Difference between revisions of "TROPIX"

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−
   O TROPIX (na versão atual) suporta controladores  USB dos  padrões 
+
   The TROPIX (in current version) supports the standard USB drivers
−
   UHCI, OHCI e EHCI.
+
   UHCI, OHCI and EHCI.  
  
−
   Há previsão de até 8 controladores ("usb0" a "usb7"); o sistema vem 
+
   There are estimates of up to 8 controllers ( "usb0" to "usb7"), the system comes
−
   configurado  com  os controladores "usb0" a "usb3" habilitados e os 
+
   configured with the drivers "usb0" to "usb3" authorized and
−
   demais desabilitados.
+
   other disabled.  
  
−
   Isto pode ser alterado (somente  para  esta  execução  do  sistema)
+
   This can be changed (only for the implementation of the system)  
−
   através  da  modificação  de parâmetros durante a carga do sistema;
+
   through the modification of parameters during loading of the system;  
−
   responda afirmativamente à pergunta 
+
   respond affirmatively to the question
  
−
           Deseja modificar parâmetros? (n):
+
           Want to change parameters? (n):  
  
−
   tal como mencionado no capítulo 8, e altere os valores de "usb0" a 
+
   as mentioned in Chapter 8, and change the values of "usb0" the
−
   "usb7" para 0 ou 1.
+
   "usb7" to 0 or 1.  
  
−
   Para  a  habilitação/desabilitação  dos  controladores  (de  modo 
+
   For enabling / disabling of the drivers (so
−
   permamente) use o comando "edscb" (Use "man scb" e "man edscb").
+
   permanent) use the command "edscb" (Use "SCB man" and "man edscb).  
  
−
   Para  verificar  se  o  controlador  USB está  sendo  reconhecido 
+
   To verify that the USB controller is being recognized
−
   corretamente, acompanhe as mensagens durante a carga do sistema (ou 
+
   correctly, monitor the messages during the loading of the system (or
−
   então use o comando "dmesg" posteriormente).
+
   then use the command "dmesg" later).  
  
  
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       ************************************************** *******  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
−
       *                     Capítulo 17                     *
+
       * Chapter 17 *  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
−
       *                     E AGORA ...?                    *
+
       * AND NOW ... *  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
Line 2,830: Line 2,830:
  
  
−
   Uma vez com o sistema implantado e em funcionamento, temos todos os 
+
   Once the system up and running, we all
−
   manuais do TROPIX (em português) à disposição através do utilitário 
+
   TROPIX the manual (in Portuguese) available through the utility
−
   "man".  Além disto, todos os comandos fornecem um pequeno resumo de 
+
   "man." Moreover, all the commands provide a brief summary of
−
   sua utilização através da opção "-H" (por exemplo "passwd -H").
+
   its use through the option "-H" (eg "passwd-H).  
  
−
   Para consultar o manual do utilitário "passwd" (por exemplo), tecle 
+
   To see the utilitarian "passwd" (for example), press
−
   "man passwd". Para  avançar/retroceder  pelas  várias  páginas  dos 
+
   "man passwd". To move forward / backward by several pages of
−
   manuais, temos os comandos <^D>, <^U>. Para encerrar a execução de 
+
   hand, we have the commands <^ D>, <^ U>. To terminate the execution of
−
   "man", use "q". Experimente "man man".
+
   "man", use "q". Try "man man".  
  
−
   Recomendamos inicialmente a modificação da senha da conta "root" e 
+
   We first change the password to the account "root" and
−
   a  criação  de contas regulares (isto é, NÃO superusuários). Para a 
+
   the establishment of regular accounts (ie not super). To
−
   modificação  de  senhas, utilize  o  comando  "passwd";   para  a 
+
   change passwords, use the command "passwd"; to
−
   criação/gerência de contas, use o comando "edusr".
+
   creation / management of accounts, use the command "edusr.  
  
−
   Também  uma  tarefa  importante  é  a  atualização  do  arquivo 
+
   Also an important task is to update the file
−
   "/etc/fstab", que contém informações dos  sistemas  de  arquivos  a 
+
   "/ etc / fstab", which contains information of the file systems
−
   montar. Leia  o  manual de  "fstab" (fmt), "getmntent" (libc) e 
+
   mount. Read the manual of "fstab" (fmt), "getmntent" (libc) and
−
   "mount" (cmd). Em particular, se você não tiver  a  partição  HOME,
+
   "mount" (cmd). In particular, if you do not have the partition HOME,  
−
   remova a linha correspondente de "/etc/fstab". 
+
   remove the line from "/ etc / fstab."  
  
−
   De  vez  em  quando  (digamos,  uma  vez por semana) é interessante 
+
   From time to time (say once a week) is interesting
−
   verificar a integridade dos sistemas de arquivos. Para tanto, após 
+
   check the integrity of file systems. Thus, after
−
   a carga do sistema (ainda em modo "monousuário"), utilize o comando 
+
   the load of the system (still in the "single"), use the command
−
   "fsck". Repare  que  o  arquivo  "/etc/fstab" também  controla os 
+
   "fsck". Note that the file "/ etc / fstab" also controls the
−
   sistemas de  arquivos  examinados  por  "fsck" (convém  colocar  o 
+
   file systems examined by "fsck" (to put the
−
   "/dev/root" como o último da lista). Para obter uma lista de todas 
+
   "/ dev / root" as the last in the list). For a list of all
−
   as partições presentes nos diversos discos do seu  computador, use
+
   partitions in different disks on your computer, use  
−
   "prdisktb".
+
   "prdisktb.  
  
−
   Através  do  comando "edscb" você pode alterar o nome do computador 
+
   Through the command "edscb" you can change the computer name
−
   ("nodename") e acertar as portas/IRQs dos seus dispositivos (portas 
+
   ( "nodename") and set the ports / IRQs of your devices (ports
−
   seriais, paralelas, "ethernet", ...). Use "man scb" e "man edscb".
+
   serial, parallel, "ethernet", ...). Use "man SCB" and "man edscb.  
  
−
   O TROPIX é distribuído com o DMA dos controladores IDE desligados,
+
   The TROPIX is distributed in the DMA of the IDE controllers off,  
−
   pois  com  certos controladores podem surgir problemas. Experimente 
+
   as with certain drivers can cause problems. Try
−
   ligá-lo através de "dmaenable=1", inicialmente  durante  o  "boot"
+
   connect it via "dmaenable = 1", initially during the "boot"  
−
   para  testar, e  se  funcionar adequadamente, no arquivo "/tropix"
+
   to test, and if working properly, the file "/ tropix"  
−
   através  do  utilitário  "edscb". Com  isto, você  aumentará  a 
+
   through the utility "edscb. With this, you will increase the
−
   performance dos seus discos rígidos IDE.
+
   performance of your IDE hard disks.  
  
−
   Leia  o  capítulo 26, onde é dada uma lista dos principais comandos 
+
   Read Chapter 26, which is given a list of key commands
−
   do TROPIX.
+
   the TROPIX.  
  
−
   Aprenda a usar  o  "histórico" do  "sh". Ele  permite  reexecutar 
+
   Learn to use the "history" of the "sh". It allows rerun
−
   comandos, inclusive com modificações (cada linha do histórico pode 
+
   commands, even with modifications (each line of the history can
−
   ser  editada  com  os  mesmos  comandos  do  "vi", antes  de  ser 
+
   be edited with the same command of the "vi", before being
−
   reexecutada).
+
   rerun).  
  
  
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−
   Esta  versão  do  TROPIX já possui o utilitário "sbwave" para tocar 
+
   This version of TROPIX already has the "sbwave" to play
−
   músicas PCM através de placas "Sound Blaster" ISA, veja o manual.
+
   PCM music through signs "Sound Blaster" ISA, see the manual.  
  
−
   Durante a instalação, a INTERNET já é configurada para funcionar no 
+
   During installation, the Internet is already configured to work in
−
   modo interno  ("loopback"), o  que  é  necessário  pela  Interface
+
   internal mode ( "loopback"), which is required by Interface  
−
   Gráfica  X-Window. Para configurar a INTERNET para o uso com outros 
+
   Graphical X-Window. To configure the Internet for use with other
−
   dispositivos, use "man internet".
+
   devices, use "man internet".  
  
−
   Para a montagem de sistemas de arquivos remotos através do  Sistema 
+
   For mounting remote file systems through the System
−
   de Arquivos NFS (Network File System), use "man nfs".
+
   Archives of NFS (Network File System), use "man nfs".  
  
