View source for Bit-mapped display

'''Bit-mapped displays''' are the current standard for output in [[user interface]]s to computers, particularly when using a [[graphical user interface]]. They provide a screen which can display images or text, and is the main output to the [[user]].

The [[video display]] has an [[array]] of [[pixel]]s, each one of which can be independently set - in most contemporary units, to a color value defined by three 8-[[bit]] intensity values, one for each primary colour (red, green and blue).

Originally, before [[semiconductor]] [[Random Access Memory|RAM]] prices fell, bit-mapped displays provided fewer bits per pixel; originally only one bit per pixel. (Some low-end or low-power displays still provide only this.) At an intermediate stage, an 8-bit value for each pixel was used: either for a grey-scale; or for a limited number of colours. (I.e. only 256 distinct colours could be in use at any time, although each colour could be selected arbitrarily, and mapped into three 8-bit values, as above.)

The [[resolution]] depends in part on the physical size of the screen; and in the early stages, also on RAM cost. Some early displays were as little as 320×200; later on, 1024x768 pixels was widespread, and then 1280x1024. As the screen [[aspect ratio]] of [[high-definition television]] has become common, resolutions such as 1280×720 and 1920×1080 have become more common.

To provide the ability to draw things at high speed, thereby fully utilizing the capabilities of the display, they are usually directly connected to the computer's main [[bus]], with the display memory directly visible to the [[Central Processing Unit|CPU]] as [[main memory]]. Due to the intimate relationship with the rest of the system, they are usually found on [[personal computer]]s.

The original bit-mapped displays were an evolution of [[video terminal]]s; once RAM prices fell low enough, the ability to display graphics, etc, instead of just characters, made the step forward inevitable.

==Early Examples==

{|
| '''Date''' || '''Name''' || '''Location''' || '''Principal Designer''' || '''Resolution'''
|-
| 1967 (prototype) || [[PLATO]] IV plasma display || University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign || Bitzer, Slottow, et al || 512x512
|-
| Late 1960s || || [[Bell Laboratories]] || A. Michael Noll || 240x255
|-
| 1971 || [[Data Disc]] || [[Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory|Stanford AI Lab]] || || 512x480
|-
| 1972 || GEM || Yale University || Peter Weiner et al || 576x454
|-
| 1973 || [[Xerox Alto]] || [[Xerox PARC]] || Chuck Thacker || 606x808
|-
| 1973 || [[Knight TV system|Knight TV]] || [[MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory|MIT AI Lab]] || Tom Knight || 576x454
|-
| 1973 || SuperPaint || Xerox PARC || Richard Shoup || 640x480
|-
| 1974 || Logo TV || MIT Logo group || Ron Lebel || 576x454
|-
| 1974 || Video Frame Buffer || Evans & Sutherland || Jim Kajiya et al || 512x512
|-
| 1976 || Plasma TV || MIT Plasma "something" || James L. Kulp ||
|}

==External links==

* [https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/362566.362567 "Scanned-Display Computer Graphics"], by A. Michael Noll
* [[MIT]] Knight TV videos:
** [http://projects.csail.mit.edu/video/history/aifilms/x05-graphics.mp4 GRAPHICS bkph]
** [https://www.media.mit.edu/videos/144-lisp-logo-demonstration-henry-liberman/ LISP LOGO Demonstration]
* [[Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory|SAIL]] Data Disc video:
** https://archive.org/details/cst_000027 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040612215245/http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/PDFs/Annals_final.pdf SuperPaint: An Early Frame Buffer Graphics System]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkul427LlRs Interview with Dick Shoup, 1987]
* [https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/280811.281022 A random-access video frame buffer]
* [http://alvyray.com/Memos/CG/Microsoft/14_paint.pdf Digital Paint Systems, Historical Overview] - mentions the E&S frame buffer

[[Category: Device Basics‎‎]]