Difference between revisions of "Disk"
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| − | '''Disk''' storage was, until recently, the primary form of high-speed on-line [[secondary storage]] for computers. | + | '''Disk''' storage was, until recently, the primary form of high-speed on-line [[secondary storage]] for computers. Disks replaced an earlier form of rotating [[magnetic storage]], [[drum]]s. |
| − | All disk storage is basically the same; a circular '''platter''' is coated with a magnetic coating | + | All disk storage is basically the same; a circular '''platter''' is coated with a magnetic coating. A read/write '''[[head]]''' is used to read and write data on the disk as the disk is rotated underneath (or above) it, by magnetizing the particles in one of two directions. |
| − | + | In most disks, the platter rotates at high speed, and the heads are shaped to ride on a thin film of air at a very low altitude above the surface of the platter (a small spacing is required to maximize the density of the data on the platter; the smaller the spacing, the more densely the information can be written). | |
| − | + | With the head at a fixed position, it writes a circular '''track'''. Some early disks had a separate head for each track; such disks were known as [[fixed-head disk]]s. | |
| − | + | For most disks, a head is shared between tracks; a separate mechanism is used to move the head in and out, a process known as '''seeking'''. The drive can write data on many tracks, each at a fixed distance from its neighbours. This is mechanically more complex, but uses fewer components overall. | |
| + | |||
| + | Many disks have more than one platter, each with its own read-write heads (usually two, one for each surface), and the collection of tracks at a given offset is referred to as a '''cylinder'''. | ||
| + | |||
| + | A complete track usually contains more data than can easily be read and written as an un-divided unit, and so tracks are usually divided divided up into a number of '''sectors''' or '''blocks'''. This division may be purely logical, and indicated in the magnetic pattern written to the disk, or there may be actual physical means of indicating where each block is. There is also an intermediate (used in most [[floppy disk]]s), where there is a physical mark to indicate the start of the track, but the sectors are logical. Sectors are usually sized to 256 or 512 byte, depending on the controller and/or software used to write the sector info (called 'low-level format') to disk. Sometimes it is even possible to set the sector density (given in 'sectors per track'). | ||
Most early disk drives used '''packs''', a group of one or more platters which could be installed or removed in a drive, in a process called '''mounting''' a pack. So a system could have multiple packs (for backup purposes, or for infrequently needed data) which could be stored until needed. | Most early disk drives used '''packs''', a group of one or more platters which could be installed or removed in a drive, in a process called '''mounting''' a pack. So a system could have multiple packs (for backup purposes, or for infrequently needed data) which could be stored until needed. | ||
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Initially, all disks used large metal platters (usually aluminium), complex mechanisms to move the heads in and out at high speed (to reduce seek times), and were generally fairly expensive. | Initially, all disks used large metal platters (usually aluminium), complex mechanisms to move the heads in and out at high speed (to reduce seek times), and were generally fairly expensive. | ||
| − | In the late 1960's, IBM developed a new form of disk, the [[floppy disk]], which used instead a 'platter' of mylar (a stiff plastic); this was much cheaper, but at significantly lower performance. | + | In the late 1960's, IBM developed a new form of disk, the [[floppy disk]], which used instead a 'platter' of mylar (a stiff plastic); this was much cheaper, but at significantly lower performance. In their drives, the disk rotates much more slowly, and the head makes contact with the surface. |
| − | The rotating substrate - not referred to as platters, but called the 'magnetic medium' | + | The rotating substrate - not referred to as platters, but called the 'magnetic medium' was carried in a stiff plastic envelope, with a thin felt layer on the inside (to keep the medium clean). The entire assembly is usually referred to as a 'floppy disk' (or 'floppy' for short; the term 'diskette' was also used). |
The first floppies were 8 inches in diameter; later they were produced in 5-1/4 inch, and finally 3-1/2 inch sizes (the latter in rigid plastic containers). | The first floppies were 8 inches in diameter; later they were produced in 5-1/4 inch, and finally 3-1/2 inch sizes (the latter in rigid plastic containers). | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Disk capacity== | ||
| + | |||
| + | The formula to calculate disk capacity in byte is: | ||
| + | |||
| + | disk capacity = (byte/sector) * (sectors/track) * (tracks/cylinder) * cylinders | ||
| + | |||
| + | This calculation is only valid for disks with constant sector density; which is no longer the case for more recent disks. | ||
==Recent developments== | ==Recent developments== | ||
More recently, to increase the amount of information stored on a drive, most disk drives are now sealed. The disks in modern [[personal computer]]s are generally referred to as '''hard drives''' (to distinguish them from the floppy drives which were all the earliest PC's were equipped with). | More recently, to increase the amount of information stored on a drive, most disk drives are now sealed. The disks in modern [[personal computer]]s are generally referred to as '''hard drives''' (to distinguish them from the floppy drives which were all the earliest PC's were equipped with). | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==External links== | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [http://chmhdd.wikifoundry.com/ Hard Disk Drive History] | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Category: Device Basics]] | ||
Latest revision as of 13:20, 16 July 2023
Disk storage was, until recently, the primary form of high-speed on-line secondary storage for computers. Disks replaced an earlier form of rotating magnetic storage, drums.