−
   Leia  o capítulo 18: ele menciona características não convencionais 
+
   Read chapter 18: he mentions features unconventional
−
   do TROPIX, as quais incluímos no sistema por considerá-las úteis.
+
   the TROPIX, which include the system for considering them useful.  
  
−
   Para instalar a Interface Gráfica X-Window, consulte  os  capítulos 
+
   To install the X-Window Graphical Interface, see the chapters
−
   19 a 22.
+
   19 to 22.  
  
−
   Para obter/compilar o código fonte do TROPIX, consulte os capítulos 
+
   To obtain / compile the source code TROPIX, see the chapters
−
   23 e 24.
+
   23 and 24.  
  
−
   Naturalmente, este capítulo dá apenas o resumo de uma direção geral 
+
   Naturally, this chapter gives only a summary of the general direction
−
   a tomar. O ideal é consultar um livro de introdução ao UNIX.
+
   to be taken. The ideal is to consult a book of introduction to UNIX.  
  
−
   Esperamos  que  o  TROPIX lhe  seja  útil, tanto no aprendizado de 
+
   TROPIX hope that it will be useful both in learning of
−
   sistemas de filosofia UNIX, como na utilização de mais  um  sistema 
+
   UNIX systems, philosophy, and the use of another system
−
   operacional. Em  caso  de  dúvidas  ou relatos de erros, utilize o 
+
   operational. For questions or reports of errors, use the
−
   endereço eletrônico do capítulo 1.
+
   address in Chapter 1.  
  
  
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       ************************************************** *******  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
−
       *                     Capítulo 18                     *
+
       * Chapter 18 *  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
−
       * CARACTERÍSTICAS E UTILITÁRIOS ORIGINAIS DO TROPIX   *
+
       * ORIGINAL FEATURES AND BUSINESS OF TROPIX *  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
Line 2,980: Line 2,980:
  
  
−
   Embora o TROPIX seja um  sistema  de  filosofia  UNIX, há  algumas 
+
   Although the TROPIX is a UNIX system of philosophy, some
−
   características  originais  que  não  são  encontradas  em  outros 
+
   unique characteristics that are not found in other
−
   sistemas  deste  tipo. A  seguir  são  dadas  algumas  destas 
+
   such systems. Below are given some of these
−
   originalidades:
+
   originalities:  
  
−
     1. Na  maioria  dos sistemas UNIX, quando listamos um arquivo de
+
     1. In most UNIX systems, when a file list
−
         várias páginas no vídeo, ele "rola" fora da  tela  antes  que 
+
         several pages in the video, it "rolls" off the screen before
−
         possamos le-lo. Temos então de usar o comando "more" na forma 
+
         can read it. We then use the command "more" in the form
  
−
                   cat texto.txt | more
+
                   cat texto.txt | more  
  
−
         ou então,
+
         or,  
  
−
                   more texto.txt
+
                   more texto.txt  
  
−
         Isto  é  o  caso, também, se  usamos  o comando "ls -l" com 
+
         This is the case, too, if we use the command "ls-l" with
−
         diretórios contendo muitos arquivos.
+
         directories containing many files.  
  
−
         No TROPIX, isto não é necessário; a saída do vídeo é  pausada 
+
         In TROPIX, this is not necessary, the output of the video is paused
−
         quando  ela  completa  o  número  de  linhas  visíveis. To  
+
         when she completes the number of lines visible. To  
−
         continuar a saída no vídeo, basta teclar <^Q>.
+
         continue to output the video, just hit <^ Q>.  
  
−
         Isto pode ser alterado através  do  comando  "stty" (veja  o 
+
         This can be changed via the command "stty" (see
−
         respectivo manual).
+
         the manual).  
  
−
     2. O  utilitário  "show": permite visualizar um arquivo de texto
+
     2. The utility "show" allows you to view a text file
−
         de forma conveniente  no  vídeo, podendo  avançar/retroceder 
+
         so should the video, can advance / rewind
−
         sobre o texto com comandos semelhantes ao do editor de textos 
+
         on the text with commands similar to the text editor  
−
         "vi". É  especialmente  útil  para  examinar  a saída de um 
+
         "vi". It is especially useful for examining the output of a  
−
         programa, usando um "pipe" (veja o manual).
+
         program, using a "pipe" (see manual).  
  
−
     3. O comando "gar": este utilitário é  uma  extensão  do  "tar",  
+
     3. The command "extend": This utility is an extension of the "tar",  
−
         padrão do mundo UNIX. O "gar", além de criar/extrair coleções 
+
         Standard UNIX world. The "crease", and create / extract collections
−
         do  formato  "tar", extrair  coleções do formato "cpio", ele 
+
         of the "tar", collections of extracting the "cpio", he
−
         cria/extrai/compara/adiciona  coleções  do  formato  próprio 
+
         create / extract / compare / add collections of the format itself
−
         ("gar") com/sem  compactação. Você certamente já utilizou o 
+
         ( "GAR") with / without compression. You certainly have used the
−
         "gar" ao instalar o TROPIX (veja o manual).
+
         "extend" to install the TROPIX (see manual).  
  
−
     4. Os      utilitários        "cmptree/cptree";        permitem
+
     4. The utilities "cmptree / cptree" allow
−
         copiar/comparar/atualizar  árvores  do  sistema  de  arquivos 
+
         copy / compare / update the file system tree
−
         locais ao próprio computadores (veja o manual).
+
         places to own computers (see the manual).  
  
−
     5. A    família    de    utilitários    "tcmpto":    permite
+
     5. The family of utilities "tcmpto" allows
−
         copiar/comparar/atualizar  árvores  do  sistema  de  arquivos 
+
         copy / compare / update the file system tree
−
         de/entre o computador local e um computador  remoto,  através 
+
         to / from the local computer and a remote computer through
−
         de protocolo próprio TCP/IP (veja o manual).
+
         own protocol for TCP / IP (see the manual).  
  
  
Line 3,047: Line 3,047:
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
−
       *                     Capítulo 19                     *
+
       * Chapter 19 *  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
−
       *       INTRODUÇÃO À INTERFACE GRÁFICA X-WINDOW         *
+
       INTRODUCTION * The graphical interface X-WINDOW *  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
Line 3,055: Line 3,055:
  
  
−
   O sistema X-Window para o TROPIX é uma interface gráfica baseada na 
+
   The X-Window system for TROPIX is a graphical interface based on
−
   versão 4.7.0 distribuída pelo Consórcio XFree86.
+
   version 4.7.0 distributed by the XFree86 consortium.  
  
−
   A  presente  versão  inclui servidores específicos para algumas das 
+
   This version includes specific servers for some of
−
   placas gráficas  mais  usuais. Além  disto, são  distribuídos  os 
+
   graphics cards more usual. Besides, are distributed to
−
   clientes indispensáveis para o funcionamento mínimo do sistema.
+
   Client minimum necessary for the functioning of the system.  
  
−
   Apesar  de  os  monitores  modernos possuírem circuitos de proteção 
+
   Although the modern monitors have circuitry to protect
−
   contra o uso com freqüências horizontal e/ou  vertical indevidas,
+
   against the use frequencies with horizontal and vertical undue,  
−
   sempre  existe  teoricamente  a  possibilidade  de  danificar o seu 
+
   theoretically there is always the possibility of damaging your
−
   monitor.
+
   monitor.  
  
−
   NÓS NÃO NOS RESPONSABILIZAMOS POR  ESTES  POSSÍVEIS  DANOS  AO  SEU 
+
   WE DO NOT LIABLE FOR THESE POSSIBLE DAMAGE TO YOUR
−
   MONITOR. VOCÊ  ESTÁ  INSTALANDO/UTILIZANDO  A INTERFACE GRÁFICA DO 
+
   MONITOR. YOU ARE INSTALLING / USING THE GRAPHICAL INTERFACE OF
−
   TROPIX SOB SUA PRÓPRIA RESPONSABILIDADE E RISCO!
+
   TROPIX UNDER YOUR OWN RISK AND RESPONSIBILITY!  
  
  
Line 3,122: Line 3,122:
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
−
       *                     Capítulo 20                     *
+
       * Chapter 20 *  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
−
       *       CRIAÇÃO E INSTALAÇÃO DOS DISQUETES/ARQUIVOS    *
+
       * CREATION AND INSTALLATION OF floppy / * ARCHIVES
−
       *                 DA INTERFACE GRÁFICA                  * 
+
       * * GRAPHIC INTERFACE  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
Line 3,131: Line 3,131:
  
  
−
   Este capítulo contém informações apenas para a  instalação  através 
+
   This chapter contains information only for installation by
−
   de  disquetes. Se  você  está instalando através de um CDROM, pode 
+
   floppy disks. If you are installing from a CDROM, you can
−
   pulá-lo.
+
   skip it.  
  
