Difference between revisions of "Whirlwind"
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| − | '''Whirlwind''' was one of the very first computers; it was enormously influential, for several reasons. It was the first [[real-time]] computer, unlike all the other first-generation computers, which were intended only for large-scale computations for numerical [[application]]s. It was also the first computer with [[core memory]], which was invented for it. | + | '''Whirlwind''' was one of the very first computers; it was enormously influential, for several reasons. It was the first [[real-time]] computer, unlike all the other first-generation computers, which were intended only for large-scale computations for numerical [[application]]s. It was also the first computer with [[core memory]], which was invented for it (some time after it had first come into service; it initially used electrostatic [[vacuum tube]] [[main memory]]). |
| − | Whirlwind was built at [[MIT]] (MIT's first computer) originally for use in a flight simulator, but wound up being used to prototype the [[SAGE]] air defence system. | + | Whirlwind was built at [[MIT]] (MIT's first computer), originally for use in a flight simulator, but wound up being used to prototype the [[SAGE]] air defence system. |
| − | It was built out of [[ | + | It was built out of vacuum tubes, and had a [[word]] size of 16 bits. It used a predecessor to [[microcode]] for internal control [[logic]] (it used a sequence of hard-wired control words for control, effectively [[read-only memory|ROM]], but did not include any ability to alter the order of execution thereof.) |
In common with other very early machines, its [[architecture]] was somewhat peculiar (by current standards). Its [[control flow]] capabilities were limited and primitive; it had [[conditional branch]]ing, but no support of any kind for [[subroutine]]s (and no provision for [[stack]]s). It had only a single [[register|accumulator]], and no [[index register]]s. As a result of all that, extensive use was made of [[self-modifying code]]. [[Instruction]]s included a 12-bit [[absolute address]]; when its [[main memory]] later exceeded that size, a [[bank switching]] mechanism had to be added. It had neither [[interrupt]]s or [[trap]]s (but could be caused to [[halt]] on an [[arithmetic overflow]]). | In common with other very early machines, its [[architecture]] was somewhat peculiar (by current standards). Its [[control flow]] capabilities were limited and primitive; it had [[conditional branch]]ing, but no support of any kind for [[subroutine]]s (and no provision for [[stack]]s). It had only a single [[register|accumulator]], and no [[index register]]s. As a result of all that, extensive use was made of [[self-modifying code]]. [[Instruction]]s included a 12-bit [[absolute address]]; when its [[main memory]] later exceeded that size, a [[bank switching]] mechanism had to be added. It had neither [[interrupt]]s or [[trap]]s (but could be caused to [[halt]] on an [[arithmetic overflow]]). | ||
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** [https://www.historia-mollimercium.com/whirlwind/Whirlwind-Software-Recovery-Project-v6d.pdf Recovering Software for the Whirlwind Computer] | ** [https://www.historia-mollimercium.com/whirlwind/Whirlwind-Software-Recovery-Project-v6d.pdf Recovering Software for the Whirlwind Computer] | ||
** [https://www.historia-mollimercium.com/whirlwind/Whirlwind-The-Physical-Artifact.pdf Whirlwind, the Physical Artifact] | ** [https://www.historia-mollimercium.com/whirlwind/Whirlwind-The-Physical-Artifact.pdf Whirlwind, the Physical Artifact] | ||
| + | * [https://computerhistory.org/blog/the-whirlwind-computer-at-chm/ The Whirlwind Computer at CHM] | ||
* [https://computerhistory.org/blog/gambling-on-whirlwind-how-the-us-navy-spent-3-million-and-got-a-computer-game/ Gambling on Whirlwind: How the US Navy Spent $3M and got a Computer Game] | * [https://computerhistory.org/blog/gambling-on-whirlwind-how-the-us-navy-spent-3-million-and-got-a-computer-game/ Gambling on Whirlwind: How the US Navy Spent $3M and got a Computer Game] | ||
Revision as of 14:57, 27 March 2021
Whirlwind was one of the very first computers; it was enormously influential, for several reasons. It was the first real-time computer, unlike all the other first-generation computers, which were intended only for large-scale computations for numerical applications. It was also the first computer with core memory, which was invented for it (some time after it had first come into service; it initially used electrostatic vacuum tube main memory).
Whirlwind was built at MIT (MIT's first computer), originally for use in a flight simulator, but wound up being used to prototype the SAGE air defence system.
It was built out of vacuum tubes, and had a word size of 16 bits. It used a predecessor to microcode for internal control logic (it used a sequence of hard-wired control words for control, effectively ROM, but did not include any ability to alter the order of execution thereof.)
In common with other very early machines, its architecture was somewhat peculiar (by current standards). Its control flow capabilities were limited and primitive; it had conditional branching, but no support of any kind for subroutines (and no provision for stacks). It had only a single accumulator, and no index registers. As a result of all that, extensive use was made of self-modifying code. Instructions included a 12-bit absolute address; when its main memory later exceeded that size, a bank switching mechanism had to be added. It had neither interrupts or traps (but could be caused to halt on an arithmetic overflow).
The standard input/output device was a Flexowriter (very similar to a Teletype); it functioned as a printing terminal (initially only for output), and could also read and punch paper tapes. (A high-speed Ferranti photo-electric paper tape reader was also added later, as was a line printer.) Eventually, the system was enhanced with a magnetic tape drive and a drum. A vector video display and a light pen input pointing device were also added.
See also
External links
- Whirlwind Programming Manual
- Project Whirlwind - large collection of contemporary documents; e.g. bi-weekly progress reports
- MIT/CHM Whirlwind Software Recovery - Many links to other sites
- The Whirlwind Computer at CHM
- Gambling on Whirlwind: How the US Navy Spent $3M and got a Computer Game