All disk storage is basically the same; a circular platter is coated with a magnetic coating. A read/write head is used to read and write data on the disk as the disk is rotated underneath (or above) it, by magnetizing the particles in one of two directions.
In most disks, the platter rotates at high speed, and the heads are shaped to ride on a thin film of air at a very low altitude above the surface of the platter (a small spacing is required to maximize the density of the data on the platter; the smaller the spacing, the more densely the information can be written).
With the head at a fixed position, it writes a circular track. Some early disks had a separate head for each track; such disks were known as fixed-head disks.
For most disks, a head is shared between tracks; a separate mechanism is used to move the head in and out, a process known as seeking. The drive can write data on many tracks, each at a fixed distance from its neighbours. This is mechanically more complex, but uses fewer components overall.
Many disks have more than one platter, each with its own read-write heads (usually two, one for each surface), and the collection of tracks at a given offset is referred to as a cylinder.
A complete track usually contains more data than can easily be read and written as an un-divided unit, and so tracks are usually divided divided up into a number of sectors or blocks. This division may be purely logical, and indicated in the magnetic pattern written to the disk, or there may be actual physical means of indicating where each block is. There is also an intermediate (used in most floppy disks), where there is a physical mark to indicate the start of the track, but the sectors are logical. Sectors are usually sized to 256 or 512 byte, depending on the controller and/or software used to write the sector info (called 'low-level format') to disk. Sometimes it is even possible to set the sector density (given in 'sectors per track').
Most early disk drives used packs, a group of one or more platters which could be installed or removed in a drive, in a process called mounting a pack. So a system could have multiple packs (for backup purposes, or for infrequently needed data) which could be stored until needed.
Low-cost disks
Initially, all disks used large metal platters (usually aluminium), complex mechanisms to move the heads in and out at high speed (to reduce seek times), and were generally fairly expensive.
In the late 1960's, IBM developed a new form of disk, the floppy disk, which used instead a 'platter' of mylar (a stiff plastic); this was much cheaper, but at significantly lower performance. In their drives, the disk rotates much more slowly, and the head makes contact with the surface.
The rotating substrate - not referred to as platters, but called the 'magnetic medium' was carried in a stiff plastic envelope, with a thin felt layer on the inside (to keep the medium clean). The entire assembly is usually referred to as a 'floppy disk' (or 'floppy' for short; the term 'diskette' was also used).
The first floppies were 8 inches in diameter; later they were produced in 5-1/4 inch, and finally 3-1/2 inch sizes (the latter in rigid plastic containers).
Disk capacity
The formula to calculate disk capacity in byte is:
disk capacity = (byte/sector) * (sectors/track) * (tracks/cylinder) * cylinders
This calculation is only valid for disks with constant sector density; which is no longer the case for more recent disks.
Recent developments
More recently, to increase the amount of information stored on a drive, most disk drives are now sealed. The disks in modern personal computers are generally referred to as hard drives (to distinguish them from the floppy drives which were all the earliest PC's were equipped with).