  
  
−
   A distribuição da Interface Gráfica X-Window é  feita  através  da 
+
   The distribution of the graphical interface X-Window is done by
−
   coleção    "xwin.tgz":   obtenha-a    na    página    do    TROPIX
+
   collection "xwin.tgz": get it from the page of TROPIX  
−
   ("http://tropix.nce.ufrj.br").
+
   ( "http://tropix.nce.ufrj.br).  
  
−
   Uma vez tendo obtida esta  coleção, é  necessário  preparar  os  2
+
   Once having obtained this collection, it is necessary to prepare the 2  
−
   arquivos  ou  criar  os 2 disquetes de 3½". Ela contém os seguintes 
+
   files or create the 2 disks, 3 ½ ". It contains the following
−
   arquivos:
+
   files:  
  
 
                   fdimage.exe  
 
                   fdimage.exe  
−
                   xwin1.dsk
+
                   xwin1.dsk  
−
                   xwin2.dsk
+
                   xwin2.dsk  
  
−
   O arquivo "fdimage.exe" é um utilitário de cópia  para  os  Windows
+
   The file "fdimage.exe" is a copy utility for Windows  
−
   (você provavelmente já o tem, obtido durante a instalação do TROPIX
+
   (You probably already has it, obtained during the installation of TROPIX  
−
   básico), e os arquivos restantes são os conteúdos dos 2 disquetes.
+
   basic), and the remaining files are the contents of 2 disks.  
  
−
   Assim  como  no  caso do TROPIX básico, se você possui uma partição 
+
   As in the case of TROPIX basic, if you have a partition
−
   DOS/Windows FAT16/32 ou NTFS em  seu  computador, a  criação  dos 
+
   DOS / Windows FAT16/32 or NTFS on your computer, the creation of
−
   disquetes  XWIN1 e  XWIN2 pode  ser dispensada. Siga o roteiro do 
+
   XWIN1 disks and XWIN2 may be waived. Follow the script
−
   capítulo 9 (substituindo "gar1" por "xwin1" e "xwin2").
+
   Chapter 9 (replacing "gar1" by "xwin1" and "xwin2).  
  
−
   Uma vez com os disquetes ou arquivos preparados, entre  no  sistema 
+
   As with disks or files prepared from the system
−
   TROPIX (como superusuário), vá para o diretório "/usr/etc/install",
+
   TROPIX (as superuser), go to the directory "/ usr / etc / install",  
−
   e execute o comando 
+
   and run the command
  
−
                   install.xwin
+
                   install.xwin  
  
−
   e siga as suas instruções. O sistema necessita de cerca de 10 MB no 
+
   and follow their instructions. The system needs about 10 MB in
−
   disco.
+
   disc.  
  
  
Line 3,197: Line 3,197:
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
−
       *                     Capítulo 21                     *
+
       * Chapter 21 *  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
−
       *           CONFIGURAÇÃO DA INTERFACE GRÁFICA          * 
+
       * * GRAPHIC CONFIGURATION INTERFACE  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
Line 3,205: Line 3,205:
  
  
−
   Uma  vez instalados todos os arquivos da Interface Gráfica X-Window
+
   Once installed all the files from the X-Window Graphical Interface
−
   (se você está instalando através do CDROM isto é automático, para o 
+
   (if you are installing via the CDROM that is automatic for
−
   caso de disquetes veja o capítulo anterior), vamos dar a  seguir  o 
+
   case of disks see chapter above), we give below the
−
   método  passo a passo para a configuração do sistema. Isto deve ser 
+
   method step by step to the system configuration. This should be
−
   feito como superusuário.
+
   done as superuser.  
  
−
     1. Configuração da "internet": Ela deverá está ativa, pelo menos
+
     1. Setting the "internet": She is running to at least
−
         para  acessos  internos  ("loopback");  isto  normalmente, a 
+
         access to internal ( "loopback"), that normally, the
−
         instalação  do TROPIX já realiza. Para maiores detalhes, veja 
+
         installation of TROPIX already held. For details, see
−
         o manual "internet" (através do comando "man").
+
         the manual "internet" (via the command "man").  
  
−
     2. Especificação do "mouse": O sistema vem  configurado  para  o
+
     2. Specification of "mouse": The system is configured for
−
         "mouse" PS/2.
+
         "mouse" PS / 2.  
  
−
         Para    outros    tipos    de    "mouse,     o    arquivo 
+
         For other types of mouse, the file
−
         "/usr/xwin/conf/xconfig" deverá ser editado. Se o seu "mouse"
+
         "/ usr / xwin / conf / xconfig" should be edited. If your "mouse"  
−
         for serial (COM1, COM2) ou USB, mova os dois  caracteres  "#"
+
         for serial (COM1, COM2) or USB, move the two characters "#"  
−
         das  linhas  do  seu  tipo  de "mouse" para as duas linhas do 
+
         lines of its type "mouse" to the two lines of
−
         "mouse" PS/2.
+
         "mouse" PS / 2.  
  
−
         Use o utilitário "dmesg" para verificar se, durante  a  carga 
+
         Use the "dmesg" to check if, during loading
−
         do sistema, o seu "mouse" está sendo reconhecido.
+
         system, the "mouse" is being recognized.  
  
−
     3. Execução  do  servidor  no  modo  de  16 cores  (4 bits).  
+
     3. Implementation of server-mode 16 colors (4 bits).  
−
         Inicialmente      o      arquivo      de      configuração 
+
         Initially the configuration file
−
         "/usr/xwin/conf/xconfig"   está  preparado  para  executar  o 
+
         "/ usr / xwin / conf / xconfig" is ready to run
−
         servidor no modo  gráfico  do  padrão  VGA, de  16 cores  e 
+
         server on the standard VGA graphics mode, 16 colors and
−
         resolução  de 640x480 e 800x600. Este modo deve funcionar com 
+
         resolution of 640x480 and 800x600. This method should work with
−
         qualquer placa gráfica, e será sua (única) opção caso  a  sua 
+
         any video card, and will be its (only) option if your
−
         placa não tenha sucesso nas tentativas abaixo.
+
         plate has not succeed in attempts below.  
  
−
         Para tanto, basta teclar o comando "startx" (sem ter alterado 
+
         Thus, simply typing the command "startx" (without having changed
−
         o  arquivo  de  configuração). O sistema iniciará com o fundo 
+
         the configuration file). The system starts with the bottom
−
         padrão do TROPIX, duas  janelas  "xterm", um  relógio  e  um 
+
         Standard TROPIX, two windows "xterm", a clock and
−
         selecionador  de  "desktops". Em  cada  janela  "xterm" é 
+
         selector of "desktops". In each window "xterm" is
−
         executado o interpretador de comandos padrão "sh".
+
         run the interpreter of standard commands "sh".  
  
−
         Para voltar ao modo texto, a maneira mais  simples  é  teclar 
+
         To return to text mode, the simplest way is typing
−
         simultaneamente <ctl-alt-bs>.
+
         <ctl-alt-bs> simultaneously.  
  
−
         Este  é  o  modo  mais  básico  de  funcionamento  do sistema 
+
         This is the most basic mode of operation of the system
−
         X-Window;  se  ele  não  funcionar  envie-nos  os  arquivos 
+
         X-Window, if it does not work send us the files
−
         "/var/log/xwin/xserver.log"   e  "/var/log/xwin/xclients.log"
+
         "/ var / log / xwin / xserver.log" and "/ var / log / xwin / xclients.log"  
−
         para o endereço eletrônico do capítulo 1.
+
         to address in Chapter 1.  
  
−
     4. Determinação da placa gráfica: Uma vez funcionando no modo de
+
     4. Determination of the graphics card: Once in the operating mode
−
         16 cores, podemos verificar  se  existe  a  possibilidade  de 
+
         16 colors, we can see if there is the possibility of
−
         utilizar  um  servidor  específico  para a sua placa gráfica.
+
         use a specific server for your graphics card.  
−
         Isto proporcionará a possibilidade de usar uma gama maior  de 
+
         This will provide the ability to use a wider range of
  
  
Line 3,265: Line 3,265:
  
  
−
         cores, e  outras  resoluções  (800x600, 1024x768, 1280x1024,
+
         colors, and other resolutions (800x600, 1024x768, 1280x1024,  
−
         ...).
+
         ...).  
  
