Difference between revisions of "Power 6/32"
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[[Image:Young-sherlock-holmes-knight.jpeg|thumb|right|3D rendering by a Power 6/32 in Young Sherlock Holmes]] | [[Image:Young-sherlock-holmes-knight.jpeg|thumb|right|3D rendering by a Power 6/32 in Young Sherlock Holmes]] | ||
− | The '''Power 6/32''', code named '''Tahoe''', from [[Computer Consoles Incorporated]], was | + | The '''Power 6/32''', code named '''Tahoe''', from [[Computer Consoles Incorporated]], was a [[supermini]]; it used the [[VERSAbus]] as its [[bus]]. It is most noted from the [[Computer Systems Research Group|CSRG]] [[software port|porting]] [[4.3 BSD]] to it, in the [[4.3 BSD Tahoe]] release. |
Although it was not very successful commercially (in part because CCI exited the computer business shortly after it was released), it was very influential as the first non-[[VAX]] machine that [[BSD]] [[UNIX]] was ported to. The Tahoe did help separate out a lot of VAX-specific code from the base, allowing BSD to become more portable, but the Power 6/32 machine quickly disappeared off the market, and not much is known about them. | Although it was not very successful commercially (in part because CCI exited the computer business shortly after it was released), it was very influential as the first non-[[VAX]] machine that [[BSD]] [[UNIX]] was ported to. The Tahoe did help separate out a lot of VAX-specific code from the base, allowing BSD to become more portable, but the Power 6/32 machine quickly disappeared off the market, and not much is known about them. | ||
− | + | The [[Central Processing Unit|CPU]] was re-sold (under other names) in systems from several vendors (viewed by CCI as [[Original Equipment Manufacturer|OEMs]]): [[Unisys]] sold the 6/32 under the name 'Unisys 7000/40', using their own bastardized BSD+SYSV Unix. (Kuwait Petroleum in Denmark had one of them.) [[ICL]] had the 'Clan 7'. [[Harris]] had the HCX-5, -7, and -9 models (for which a small amount of information survives - below), running the [[UNIX System V|SysV]] derivative HCX/UX. | |
Pixar used a Power 6/32 to render the stained-glass knight in the 1985 movie ''Young Sherlock Holmes''. | Pixar used a Power 6/32 to render the stained-glass knight in the 1985 movie ''Young Sherlock Holmes''. | ||
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==Details== | ==Details== | ||
− | The Power 6/32 | + | The Power 6/32 CPU was implemented in [[transistor-transistor logic|TTL]]; it had a [[clock rate]] of 100nS. |
− | + | The performance is given in this table, from dhrystone.c (below): | |
<pre> | <pre> | ||
*----------------DHRYSTONE VERSION 1.0 RESULTS BEGIN-------------------------- | *----------------DHRYSTONE VERSION 1.0 RESULTS BEGIN-------------------------- | ||
Line 31: | Line 31: | ||
==Instruction Set== | ==Instruction Set== | ||
− | + | Although apparently no documentation survives and is accessible, we can infer a lot from the [[instruction]] decoding/printing routines in the [[debugger]]s from 4.3 BSD Tahoe, and their input file 'instrs' (below). | |
− | * The CPU has sixteen 32-bit | + | * Instructions start with a 1-byte [[operation code|opcode]], and, depending on the opcode, are followed by 0-3 [[operand]]s. (Two instructions, 'ediv' and 'emul', take 4 operands.) |
− | * The opcode map and mnemonics for the [[assembly language|assembler]] are as follows: | + | * Operands start with 1 byte, containing 4 bits of 'addressing mode' and 4 bits of '[[register]]': |
+ | ** The CPU has sixteen 32-bit registers r0 ... r13 ([[stack frame|fp]]), r14 ([[Stack Pointer|sp]]), r15 ([[Program Counter|pc]]). | ||
+ | ** The addressing modes (reminiscent of those of the [[PDP-11 architecture#Addressing modes|PDP-11]]), and their encodings, are: | ||
+ | |||
+ | :: {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | ! Encoding || Mode || notation | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 0x0 || short literals 0-15 || rowspan="4" | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 0x1 || short literals 16-31 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 0x2 || short literals 32-47 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 0x3 || short literals 48-63 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 0x4 || indexed || i[r] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 0x5 || register immediate || r | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 0x6 || register deferred || (r) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 0x7 || auto-decrement || -(r) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 0x8 || auto-increment || (r)+ | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 0x9 || auto-increment deferred || *(r)+ | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 0xA || byte displacement || BD(r) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 0xB || byte displacement deferred || *BD(r) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 0xC || short-word displacement || WD(r) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 0xD || short-word displacement deferred || *WD(r) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 0xE || long-word displacement || LD(r) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 0xF || long-word displacement deferred ||*LD(r) | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | :: (''It is not yet clear what the difference between "indexed" and "displacement" is.'') | ||
