Difference between revisions of "KS10"

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{{Infobox Machine
 
{{Infobox Machine
 
| name = KS10
 
| name = KS10
 +
| image=KS10-Open.jpg
 +
| caption=KS10 with main cabinet open; CPU at the bottom right
 
| manufacturer = [[Digital Equipment Corporation]]
 
| manufacturer = [[Digital Equipment Corporation]]
 
| architecture = [[PDP-10]]
 
| architecture = [[PDP-10]]
Line 8: Line 10:
 
| physical address = 19 bits (some had 20)
 
| physical address = 19 bits (some had 20)
 
| virtual address = 18 bits
 
| virtual address = 18 bits
−
| logic type = [[LS TTL]] [[IC]]s
+
| logic type = [[LS TTL]] [[integrated circuit|IC]]s
−
| design type = clocked synchronous [[microcode]]d
+
| design type = clocked synchronous [[microcode]]d
 
| uword width = 96
 
| uword width = 96
 
| ucode length = 2K
 
| ucode length = 2K
Line 16: Line 18:
 
| cache speed = 300 nsec
 
| cache speed = 300 nsec
 
| memory speed = 0.9 μsec
 
| memory speed = 0.9 μsec
−
| memory mgmt = [[paging]], 512-word pages
+
| memory mgmt = [[virtual memory|paging]], 512-word pages
 
| operating system = [[TOPS-10]], [[TOPS-20]], [[Incompatible Timesharing System|ITS]], [[TYMCOM-XX]]
 
| operating system = [[TOPS-10]], [[TOPS-20]], [[Incompatible Timesharing System|ITS]], [[TYMCOM-XX]]
 
| predecessor = [[KL10]]
 
| predecessor = [[KL10]]
Line 23: Line 25:
 
}}
 
}}
  
−
The '''KS10''' was the fourth and last generation of [[PDP-10]] processors (themselves, exact re-implementations of the earlier [[PDP-6]] architecture). It was intended as a small, low-cost entry model, not as a replacement for the earlier [[KL10]] [[mainframe]].
+
The '''KS10''' was the fourth and last generation of [[PDP-10]] processors (themselves, exact re-implementations of the earlier [[PDP-6]] architecture) from [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]]. It was intended as a small, low-cost entry model, not as a replacement for the earlier [[KL10]] [[mainframe]].  A few documents refer to it as the '''SM10''', maybe "small 10".
  
−
8 different sets of CPU [[register]]s were provided, to speed up [[interrupt]] handling. The [[main memory]] used [[ECC]] for error detection (and possibly correction).
+
The KS10 is organized around a [[synchronous]] [[bus]] (carried only on the main [[backplane]]), to which are attached the [[microcode]]d [[Central Processing Unit|CPU]], the [[main memory]] controller, and two or three [[UNIBUS]] adapters (which are used to perform all [[input/output|I/O]] in the system. [[Parity]] is used throughout for error detection.
  
−
For I/O, it used a pair of [[UNIBUS]]es, driven by adapters which interfaced them to the KS10's internal bus. One was for the [[disk]]s only, the other for all other devices ([[magnetic tape]], [[asynchronous serial line]]s, etc). A separate page table mapped the UNIBUS [[address space]] into the KS10's main memory for [[Direct Memory Access|DMA]] operations.  
+
These two types of bus, along with [[MASSBUS]]es provided by [[RH11 MASSBUS controller|RH11-C]]'s on the UNIBUSes, are the only buses in the KS10; it supports neither the [[PDP-10 Memory Bus]] nor the [[PDP-10 I/O Bus]]. [[Address]]es and data share one set of multiplexed [[conductor]]s on the KS10 internal bus; the address is transferred on one cycle, and the associated data on a following cycle.
  
−
The UNIBUS which is used for the disks was run in 18-bit mode (the two parity lines on that UNIBUS were recycled into two extra data lines). That UNIBUS had only an [[RH11 MASSBUS controller|RH11]], mounted in the main [[Central Processing Unit|CPU]] cabinet to drive the [[MASSBUS]] to the disks. (Only MASSBUS disks were supported, since an 18-bit data path was needed).
+
That bus also supports [[interrupt]]s from the UNIBUS adapters, as well as [[diagnostic]] access from the mandatory 'console' subsystem, which is interfaced to the KS10 bus. It contains an [[Intel 8080|8080]] [[microprocessor]] controlled by a [[read-only memory|PROM]], and is used to [[bootstrap]] the system, load the CPU's wholly writeable microcode, etc.
 +
 
 +
The memory is specific to the KS10; it used 7 extra bits per word to hold [[error-correcting code|ECC]] data, for double-bit error detection and single-bit correction. It is all connected to the memory controller through a private bus, which is also present only on the main backplane.
 +
 
 +
All KS10's contain at least two UNIBUS adapters (a third is optional); one was for the [[disk]]s only, the other for all other [[peripheral]]s ([[magnetic tape]], [[asynchronous serial line]]s, etc).
  