−
         Dependendo da sua placa gráfica, podemos editar o arquivo  de 
+
         Depending on your graphics card, you can edit the file
−
         configuração  "/usr/xwin/conf/xconfig". Se for uma placa ATI,
+
         configuration "/ usr / xwin / conf / xconfig". If an ATI,  
−
         coloque em comentário as linhas:
+
         put in the comment lines:  
  
−
                   Driver         "svga"
+
                   Driver "SVGA"  
−
                   Device         "Generic VGA"
+
                   Device "Generic VGA"  
  
−
         colocando um "#" no início da linha, e tire o comentário  das 
+
         placing a "#" at the beginning of the line, and take the comment of
−
         linhas:
+
         lines:  
  
−
                   Driver         "accel"
+
                   Driver "accel"  
−
                   Device         "ati"
+
                   Device "ati"  
  
−
         Além  disto, altere  o  número  de bits por cor comentando a 
+
         Also, change the number of bits per color commenting on the
−
         linha:
+
         line:  
  
−
                   DefaultColorDepth       4
+
                   DefaultColorDepth 4  
  
−
         e tirando o "#" de uma das linhas (experimente):
+
         and making the "#" one of the lines (try):  
  
−
                   DefaultColorDepth       8
+
                   DefaultColorDepth 8  
−
                   DefaultColorDepth       16
+
                   DefaultColorDepth 16  
−
                   DefaultColorDepth       24
+
                   DefaultColorDepth 24  
  
−
         Para cada tentativa, entre no modo gráfico teclando "startx",
+
         For each trial, and in graphical mode typing "startx",  
−
         e  para  voltar  ao  modo  de  texto, tecle  simultaneamente 
+
         and to return to text mode, press both
−
         <ctl-alt-bs>. Obtenha  infomações  de  sucesso/insucesso  no 
+
         <ctl-alt-bs>. Get information of success / failure in
−
         arquivo "/var/log/xwin/xserver.log".
+
         file "/ var / log / xwin / xserver.log.  
  
−
         As instruções são semelhantes, se a sua placa for uma  NVIDIA
+
         The instructions are similar, if your card is an NVIDIA  
−
         ou TRIDENT, usando-se 
+
         TRIDENT or, using
  
−
                   Device         "nv"
+
                   Device "nv"  
−
         ou 
+
         or
−
                   Device         "trident"
+
                   Device "trident"  
  
−
     5. Se  a  sua  placa  gráfica  não  for  uma  das  acima, ou as
+
     5. If your graphics card is not one of the above, or the
−
         tentativas acima não tiveram sucesso, você poderá apenas  (na 
+
         above attempts were unsuccessful, you can only (in
−
         presente versão) usar o modo de 16 cores (4 bits).
+
         this version) how to use 16 colors (4 bits).  
  
−
     6. Para  alterar  de resolução, tecle <ctl-alt-+> ou <ctl-alt-->
+
     6. To change the resolution, hit <ctl-alt-+> or <ctl-alt-->  
−
         ("+" e "-" do teclado numérico).
+
         ( "+" And "-" the numeric keypad).  
  
  
−
   Uma vez funcionando, você poderá tentar alterar o número de cores e 
+
   Once running, you can try to change the number of colors and
−
   o tamanho do seu "desktop". Em caso de não conseguir, envie-nos  os 
+
   the size of your "desktop". In case of not, send us the
−
   dois arquivos do diretório "/var/log/xwin", conforme acima.
+
   two files in the directory "/ var / log / xwin" as above.  
  
  
Line 3,347: Line 3,347:
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
−
       *                     Capítulo 22                     *
+
       * Chapter 22 *  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
−
       *         UTILIZAÇÃO BÁSICA DA INTERFACE GRÁFICA      *
+
       * USE OF BASIC GRAPHICAL INTERFACE *  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
Line 3,355: Line 3,355:
  
  
−
   Uma  vez com o sistema em funcionamento, teremos (com já foi citado 
+
   As with the system in operation, we have (with the already mentioned
−
   acima), duas janelas "xterm", um  relógio  e  um  selecionador  de 
+
   above), two windows "xterm", a clock and a selector of
−
   "desktops".
+
   "desktops".  
  
−
   A  pequena janela "xterm" superior é a da "console", e não deve ser 
+
   The small window "xterm" is superior to the "console", and should not be
−
   usada normalmente, pois nela serão escritas as mensagens de erro do 
+
   normally used, since it will be written to the error messages
−
   sistema operacional.
+
   operating system.  
  
−
   Para movimentar uma janela, clique e arraste o botão da esquerda do 
+
   To move a window, click and drag the button on the left of
−
   "mouse" na moldura da janela.
+
   "mouse" in the frame of the window.  
  
−
   Para alterar o tamanho de uma janela, clique e arraste o  botão  da 
+
   To change the size of a window, click and drag the button to
−
   esquerda  do  "mouse" em  um  dos 4 cantos da janela (nem todas as 
+
   left of the "mouse" in one of the 4 corners of the window (not all
−
   janelas admitem isto).
+
   windows admit this).  
  
−
   Para promover uma janela (isto é, colocá-la na frente das  demais),
+
   To promote a window (ie, put it in front of others),  
−
   clique  o  botão  da esquerda na moldura da janela. Para rebaixá-la 
+
   click the button in the left frame of the window. To demote it
−
   (isto é, colocá-la atrás das demais), clique o botão da direita  na 
+
   (ie put it behind the other), click the button on the right
−
   moldura  da  janela. Se  você  tiver  um "mouse" de 3 botões, pode 
+
   frame of the window. If you have a mouse, 3 buttons, you can
−
   também promover uma janela com o botão do meio.
+
   also promote a window with the middle mouse button.  
  
−
   O botão da esquerda, clicado fora de qualquer janela, apresenta  um 
+
   The button on the left, clicked out of any window, presents a
−
   "menu" de  utilitários, além  da  opção para sair do modo gráfico 
+
   "menu" of tools, plus the option to exit the graphics mode
−
   (retornando ao modo de texto). O botão da direita, clicado fora  de 
+
   (back to text mode). The button on the right, clicked off
−
   qualquer janela, apresenta uma lista das janelas ativas.
+
   any window, displays a list of active windows.  
  
−
   Tudo  o  que  foi  descrito  até  agora  refere-se  ao "desktop" 0.
+
   Everything that has been described so far is the "desktop" 0.  
−
   Clicando em um outro selecionador de "desktop" (no  canto  inferior 
+
   Clicking on another selector of "desktop" (on the bottom
−
   direito), você  terá um novo espaço independente para a criação de 
+
   right), you will have a new space for the creation of independent
−
   janelas. Você dispõe (na presente configuração), de 6 "desktops".
+
   windows. You have (in this configuration), 6 "desktops".  
  
  
Line 3,422: Line 3,422:
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
−
       *                     Capítulo 23                     *
+
       * Chapter 23 *  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
−
       *   OBTENÇÃO E INSTALAÇÃO DO CÓDIGO FONTE DO TROPIX     * 
+
       * OBTAINING AND INSTALLING THE SOURCE CODE * TROPIX  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
Line 3,430: Line 3,430:
  
  
−
   O código fonte do TROPIX é  distribuído  através  dos  3 arquivos 
+
   The source code is distributed TROPIX through 3 files
−
   "kernel.tgz" (o  núcleo  do sistema), "lib.tgz" (as bibliotecas) e 
+
   "kernel.tgz" (the core system), "lib.tgz" (the library) and
−
   "cmd.tgz" (os utilitários). Tratam-se de coleções  TAR comprimidas 
+
   "cmd.tgz" (the tools). These are collections of compressed TAR  
−
   através do utilitário "gzip".
+
   through the utility "gzip".  
  