+ | |||
+ | : For operands of the 6 'displacement' modes, the operand is followed by a value of the indicated length. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Opcode table=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | The opcode map and mnemonics for the [[assembly language|assembler]] are as follows: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 0xf0 | ! 0xf0 | ||
− | | remque || bcc/blssu || - || - || - || - || divf || divd || movblk || pushab || - || pushaw || casel || pushal || callf || - | + | | remque || bcc/blssu || - || - || - || - || divf || divd || movblk || pushab || - || pushaw || casel || pushal || callf || - |
− | |||
|} | |} | ||
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* [https://virtuallyfun.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Harris-HCX-9-print-ad.jpg Harris HCX-9] - ad | * [https://virtuallyfun.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Harris-HCX-9-print-ad.jpg Harris HCX-9] - ad | ||
* [https://virtuallyfun.com/2017/02/24/the-harris-hcx-9-aka-tahoe-platform/ The Harris HCX-9 aka TAHOE platform] | * [https://virtuallyfun.com/2017/02/24/the-harris-hcx-9-aka-tahoe-platform/ The Harris HCX-9 aka TAHOE platform] | ||
− | * [https://www.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=4.3BSD-Tahoe/usr/src/bin/as/as.tahoe/instrs instrs] - basic table | + | * [https://www.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=4.3BSD-Reno/src/share/doc/smm/01.setup/tahoe/ Installing and Operating 4.3BSD UNIX on the Tahoe] |
+ | * [https://www.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=4.3BSD-Tahoe/usr/src/bin/adb adb] - debugger source | ||
+ | * [https://www.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=4.3BSD-Tahoe/usr/src/ucb/dbx/ dbx] | ||
+ | * [https://www.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=4.3BSD-Tahoe/usr/src/bin/as/as.tahoe/instrs instrs] - basic instruction table | ||
** [https://www.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=4.3BSD-Tahoe/usr/src/bin/adb/adb.tahoe/instrs instrs] - alphabetical list | ** [https://www.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=4.3BSD-Tahoe/usr/src/bin/adb/adb.tahoe/instrs instrs] - alphabetical list | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150123191735/http://www.dunnington.u-net.com/public/dhrystone.c dhrystone.c] | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150123191735/http://www.dunnington.u-net.com/public/dhrystone.c dhrystone.c] |
Latest revision as of 02:35, 23 December 2024
The Power 6/32, code named Tahoe, from Computer Consoles Incorporated, was a supermini; it used the VERSAbus as its bus. It is most noted from the CSRG porting 4.3 BSD to it, in the 4.3 BSD Tahoe release.
Although it was not very successful commercially (in part because CCI exited the computer business shortly after it was released), it was very influential as the first non-VAX machine that BSD UNIX was ported to. The Tahoe did help separate out a lot of VAX-specific code from the base, allowing BSD to become more portable, but the Power 6/32 machine quickly disappeared off the market, and not much is known about them.
The CPU was re-sold (under other names) in systems from several vendors (viewed by CCI as OEMs): Unisys sold the 6/32 under the name 'Unisys 7000/40', using their own bastardized BSD+SYSV Unix. (Kuwait Petroleum in Denmark had one of them.) ICL had the 'Clan 7'. Harris had the HCX-5, -7, and -9 models (for which a small amount of information survives - below), running the SysV derivative HCX/UX.
Pixar used a Power 6/32 to render the stained-glass knight in the 1985 movie Young Sherlock Holmes.
Details
The Power 6/32 CPU was implemented in TTL; it had a clock rate of 100nS.
The performance is given in this table, from dhrystone.c (below):
*----------------DHRYSTONE VERSION 1.0 RESULTS BEGIN-------------------------- * * MACHINE MICROPROCESSOR OPERATING COMPILER DHRYSTONES/SEC. * TYPE SYSTEM NO REG REGS * -------------------------- ------------ ----------- --------------- * CCI POWER 6/32 COS(SV+4.2) cc 7500 7800 * CCI POWER 6/32 POWER 6 UNIX/V cc 8236 8498 * CCI POWER 6/32 4.2 Rel. 1.2b cc 8963 9544 * VAX 11/780 - UNIX 5.2 cc 1515 1562 * VAX 11/780 - UNIX 4.3bsd cc 1646 1662
Which may give some indication on the initial reasons why the Power 6/32 was chosen as the successor to the VAX by CSRG.
