-pin connector block backplane with wire-wrap pins on the back side; automatic Gardner-Denver wire-wrapping equipment could wire the connector blocks to produce larger functional (sub)-systems.

The earliest FLIP CHIPs, introduced on August 24, 1964, used discrete transistors and diodes; they performed generic, simple logic functions, similar to an integrated circuit. FLIP CHIPs incorporating IC technology eventually followed, and the limited number of contact pins eventually became a problem, so that contact fingers were added on the other ('component') side as well, for a total of 36 connectors, 18 on each side.

FLIP CHIPs were used in the DEC PDP-7 (referred to in its documentation as the "FLIP CHIP"), PDP-8, PDP-9 and PDP-10. DEC continued to use the name up into the period when extended-length quad-height cards started to appear, e.g. in the KA11 CPU. However, although these special-purpose cards are labelled 'FLIP CHIP's, they are generally not considered to be 'true' FLIP CHIPS; the name is generally only used to refer to the smaller, general-purpose cards.

The small, general-purpose FLIP CHIPs made sense when they were first introduced (in the transistor era), since they allowed designers to operate at a higher conceptual level (gates, etc). In the IC era, those became the design elements, and it also became desirable, for cost reasons, to decrease the amount of connectors used in a (sub)-system, so the larger cards became the preferred direction.

Naming

There appeared to be some confusion inside DEC at the time, as various manuals refer to it as "FLIP CHIP", "Flip Chip", "FLIP-CHIP", "Flip-Chip" and "Flip Chip", with trademark and registered trademark symbols.

(They should not be confused with the generic technology term 'flip chip'; the DEC version, properly spelled with all capital letters, as in the trademark filing, got its name from the fact that some early FLIP CHIPs used flip chips. The latter was a component mounting technique which quite rapidly faded. The name was retained although the majority of FLIP CHIPs never were flip chip-mounted, as it quickly became apparent that the flip chip mounting technique was highly un-reliable.)

Flip-Chip families

Flip-chips in different forms and a rainbow of colours, in a PDP-8.

The following FLIP CHIP families ('series', in DEC terminology) were introduced over the years. The various series were colour-coded: the first letter denoted a colour, which was the colour of the plastic which the handle(s) were formed out of.

A series

See the list of DEC parts.

The A stands for 'Amber'. The A series were used for analog functions - ADCs, DACs, amplifiers etc.

  • Typical price $350 to $750 (08/67 price list)

B series

The B stands for 'Blue'; they were effectively the same as the 6000 Series System Modules, but re-packaged into FLIP CHIP form. First used on the PDP-7, and later in the famous KA10 PDP-10 CPU; they used silicon transistors, and were used for the main logic in the higher-end CPUs.

  • Power supply: +10 and -15 volts
  • Operational to 10 megahertz
  • Signal level 0 volts, logic 0 and -3 volts, logic 1
  • Typical price $15 to $57 (10/65 price list)

G series

The G stands for 'Green' (the handles are an olive green, not a forest green, though). The G series were specialized modules that are part of a specific larger (sub)-system (e.g. core memory drivers).

K series

The K stands for 'Black' (blacK handles); they were used in industrial control applications, and could tolerate higher voltages, more noise, etc.

M series

See the list of DEC parts.

The M stands for 'Magenta' (a purple colour). When first introduced, they carried the then-new TTL chips; they were first used in the PDP-8/I. Later on, they became quite complex (see list of DEC part numbers). They replaced the R and S series.

  • Power supply: +5 V
  • Operate at up to 6 MHz
  • Signal level 0 volts, logic 0 and +3 volts, logic 1
  • Typical price $23 to $84 (08/67 price list)

R series

The first FLIP CHIP family; R stands for 'Red'. They used discrete transistors; intended to be easy to use, they used diode gates and diode-capacitor-diode circuits. They were slower logic than the B series, but cheaper. They were used extensively in the I/O circuitry of computers.

  • Power supply +10 and -15 volts
  • Operational to 2 megahertz
  • Signal level 0 volts, logic 0 and -3 volts, logic 1
  • Typical price $15 to $47 (10/65 price list)

S series

The S series (also with red handles) is identical to the R series, except that its transistors switched faster, and it also used lower resistance resistors, allowing more cards to be wired in series, and also operate somewhat faster. First developed for the original PDP-8.

W series

The W stands for 'White'. These are components that plug into connector block slots that can hold a FLIP CHIP, but have no logic of their own; they are used for input/output to external circuitry.

See also

Further reading

  • FLIP CHIP Modules, Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, September, 1964
  • Digital FLIP CHIP Modules, Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, February, 1965
  • M Series Modules, Digital Equipment Corporation, February, 1967

External links