−
   Uma vez obtida uma coleção "*.tgz" através de um navegador, devemos 
+
   Once a collection "*. tgz" through a browser, should
−
   descomprimi-la. Isto pode ser feito de diversos modos:
+
   decompress it. This can be done in several ways:  
  
−
     1. Se você armazenou a coleção "*.tgz" em um sistema de arquivos
+
     1. If you stored the collection "*. tgz 'in a file system
−
         DOS/Windows FAT16/32,  e  está  com o TROPIX instalado, pode 
+
         DOS / Windows FAT16/32 and is installed with the TROPIX may
−
         acessá-la diretamente através do TROPIX, montando a  partição 
+
         access it directly through the TROPIX, mounting the partition
−
         com um comando da forma 
+
         with a command of the form
  
−
             mount /dev/hda1 /mnt
+
             mount / dev/hda1 / mnt  
  
−
         Em seguida, descomprima-a com:
+
         Then unpack it with:  
  
−
             cd /mnt/...                 (Diretório do TROPIX)
+
             cd / mnt / ... (Directory TROPIX)  
−
             gunzip *.tgz                 (Nome da coleção)
+
             gunzip *. tgz (name of collection)  
−
             gar -ixv <*.tar             (Nome da coleção TAR obtida)
+
             crease-ixv <*. tar (name of the collection obtained TAR)  
−
             rm *.tar                     (Remove a coleção TAR)
+
             rm *. tar (Remove the collection TAR)  
  
−
     2. Se a sua partição DOS/Windows for NTFS (como ela é somente de
+
     2. If your partition DOS / Windows is NTFS (as it is only of
−
         leitura), o  procedimento  acima  deverá ser efetuado após a 
+
         reading), the above procedure should be performed after
−
         cópia do arquivo "*.tgz" para uma partição TROPIX.
+
         copy the file "*. tgz" for a partition TROPIX.  
  
−
     3. Se  você  está  usando  um  sistema  UNIX, deverá  usar  os
+
     3. If you are using a UNIX system, you should use the
−
         utilitários  "gunzip" e  "tar". Verifique os detalhes no seu 
+
         utility "gunzip" and "tar." Check the details in your
−
         sistema UNIX.
+
         UNIX system.  
  
−
     4. Se você está apenas com Windows, pode descomprimir a  coleção
+
     4. If you are only using Windows, you can decompress the collection
−
         com o utilitário "Winzip" e ler cada um dos programas através 
+
         with the "Winzip" and read each of the programs through
−
         dos utilitários "Notepad", "Wordpad" ou "Word", entre outros.
+
         of utilities "Notepad", "Wordpad" or "Word," among others.  
  
  
Line 3,497: Line 3,497:
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
−
       *                     Capítulo 24                     *
+
       * Chapter 24 *  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
−
       *           COMPILAÇÃO DO NÚCLEO, BIBLIOTECAS          *
+
       * COMPILATION OF THE NUCLEUS, LIBRARIES *  
−
       *               E UTILITÁRIOS DO TROPIX               * 
+
       * E * TROPIX OF BUSINESS
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
Line 3,506: Line 3,506:
  
  
−
   Abaixo  damos  orientações para compilar os diversos componentes da 
+
   Below we give guidelines for compiling the various components of
−
   distribuição do código fonte do TROPIX:
+
   distribution of source code TROPIX:  
  
  
−
     1. NÚCLEO DO SISTEMA: Uma vez com a árvore do  núcleo  instalada
+
     1. NUCLEUS OF THE SYSTEM: Once the tree with the core installed
−
         no  TROPIX, você  poderá  compilar os diversos módulos que a 
+
         TROPIX in, you can compile the various modules that
−
         integram:   "boot/boot0",   "boot/boot1",   "boot/boot2"   e 
+
         part: "boot/boot0", "boot/boot1", "boot/boot2" and
−
         "kernel".
+
         "kernel".  
  
−
         Em  cada  um  dos diretórios há o "Makefile" para controlar a 
+
         In each of the directories is the "Makefile" to control
−
         respectiva compilação.
+
         their compilation.  
  
−
         Repare que no diretório "kernel" há o arquivo "scbfile.v" que 
+
         Note that in the "kernel" for the file "scbfile.v" that
−
         contém parâmetros para configurar o seu núcleo em  particular
+
         contains parameters to configure your kernel in particular  
−
         (veja "edscb" (cmd)).
+
         (see "edscb" (cmd)).  
  
−
     2. BIBLIOTECAS: Na  raiz  da  árvore  há  um  "Makefile" para a
+
     2. LIBRARIES: At the root of the tree is a "Makefile" for
−
         compilação de todas as 4 bibliotecas. Se for  desejado, pode 
+
         compilation of all 4 libraries. If desired, you can
−
         ser  compilada  cada  uma  delas  separadamente  (indo para o 
+
         be compiled each one separately (going to the
−
         diretório correspondente).
+
         corresponding directory).  
  
−
     3. UTILITÁRIOS: Na raiz  da  árvore  há  um  "Makefile" para  a
+
     3. BUSINESS: At the root of the tree is a "Makefile" for
−
         compilação de todos os utilitários. Se for desejado, pode ser 
+
         compilation of all utilities. If desired, may be
−
         compilado  cada um deles separadamente (indo para o diretório 
+
         each separately compiled (going to the directory
−
         correspondente).
+
         appropriate).  
  
  
Line 3,572: Line 3,572:
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
−
       *                     Capítulo 25                     *
+
       * Chapter 25 *  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
−
       *             O USO DO EDITOR DE TEXTOS "VI"           *
+
       * THE USE OF the text editor "vi" *  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
Line 3,580: Line 3,580:
  
  
−
   O utilitário "vi" é  o  editor de  textos  "padrão" dos  sistemas 
+
   The utility "vi" is the editor of texts "pattern" of schemes
−
   operacionais  de  filosofia  UNIX. Neste  capítulo  será  dada uma 
+
   operational philosophy of UNIX. This chapter will be given
−
   pequena introdução ao seu uso, suficiente para realizar  alterações 
+
   short introduction to its use, enough to make changes
−
   nos arquivos de configuração (que eventualmente sejam necessárias), 
+
   in the configuration files (which may be required)  
−
   durante a instalação do TROPIX.
+
   during the installation of TROPIX.  
  
−
   Maiores  detalhes  poderão ser vistos (posteriormente com o sistema 
+
   More details can be seen (later with the system
−
   em funcionamento regular), atráves de "man vi" ou  ainda  "man -g
+
   on a regular basis), by "man vi" or "man-g  
−
   vi".
+
   vi.  
  
−
   Para  editar  um arquivo (por exemplo, de nome "abc"), teclamos "vi
+
   To edit a file (for example, the name "abc"), keyboard "vi  
−
   abc", e o "vi" inicia o  seu  funcionamento  mostrando  a  primeira 
+
   abc "and" vi "starts its operation showing the first
−
   página  do  arquivo  "abc",  com  o cursor no primeiro caractere da 
+
   page file "abc" with the cursor on the first character of
−
   primeira linha.
+
   first line.  
  
−
   Podemos então utilizar os seguintes comandos (repare que  o  cursor
+
   We can then use the following commands (note that the cursor  
−
   indica onde o comando será executado):
+
   indicates where the command will be executed):  
  
−
       <sp>       Avança (o cursor de) um caractere na linha.
+
       <sp> Goes (the cursor from) a character on the line.  
−
       <bs>       Retrocede um caractere na linha.
+
       Back <bs> a character on the line.  
−
       "-"       Retrocede uma linha no arquivo.
+
       "-" Back one line in the file.  
−
       <enter>   Avança uma linha no arquivo.
+
       <enter> Goes a line in the file.  
−
       <^D>       Avança meia página no arquivo.
+
       <^ D> Go half a page in the file.  
−
       <^U>       Retrocede meia página no arquivo.
+
       <^ U> Back half page in the file.  
−
       "1g"       Retrocede para o início do arquivo.
+
       "1" Back to the top of the file.  
−
       "g"       Avança para o final do arquivo.
+
       "g" Goes to the end of the file.  
  
−
       "i"        Insere texto antes do cursor (até um <esc>).
+
       i Inserts text before cursor (up to a <esc>).  
−
       "a"       Insere texto após o cursor (até um <esc>).
+
       "a" Inserts text after the cursor (up to a <esc>).  
−
       "o"       Cria novas linhas e insere texto (até um <esc>).
+
       "the" creates new line and insert text (up to a <esc>).  
−
       "x"       Remove o caractere indicado pelo cursor.
+
       "x" Remove the character indicated by the cursor.  
−
       "dd"       Remove uma linha.
+
       "dd" Remove a line.  
−
       "yyp"     Copia uma linha.
+
       "yyp" Copy a row.  
  
−
       "/..."     Procura a cadeia "..."
+
       "/..." Search string "..."  
−
       "n"        Procura a ocorrência seguinte da cadeia.
+
       n Find the next occurrence of the chain.  
−
       "N"       Procura a ocorrência anterior da cadeia.
+
       "N" Find the previous occurrence of string.  
  