 
==Internal details==
 
==Internal details==
  
−
It was built out of [[LS TTL]] [[chip]]s, along with [[AMD 2901]] 4-bit-wide bit slice chips. The CPU was on four [[DEC card form factor|super hex]] cards:
+
The I/O [[instruction]]s were completely different from the other PDP-10 models, in part because the machine only had UNIBUSes; external I/O instructions had to specify the UNIBUS address, and also which UNIBUS adapter is being used. Separate [[page table]]s mapped the UNIBUS [[address space]] into the KS10's main memory for [[Direct Memory Access|DMA]] operations.
 +
 
 +
The CPU has a 512-entry memory [[cache]]; 1-way set associative on individual words. It also has 8 different sets of [[register]]s, to speed up interrupt handling. (Set 7 is reserved for use by the microcode.) The cache and register sets are all stored in the same 300 nsec [[register file]].
 +
 
 +
The UNIBUS which is used for the disks was run in [[UNIBUS parity#18-bit width|18-bit mode]] (the two [[parity]] lines on that UNIBUS were recycled into two extra data lines). That UNIBUS had only an RH11-C, mounted in the main CPU rack (although apparently on its own backplane) to drive the MASSBUS to the disks. (Only MASSBUS disks were supported on that RH11-C, apparently both for performance reasons, and since 18-bit data storage was needed).
 +
 
 +
The [[device controller]]s on the second UNIBUS were mounted in a [[BA11-K mounting box]], mounted in the main cabinet. These included a second RH11-C in DEC-supported systems, since DEC required a tape drive for loading [[diagnostic]]s; the usual choice was a [[TU45 magtape drive|TU45]] interfaced via a [[TM02 magtape controller|TM02]].
 +
 
 +
===CPU details===
 +
 
 +
It was built out of [[LS TTL]] [[integrated circuit|chips]], along with [[AMD 2901]] 4-bit-wide bit slice chips. The CPU was on four [[DEC card form factor|super hex]] cards:
  
−
* DPE data path
+
* M8620 DPE - data path
−
* DPM data path
+
* M8621 DPM - data path
−
* CRA control store
+
* M8622 CRA - control store
−
* CRM control store
+
* M8623 CRM - control store
  
 
Additional super hex cards held:
 
Additional super hex cards held:
  
−
* CSL - the console (driven by an [[Intel 8080|Intel 8080A]]), and bus arbitrator
+
* M8616 CSL - the console (driven by an [[Intel 8080|Intel 8080A]]), and bus arbitrator
−
* MMC - main memory controller
+
* M8618 MMC - main memory controller
−
* MMA - [[Dynamic RAM|DRAM]] memory array modules (2 to 8)
+
* M8629 MMA - [[Dynamic RAM|DRAM]] memory array modules (2 to 8)
−
* UBA - UNIBUS adapters (2, optionally 3)
+
* M8619 UBA - UNIBUS adapters (2, optionally 3)
 +
 
 +
The CPU and main memory mounted in a single backplane, consisting of two 9-slot [[system unit]]s [[wire-wrap]]ped together:
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
! !! colspan="6" | Connector
 +
|-
 +
! Slot !! A !! B !! C !! D !! E !! F
 +
|-
 +
| 1 || colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | Extra M8629 Memory
 +
|-
 +
| 2 || colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | Extra M8629 Memory
 +
|-
 +
| 3 || colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | Extra M8629 Memory
 +
|-
 +
| 4 || colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | Extra M8629 Memory
 +
|-
 +
| 5 || colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | Extra M8629 Memory
 +
|-
 +
| 6 || colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | Extra M8629 Memory
 +
|-
 +
| 7 || colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | M8629 Memory
 +
|-
 +
| 8 || colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | M8629 Memory
 +
|-
 +
| 9 || colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | M8618 Memory Controller
 +
|-
 +
| 10 || colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | M8623 CRM Control Store
 +
|-
 +
| 11 || colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | M8622 CRA Control Store
 +
|-
 +
| 12 || colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | M8620 DPE Data Path
 +
|-
 +
| 13 || colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | M8621 DPM Data Path
 +
|-
 +
| 14 || colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | "Reserved for I/O"
 +
|-
 +
| 15 || colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | M8619 UBA
 +
|-
 +
| 16 || colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | M8619 Optional UBA
 +
|-
 +
| 17 || colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | M8616 CSL Console
 +
|-
 +
| 18 || colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | M8619 UBA
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
''Note:'' There appear to be several errors in the the 'disk' RH11 section of the 'Module Utilization' chart, Figure 1-5 (page 1-9, 18 of the PDF), in the KS10 Technical Manual (EK-OKS10-TM-002):
 +
 