Instruction Set
Although apparently no documentation survives and is accessible, we can infer a lot from the instruction decoding/printing routines in the debuggers from 4.3 BSD Tahoe, and their input file 'instrs' (below).
- Instructions start with a 1-byte opcode, and, depending on the opcode, are followed by 0-3 operands. (Two instructions, 'ediv' and 'emul', take 4 operands.)
- Operands start with 1 byte, containing 4 bits of 'addressing mode' and 4 bits of 'register':
Encoding Mode notation 0x0 short literals 0-15 0x1 short literals 16-31 0x2 short literals 32-47 0x3 short literals 48-63 0x4 indexed i[r] 0x5 register immediate r 0x6 register deferred (r) 0x7 auto-decrement -(r) 0x8 auto-increment (r)+ 0x9 auto-increment deferred *(r)+ 0xA byte displacement BD(r) 0xB byte displacement deferred *BD(r) 0xC short-word displacement WD(r) 0xD short-word displacement deferred *WD(r) 0xE long-word displacement LD(r) 0xF long-word displacement deferred *LD(r)
- (It is not yet clear what the difference between "indexed" and "displacement" is.)
- For operands of the 6 'displacement' modes, the operand is followed by a value of the indicated length.
Opcode table
The opcode map and mnemonics for the assembler are as follows:
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | a | b | c | d | e | f | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0x00 | halt | - | - | - | - | sinf | ldf | ldd | addb2 | movb | addw2 | movw | addl2 | movl | bbs | - |
0x10 | nop | brb | - | brw | - | cosf | lnf | lnd | addb3 | cmpb | addw3 | cmpw | addl3 | cmpl | bbc | - |
0x20 | rei | bneq/bnequ | - | cvtwl | - | atanf | stf | std | subb2 | mcomb | subw2 | mcomw | subl2 | mcoml | emul | aoblss |
0x30 | bpt | beql/beqlu | - | cvtwb | - | logf | cmpf | cmpd | subb3 | bitb | subw3 | bitw | subl3 | bitl | ediv | aobleq |
0x40 | ret | bgtr | - | - | - | sqrtf | cmpf2 | cmpd2 | shll | clrb | shlq | clrw | mull2 | clrl | shal | - |
0x50 | - | bleq | - | - | - | expf | tstf | tstd | shrl | tstb | shrq | tstw | mull3 | tstl | shar | bbssi |
0x60 | ldpctx | - | - | - | - | - | - | pushd | - | incb | - | incw | divl2 | incl | - | cvtlb |
0x70 | svpctx | jmp | - | - | - | - | cvlf | cvld | - | decb | - | decw | divl3 | decl | - | cvtlw |
0x80 | - | bgeq | movs2 | - | - | - | cvfl | cvdl | orb2 | cvtbl | orw2 | bispsw | orl2 | adwc | adda | - |
0x90 | - | blss | cmps2 | - | - | - | - | ldfd | orb3 | cvtbw | orw3 | bicpsw | orl3 | sbwc | suba | - |
0xa0 | - | bgtru | - | - | - | - | cvdf | - | andb2 | movzbl | andw2 | loadr | andl2 | mtpr | ffs | - |
0xb0 | - | blequ | - | - | - | - | negf | negd | andb3 | movzbw | andw3 | storer | andl3 | mfpr | ffc | calls |
0xc0 | prober | bvc | movs3 | movzwl | - | - | addf | addd | xorb2 | movob | xorw2 | movow | xorl2 | movpsl | btcs | kcall |
0xd0 | probew | bvs | cmps3 | - | - | - | subf | subd | xorb3 | pushb | xorw3 | pushw | xorl3 | pushl | - | - |
0xe0 | insque | bgequ/bcs | - | - | - | - | mulf | muld | mnegb | movab | mnegw | movaw | mnegl | moval | - | - |
0xf0 | remque | bcc/blssu | - | - | - | - | divf | divd | movblk | pushab | - | pushaw | casel | pushal | callf | - |
See also
External links
- Harris HCX-5 - ad
- Harris HCX-9 - ad
- The Harris HCX-9 aka TAHOE platform
- Installing and Operating 4.3BSD UNIX on the Tahoe
- adb - debugger source
- dbx
- instrs - basic instruction table
- instrs - alphabetical list
- dhrystone.c
- Cook, Carpenter, Catmull 1987 "The Reyes Image Rendering Architecture" in ACM Computer Graphics Vol. 21, No. 4 PDF indicating this machine was used at Pixar for a number of films