−
       "."       Repete o último comando de edição.
+
       "." Repeats the last command for editing.  
−
       "u"       Desfaz o último comando de edição.
+
       "u" Undo the last command for editing.  
  
−
       ":w"       Atualiza o arquivo.
+
       "w" Upgrade the.  
−
       ":q"       Sai do "vi" (somente se o arquivo está atualizado).
+
       "q" Get off the "vi" (only if the file is updated).  
−
       ":q!"     Sai do "vi", sem atualizar o arquivo.
+
       ": q!" Get the "vi" without updating the file.  
  
−
   Repare  que  o  arquivo  sendo  editado  ("abc" no  caso) só será 
+
   Note that the file being edited ( "abc" in the case) will only be
−
   atualizado  quando  for  dado  o  comando  ":w".   Se  foi  feita 
+
   updated when given the command "w". If you made
−
   acidentalmente  alguma modificação indesejada, podemos sair do "vi"
+
   accidentally change any unwanted, we can leave the "vi"  
−
   com o comando ":q!", conservando o arquivo em sua forma original.
+
   with the command ": q!", saving the file to its original form.  
  
  
Line 3,647: Line 3,647:
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
−
       *                     Capítulo 26                     *
+
       * Chapter 26 *  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
−
       *     UMA LISTA DOS PRINCIPAIS COMANDOS DOS TROPIX     *
+
       * A LIST OF MAJOR CONTROLS OF TROPIX *  
 
       * *  
 
       * *  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
 
       ************************************************** *******  
Line 3,656: Line 3,656:
  
  
−
   Para a sua  comodidade, damos  abaixo  uma  lista  alfabética  dos 
+
   For your convenience, we give below an alphabetical list of
−
   principais  comandos  do TROPIX, juntamente com uma breve descrição 
+
   TROPIX the major commands, along with a brief description
−
   de cada um. Para obter mais informações sobre um comando  "x" (por 
+
   of each. For more information about a command "x" (for
−
   exemplo), use "man x".
+
   example), use "man x".  
  
−
       a2ps     - conversor de arquivos texto em PostScript
+
       a2ps - converter for text files in PostScript  
−
       as       - montador para INTEL-80386/486/PENTIUM
+
       as - assembler for INTEL-80386/486/PENTIUM  
−
       bison     - gerador de analisadores sintáticos do GNU
+
       bison - generates parsers of GNU  
−
       c         - escreve as linhas de um arquivo em várias colunas 
+
       c - write the lines of a file in multiple columns
−
       cat       - concatena e copia arquivos 
+
       cat - concatenate files and copies
−
       cc       - compilador para a linguagem "C"
+
       cc - compiler for the language "C"  
−
       cdplay   - reproduz faixas de CDs
+
       cdplay - plays tracks from CDs  
−
       cdtowave - extrai faixas de CDs
+
       cdtowave - Extract tracks from CDs  
−
       chgrp     - troca a identificação do grupo de arquivos 
+
       chgrp - change the identity of the group of files
−
       chmod     - modifica a permissão de acesso de arquivos 
+
       chmod - changes the access permission of files
−
       chown     - troca a identificação do dono (UID) de arquivos 
+
       chown - change the owner ID (UID) of files
−
       clear     - limpa a tela do terminal
+
       clear - clears the screen of the terminal  
−
       clr      - limpa a tela do terminal
+
       CLR - clears the screen of the terminal  
−
       cls       - limpa a tela do terminal
+
       cls - clears the screen of the terminal  
−
       cmp       - compara pares de arquivos 
+
       cmp - compares pairs of files
−
       cmpobj   - compara pares de módulos objeto 
+
       cmpobj - compares pairs of object modules
−
       cmptree   - compara árvores 
+
       cmptree - compare trees
−
       comm     - seleciona ou rejeita linhas comuns a dois arquivos 
+
       comm - select or reject lines common to two files
−
                   ordenados 
+
                   ordered
−
       coremap   - imprime um mapa de alocação da memória 
+
       coremap - print a map of the memory allocation
−
       cp       - copia arquivos 
+
       cp - copy files
−
       cpfs     - copia sistemas de arquivos 
+
       cpfs - copy file systems
−
       cptree   - copia uma árvore 
+
       cptree - copies a tree
−
       crypt     - codifica/decodifica arquivos 
+
       crypt - encode / decodes files
−
       data      - mostra/atualiza a data/hora corrente do sistema 
+
       date - shows / update the date / time of the current system
−
       dc       - calculador de mesa com aritmética inteira 
+
       dc - desk calculator with integer arithmetic
−
       dd       - copia e converte arquivos 
+
       dd - convert and copy files
−
       df       - informa sobre o espaço disponível de sistemas de 
+
       df - information on the available space systems
−
                   arquivos 
+
                   archives
−
       diff     - comparador diferencial de arquivos 
+
       diff - differential file comparator
−
       dmesg     - imprime as mensagens iniciais de carga do núcleo 
+
       dmesg - print messages initial loading of the core
−
       dosmp     - monta/processa um sistema de arquivos no formato 
+
       dosmp - mount / place a file system format
−
                   MS-DOS/Windows
+
                   MS-DOS/Windows  
−
       du       - informa sobre o uso de disco 
+
       du - reported on the use of disk
−
       echo     - ecoa os arqumentos
+
       echo - echoes the arqumentos  
−
       ed       - editor de textos orientado por linhas 
+
       ed - text editor, guided by lines
−
       edboot   - gerencia "boot0" e "boot2"
+
       edboot - manage "boot0" and "boot2"  
−
       editscb   - edita/imprime o bloco de controle da INTERNET 
+
       editscb - edit / print the block to control the Internet
−
       edobj     - editor de módulos objeto 
+
       edobj - publisher of object modules
−
       edscb     - imprime/edita o bloco de controle do núcleo do 
+
       edscb - print / edit the control block of the core of
−
                   TROPIX
+
                   TROPIX  
−
       edusr     - gerencia as contas/senhas 
+
       edusr - manages the accounts / passwords
−
       eject     - ejeta o meio removível de um dispositivo 
+
       eject - eject removable means of a device
  
  
Line 3,715: Line 3,715:
  