 +
* The M9200 'thin' UNIBUS jumper used to connect together the two UNIBI (see [[RH11 MASSBUS controller#Backplane layout|here]] for the explanation of why this is needed) is mis-labelled "M9300" (the M9300 is a [[terminator]]).
 +
 
 +
* The "M8014" in the UNIBUS 'A' In slot must be an M9014 (UNIBUS to 3 [[flat cable]]s; the M8014 is an [[RL11 disk controller|RLV11]] board).
 +
 
 +
==Software==
 +
 
 +
DEC supported both [[TOPS-10]] and [[TOPS-20]] on the KS10. Later, the [[Incompatible Timesharing System]] was made to run on it, and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] had several.  [[Tymshare]] ran a version of their operating system called [[TYMCOM-X|TYMCOM-XX]].
 +
 
 +
==External links==
 +
 
 +
* [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp10/KS10/ KS10] - BitSavers KS10 directory
 +
** [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp10/KS10/EK-OKS10-TM-002_tech_Sep79.pdf KS10-Based DECSYSTEM-2020 Technical Manual] (EK-0KS10-TM-002)
 +
* [https://github.com/PDP-10/its-vault/tree/master/files/kshack ITS KS10 support] - includes microcode source
 +
** [https://github.com/PDP-10/its-vault/blob/master/files/kshack/build.doc Building a new KS10 ITS from scratch]
 +
** [https://github.com/PDP-10/its-vault/blob/master/files/kshack/ks-its.mail1 KS-ITS MAIL1]
 +
** [https://github.com/PDP-10/its-vault/blob/master/files/kshack/ks-its.mail KS-ITS MAIL]
 +
<!-- https://github.com/PDP-10/its/tree/master/src/kshack -->
 +
* [http://www.techtravels.org/KS10FPGA/ks10_manual_rd40.pdf KS10 FPGA Processor Manual] - reimplementation of the KS10 in an [[FPGA]]
 +
* [http://www.corestore.org/DEC20.htm DECSYSTEM 2020] - good images of the internals
 +
* [https://sites.google.com/site/mthompsonorg/Home/pdp-10/ks10 DECSYSTEM-2020 KS10, S/N 4224] - also has images of the internals
  
 
[[Category: PDP-10 Processors]]
 
[[Category: PDP-10 Processors]]
 +
[[Category: UNIBUS Processors]]
 +
[[Category: DEC Documentation Errors]]

Latest revision as of 19:48, 14 July 2023


KS10
KS10-Open.jpg
KS10 with main cabinet open; CPU at the bottom right
Manufacturer: Digital Equipment Corporation
Architecture: PDP-10
Year Introduced: 1978
Form Factor: small mainframe
Word Size: 36 bits
Logic Type: LS TTL ICs
Design Type: clocked synchronous microcoded
Microword Width: 96
Microcode Length: 2K
Clock Speed: 300 nsec (micro-cycle)
Cache Size: 512 words
Cache Speed: 300 nsec
Memory Speed: 0.9 μsec
Physical Address Size: 19 bits (some had 20)
Virtual Address Size: 18 bits
Memory Management: paging, 512-word pages
Operating System: TOPS-10, TOPS-20, ITS, TYMCOM-XX
Predecessor(s): KL10
Successor(s): None


The KS10 was the fourth and last generation of PDP-10 processors (themselves, exact re-implementations of the earlier PDP-6 architecture) from DEC. It was intended as a small, low-cost entry model, not as a replacement for the earlier KL10 mainframe. A few documents refer to it as the SM10, maybe "small 10".