  
−
       ex       - editor visual de textos 
+
       ex - editor of visual texts
−
       exportfs - lista/atualiza a tabela "exports" do NFS
+
       exportfs - list / update the table "exports" of NFS  
−
       fdc      - calculador de mesa com aritmética flutuante 
+
       FDC - computer desk with floating arithmetic
−
       fdisk     - imprime e/ou modifica a tabela de partições 
+
       fdisk - print and / or modify the partition table
−
                   de um disco 
+
                   a disc
−
       fdformat - formata disquetes 
+
       fdformat - format floppies
−
       file     - tenta identificar o conteúdo de um arquivo 
+
       file - tries to identify the contents of a file
−
       finger   - obtém informações sobre usuários remotos 
+
       finger - get information about remote users
−
       fsck     - verifica a consistência de sistemas de arquivos 
+
       fsck - check the consistency of file systems
−
       fsdefrag - melhora a alocação dos blocos de um sistema de 
+
       fsdefrag - improves the allocation of blocks of a system of
−
                   arquivos 
+
                   archives
−
       fsname   - consulta/atualiza nomes/volumes de sistemas de 
+
       fsname - query / update names / volume systems
−
                   arquivos 
+
                   archives
−
       ftp       - programa de cópia remota de arquivos da INTERNET 
+
       ftp - program to copy files from remote Internet
−
       gar      - utilitário para a criação/atualização de coleções 
+
       crease - utility for creating / updating collections
−
                   de arquivos 
+
                   files
−
       grep     - busca de padrões em arquivos 
+
       grep - search for patterns in files
−
       gunzip   - comprime ou expande arquivos 
+
       gunzip - compress or expand files
−
       gzip     - comprime ou expande arquivos 
+
       gzip - compress or expand files
−
       help     - imprime resumos de utilização de comandos 
+
       help - print summaries of use of commands
−
       hpprint   - impressor para HP DeskJet (PCL)
+
       hpprint - for HP DeskJet printer (PCL)  
−
       ifdef     - realiza préprocessamentos parciais 
+
       ifdef - preprocessor performs partial
−
       includes - descobre arquivos incluídos 
+
       includes - find files included
−
       kill     - envia sinais a processos 
+
       kill - sends signals to processes
−
       lasttime - lista os nomes de arquivos modificados recentemente 
+
       lasttime - list the names of files modified recently
−
       lc       - lista o conteúdo de diretórios 
+
       lc - list contents of directories
−
       ld       - link-editor de módulos objeto 
+
       ld - link-editor for object modules
−
       ldshlib   - carrega/descarrega uma biblioteca compartilhada 
+
       ldshlib - loads / unloads a shared library
−
       linkoptim - substitui arquivos duplicados por elos físicos 
+
       linkoptim - replacing duplicate files by physical links
−
       ln       - cria elos físicos ou simbólicos para arquivos 
+
       ln - creates physical or symbolic links to files
−
       ls       - lista características de arquivos e conteúdos de 
+
       ls - list of files and content characteristics of
−
                   diretórios 
+
                   directories
−
       mail     - recebe ou envia cartas do correio eletrônico 
+
       mail - send or receive letters from the mail
−
       make     - gerenciador de manutenção de programas 
+
       make - manager of maintenance programs
−
       man       - mostra um manual na tela do terminal/vídeo/janela 
+
       man - shows a manual on the screen of the terminal / video / window
−
       mkdev     - cria/atualiza os dispositivos de "/dev"
+
       mkdev - create / update the devices for "/ dev"  
−
       mkdir     - cria diretórios 
+
       mkdir - create directories
−
       mkfifo   - cria FIFOs 
+
       mkfifo - create FIFO
−
       mkfs     - gera um sistema de arquivos 
+
       mkfs - create a file system
−
       mklib     - cria/atualiza bibliotecas de módulos objeto 
+
       mklib - create / update libraries of object modules
−
       mknod     - cria um arquivo especial 
+
       mknod - create a special file
−
       mount     - monta um sistema de arquivos 
+
       mount - mount a file system
−
       mv       - move (troca o nome de) arquivos 
+
       mv - move (change the name) files
−
       mvtree   - move (troca o nome) de uma árvore/diretório 
+
       mvtree - move (trade name) of a tree / directory
−
       nettime   - obtém a data/hora corrente de um nó remoto 
+
       nettime - get the date / time current of a remote node
−
       nice     - executa um comando com prioridade modificada 
+
       nice - run a command with modified priority
−
       nm       - imprime a tabela de símbolos de módulos objeto 
+
       nm - print the table of symbols of object modules
−
       nohup     - executa um comando imune ao sinal SIGHUP
+
       nohup - run a command immune to SIGHUP signal
−
       pallwd   - imprime todos os diretórios correntes 
+
       pallwd - all print directories current
−
       passwd   - altera a senha do usuário 
+
       passwd - change the user password
−
       paste     - une linhas de vários arquivos 
+
       paste - joins lines from multiple files
−
       ping     - teste de acesso a um nó remoto 
+
       ping - Test to access a remote node
−
       pop3     - acessa uma caixa postal remota através do 
+
       pop3 - access a remote mailbox through the
−
                   protocolo POP3
+
                   POP3 protocol
−
       pr       - imprime arquivos 
+
       pr - print files
−
       prdisktb - Imprime a tabela de discos/partições 
+
       prdisktb - Print the table of disks / partitions
−
       prsync   - imprime o estado da sincronização dos processos 
+
       prsync - prints the status of the synchronization of processes
−
       ps       - imprime informações sobre processos 
+
       ps - prints information about processes
−
       pwd       - imprime o diretório corrente 
+
       pwd - prints the current directory
−
       reboot   - Encerra o uso do TROPIX, e recarrega o computador 
+
       reboot - Closing the use of TROPIX, and reload the computer
−
       rlogin   - entra em sessão em um nó remoto 
+
       rlogin - enter into sitting on a remote node
−
       rm       - Remove arquivos 
+
       rm - Remove files
−
       rmdir     - remove diretórios 
+
       rmdir - remove directories
−
       rmtree   - remove árvores 
+
       rmtree - remove trees
  
  
Line 3,790: Line 3,790:
  
  
−
       sbvol     - controla o volume da placa de som SB-16
+
       sbvol - controls the volume of the sound card SB-16  
−
       sbwave   - Toca música PCM através da placa de som SB-16
+
       sbwave - Play music through the PCM sound card SB-16  
−
       semafree - libera o semáforo pelo qual o processo está 
+
       semafree - releasing the light by which the process is
−
                   esperando 
+
                   waiting
−
       setmode   - atribui as proteções corretas aos arquivos do 
+
       setmode - confer the protections of the right to file
−
                   sistema 
+
                   system
−
       sh       - interpretador de comandos 
+
       sh - command interpreter for
−
       show     - mostra um arquivo na tela do terminal
+
       show - displays a file on your terminal  
−
       shutdown - reinicializa o computador após um certo tempo 
+
       shutdown - reboot the computer after a certain time
−
       size     - imprime tamanhos e características de módulos 
+
       size - print size and characteristics of modules
−
                   objeto 
+
                   object
−
       sleep     - suspende a execução por um intervalo de tempo 
+
       sleep - suspend the implementation of a time
−
       sort     - ordena e/ou intercala arquivos 
+
       sort - sort and / or merge files
−
       sroff     - formatador de textos 
+
       sroff - Text Format
−
       strip     - remove as tabelas de símbolos de módulos-objeto 
+
       strip - remove symbols from the tables of object-modules
−
       stty     - consulta/altera parâmetros de terminais/vídeos 
+
       stty - consulting / change parameters of terminals / Videos
−
       su       - muda de conta temporariamente 
+
       su - to temporarily change the
−
       subst     - busca/substitui cadeias em vários arquivos 
+
       subst - search / replace strings in multiple files
−
       sync     - Atualiza os blocos do cache nos discos 
+
       sync - Update the blocks of the disk cache  
−
       sysmap   - desenha um mapa de uso de alguns recursos do 
+
       sysmap - drawing a map to use some features of
−
                   sistema (programa gráfico)
+
                   system (graphics program)  
−
       tac       - descompila a descrição instalada de um terminal/
+
       tac - decompile the description of an installed terminal /  
−
                   vídeo 
+
                   Video
−
       tail     - obtém a parte final de um arquivo 
+
       tail - get the final part of a file
−
       tcmpfrom - comparação/atualização remota de árvores 
+
       tcmpfrom - comparison / update remote tree
−
                   (caminhando árvores remotas)
+
                   (walking trees remote)  
−
       tcmpto   - comparação/atualização remota de árvores 
+
       tcmpto - comparison / update remote tree
−
                   (caminhando árvores locais)
+
                   (walking trees location)  
−
       tcpfrom   - cópia remota de árvores (caminhando árvores 
+
       tcpfrom - remote copy of trees (trees walking
−
                   remotas)
+
                   remote)  
−
       tcpto     - cópia remota de árvores (caminhando árvores 
+
       tcpto - remote copy of trees (trees walking
−
                   locais)
+
                   local)  
−
       tee       - copia a entrada padrão para diversos arquivos e a 
+
       tee - copy standard input to various files and
−
                   saida padrão 
+
                   standard output
−
       telnet   - comunica com um nó remoto utilizando o protocolo 
+
       telnet - communicates with a remote node using the protocol
−
                   TELNET
+
                   TELNET  
−
       test     - testa propriedades de arquivos 
+
       test - test properties files
−
       textmap   - imprime uma tabela de programas reentrantes em uso 
+
       textmap - print a table of reentrant programs in use
−
       tic       - compila e instala a descrição de um terminal/vídeo 
+
       tic - compiles and installs the description of a terminal / video
−
       touch     - Modifica os tempos de arquivos 
+
       touch - Change the times of files
−
       tpipe     - escreve arquivos remotos na saída padrão 
+
       tpipe - write remote files on standard output
−
       tr       - traduz caracteres 
+
       tr - translate characters
−
       tty       - imprime o nome do terminal/vídeo 
+
       tty - print the name of the terminal / video
−
       umount   - desmonta sistemas de arquivos 
+
       umount - unmounts file systems
−
       uname     - imprime a identificação do sistema 
+
       uname - print identification system
−
       uniq     - indica linhas repetidas de um arquivo 
+
       uniq - indicates repeat lines from a file
−
       untext   - libera os recursos de programas reentrantes 
+
       untext - frees the resources of programs reentrant
−
       uptime   - fornece o tempo decorrido desde o último "boot"
+
       uptime - provides the time elapsed since the last "boot"  
−
       vi       - editor visual de textos 
+
       vi - visual editor for text
−
       walk     - caminha em árvores do sistema de arquivos 
+
       walk - walks in tree file system
−
       wc       - contador de páginas, linhas, palavras e caracteres 
+
       wc - count of pages, lines, words and characters
−
       who       - informa quem está no sistema 
+
       who - tells who is in the system
−
       write     - escreve mensagens para um outro usuário 
+
       write - writes messages to another user
−
       xcoremap - desenha um mapa de alocação da memória 
+
       xcoremap - drawing a map of the memory allocation
−
                   (programa gráfico)
+
                   (program graph)  
−
       xclock   - relógio analógico (programa gráfico)
+
       xclock - analog clock (the graph)  
−
       xcpu     - desenha o gráfico de uso da CPU
+
       xcpu - draws the graph of CPU usage
−
       xd       - "dump" em hexadecimal e ISO
+
       xd - "dump" in hexadecimal and ISO  
−
       xdefrag   - Melhora a alocação dos blocos de um sistema 
+
       xdefrag - Improves the allocation of blocks of a system
−
                   de arquivos T1
+
                   T1 files
−
       xedit     - editor de textos simples para o sistema X-Window
+
       xedit - simple text editor, for X-Window system
−
       xfm       - gerenciador gráfico de arquivos 
+
       xfm - graphical file manager
−
       xmandel   - desenha as imagens fractais de Mandelbrot
+
       xmandel - draws fractal images of Mandelbrot  
−
       xpop3     - acessa uma caixa postal remota através do 
+
       xpop3 - access a remote mailbox through the
  