The KS10 is organized around a synchronous bus (carried only on the main backplane), to which are attached the microcoded CPU, the main memory controller, and two or three UNIBUS adapters (which are used to perform all I/O in the system. Parity is used throughout for error detection.

These two types of bus, along with MASSBUSes provided by RH11-C's on the UNIBUSes, are the only buses in the KS10; it supports neither the PDP-10 Memory Bus nor the PDP-10 I/O Bus. Addresses and data share one set of multiplexed conductors on the KS10 internal bus; the address is transferred on one cycle, and the associated data on a following cycle.

That bus also supports interrupts from the UNIBUS adapters, as well as diagnostic access from the mandatory 'console' subsystem, which is interfaced to the KS10 bus. It contains an 8080 microprocessor controlled by a PROM, and is used to bootstrap the system, load the CPU's wholly writeable microcode, etc.

The memory is specific to the KS10; it used 7 extra bits per word to hold ECC data, for double-bit error detection and single-bit correction. It is all connected to the memory controller through a private bus, which is also present only on the main backplane.

All KS10's contain at least two UNIBUS adapters (a third is optional); one was for the disks only, the other for all other peripherals (magnetic tape, asynchronous serial lines, etc).

Internal details

The I/O instructions were completely different from the other PDP-10 models, in part because the machine only had UNIBUSes; external I/O instructions had to specify the UNIBUS address, and also which UNIBUS adapter is being used. Separate page tables mapped the UNIBUS address space into the KS10's main memory for DMA operations.

The CPU has a 512-entry memory cache; 1-way set associative on individual words. It also has 8 different sets of registers, to speed up interrupt handling. (Set 7 is reserved for use by the microcode.) The cache and register sets are all stored in the same 300 nsec register file.

The UNIBUS which is used for the disks was run in 18-bit mode (the two parity lines on that UNIBUS were recycled into two extra data lines). That UNIBUS had only an RH11-C, mounted in the main CPU rack (although apparently on its own backplane) to drive the MASSBUS to the disks. (Only MASSBUS disks were supported on that RH11-C, apparently both for performance reasons, and since 18-bit data storage was needed).

The device controllers on the second UNIBUS were mounted in a BA11-K mounting box, mounted in the main cabinet. These included a second RH11-C in DEC-supported systems, since DEC required a tape drive for loading diagnostics; the usual choice was a TU45 interfaced via a TM02.

CPU details

It was built out of LS TTL chips, along with AMD 2901 4-bit-wide bit slice chips. The CPU was on four super hex cards:

  • M8620 DPE - data path
  • M8621 DPM - data path
  • M8622 CRA - control store
  • M8623 CRM - control store

Additional super hex cards held:

  • M8616 CSL - the console (driven by an Intel 8080A), and bus arbitrator
  • M8618 MMC - main memory controller
  • M8629 MMA - DRAM memory array modules (2 to 8)
  • M8619 UBA - UNIBUS adapters (2, optionally 3)

The CPU and main memory mounted in a single backplane, consisting of two 9-slot system units wire-wrapped together:

Connector
Slot A B C D E F
1 Extra M8629 Memory
2 Extra M8629 Memory
3 Extra M8629 Memory
4 Extra M8629 Memory
5 Extra M8629 Memory
6 Extra M8629 Memory
7 M8629 Memory
8 M8629 Memory
9 M8618 Memory Controller
10 M8623 CRM Control Store
11 M8622 CRA Control Store
12 M8620 DPE Data Path
13 M8621 DPM Data Path
14 "Reserved for I/O"
15 M8619 UBA
16 M8619 Optional UBA
17 M8616 CSL Console
18 M8619 UBA

Note: There appear to be several errors in the the 'disk' RH11 section of the 'Module Utilization' chart, Figure 1-5 (page 1-9, 18 of the PDF), in the KS10 Technical Manual (EK-OKS10-TM-002):

  • The M9200 'thin' UNIBUS jumper used to connect together the two UNIBI (see here for the explanation of why this is needed) is mis-labelled "M9300" (the M9300 is a terminator).
  • The "M8014" in the UNIBUS 'A' In slot must be an M9014 (UNIBUS to 3 flat cables; the M8014 is an RLV11 board).

Software

DEC supported both TOPS-10 and TOPS-20 on the KS10. Later, the Incompatible Timesharing System was made to run on it, and MIT had several. Tymshare ran a version of their operating system called TYMCOM-XX.

External links

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