  
Line 3,865: Line 3,865:
  
  
−
                   protocolo POP3
+
                   POP3 protocol
−
       xpaint   - mostra uma imagem (gif, jpeg, bmp ou xpm) em uma 
+
       xpaint - shows a picture (gif, jpeg, bmp or xpm) in a
−
                   janela (programa gráfico)
+
                   window (the graphic)  
−
       xterm     - Emulador de terminal ANSI para X-Window
+
       xterm - terminal emulator to ANSI X-Window  
−
       ziptool   - ferramenta para dispositivos Iomega ZIP
+
       ziptool - tool for devices Iomega ZIP  
  
  
Line 3,934: Line 3,934:
 
</pre>
 
</pre>
  
 +
=== Step by Step guide ===
 
I am downloading it, I don't know yet... Qemu? Bochs? Virtual PC?  Some kind of 486+ emulator
 
I am downloading it, I don't know yet... Qemu? Bochs? Virtual PC?  Some kind of 486+ emulator
  

Revision as of 19:00, 18 June 2009


TROPIX
Tropix.png
Logging into a TROPIX system
Type: Multitasking, multiuser
Creator: UFRJ
Architecture: 68010, IBMPC
This Version: 4.9.0 (Dec 2008)
Date Released: 1985


TROPIX got it's start after UFRJ could not secure a source license to AT&T UNIX. So they decided to write their own. Using a Version 7 68000 machine, they were able to clone out their own system. For a while the project seemed dead with the mainstream arrival of Linux, however there has been some new activity on the TROPIX front.

System requirements

Intel 486/PENTIUM or equivalent.
8MB of ram for text mode, 16MB of ram for X11.
IDE/ATA/SATA.
SCSI controllers:

  • Adaptec 1542 (ISA)
  • 2940/29160 (PCI).

Ethernet controllers:

  • (NE1000, NE2000 ISA/PCI)
  • 3Com 3c503
  • Realtek RTL 8129/8139

USB
PCI Modems

  • U.S. Robotics 56K PCI

Sound Cards

  • Sound Blaster 16

How do I get this to run?!

First you'll need some instructions. This is the google translated instructions:

Google provided instructions














      *******   *******  *******   *******    *    *     *
         *      *     *  *     *   *     *    *     *   *
         *      *     *  *     *   *     *    *      * *
         *      *******  *     *   *******    *       *
         *      *  *     *     *   *          *      * *
         *      *   *    *     *   *          *     *   *
         *      *    *   *******   *          *    *     *














                     TROPIX - Installation Guide 


                            Version 4.9.0 




                                Guide 
















                          December 2008 

















 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 2 








                              CONTENT 





         Chapter 1 - Introduction ........................... 4 

         Chapter 2 - New versions of ................ 6 

         Chapter 3 - Characteristics ...................... 11 

         Chapter 4 - PC Configuration ................... 12 

         Chapter 5 - Establishment of CDROM ..................... 13 

         Chapter 6 - Creation of the boot disk .......... 14 

         Chapter 7 - Some conventions / features 
                   TROPIX ............................... 16 

         Chapter 8 - Running TROPIX directly from 
                   CDROM or floppy .................... 18 

         Chapter 9 - Preparation of disks / files 
                   other ............................ 22 

         Chapter 10 - Modes of TROPIX installation disk 
                   Hard ............................... 23 

         Chapter 11 - Installation of files in TROPIX 
                   MS-DOS/Windows ....................... 24 

         Chapter 12 - Disk and partition ................... 26 

         Chapter 13 - The editor of partitions "fdisk" ........ 28 

         Chapter 14 - Reducing the size of a partition 
                   MS-DOS/Windows ....................... 32 

         Chapter 15 - Installation of partitions in TROPIX 
                   own ............................. 35 

         Chapter 16 - Setting up the USB drivers .... 37 

         Chapter 17 - What now? ............................. 38 

         Chapter 18 - Utilities and features original 
                   the TROPIX ............................ 40 

         Chapter 19 - Introduction to the Graphical Interface 
                   X-Window ............................. 41 

         Chapter 20 - Creation and installation of the floppy / 
                   archives of the Graphical Interface ........ 42 

         Chapter 21 - Setting the graphical interface .... 43 



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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 3 


         Chapter 22 - Use of the basic graphical interface 45 

         Chapter 23 - Obtaining and installing the source code 
                   the TROPIX ............................ 46 

         Chapter 24 - Compilation of the kernel, libraries and 
                   utilities of TROPIX ................ 47 

         Chapter 25 - Use the text editor "vi" ....... 48 

         Chapter 26 - A list of key commands 
                   TROPIX ............................... 49 






















































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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 4 







      ************************************************** ******* 
      * * 
      * Chapter 1 * 
      * * 
      * INTRODUCTION * 
      * * 
      ************************************************** ******* 



 The TROPIX (pronounced "trópix") is an Operating System of 32 
 bit, multiuser and multitasking, philosophy of UNIX ®, developed 
 the Center for Computer Electronics, Federal University of Rio 
 January (NCE / UFRJ). 

 The TROPIX was originally conceived during the years 1982 to 1986 
 (at the time with the name PLURIX) to the computer PEGASUS. This 
 computer was built in the NCE, and was based on 
 MOTOROLA 68010/20 processor. Since its beginning, the system was 
 designed for symmetric multiprocessing, operating in a 
 PEGASUS 2 CPUs which had 68,020. 

 The system was shipped in 1987 to the computer ICARUS, 
 based on these same processor, and added the 
 support for real time. Was initiated in 1994 for the transport 
 Intel line of processors (386, 486, Pentium), and since 1996 the 
 TROPIX is already operating on PCs and is used in several 
 computers. 

 In this version for PCs, is not yet completed the detection of 
 motherboard with more than one CPU, which is necessary for the 
 multiprocessing. 

 In relation to real time, has recently completed a thesis of 
 Masters was developed in which a version of the core TROPIX 
 in real time. 

 The TROPIX has several utilities, such as 
 study / learning / use of an operating system 
 UNIX philosophy, the development of programs (software) and 
 implementation of servers to the Internet. Furthermore, it is ideal 
 for use in courses on operating systems, it contains 
 primitive to the "light" ( "threads"), memory 
 shared, the level of user traffic lights, among others. 

 This text (which you're reading) contains introductory information 
 on the distribution and installation of the system TROPIX. During the 
 installation, it can be viewed / printed on your PC (see 
 end of Chapter 8). In addition, it contains the information for 
 Installation of X-Window Graphical Interface (Chapters 19 to 22), and 
 information for installing / compiling the source code TROPIX 
 (Chapters 23 and 24). 

 The operating system is a TROPIX software free, and you are 
 welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions, for details, 
 type "man" license (after installation). 

 Currently, the development and maintenance of TROPIX are 
 made by Peter and Salenbauch Oswaldo Vernet. For more 


 Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08 





 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 5 


 information, suggestions, reporting errors, or in case of 
 no doubt about its installation and use, use the 
 address "tropix@tropix.nce.ufrj.br. 

 Visit regularly the homepage of TROPIX, at 
 "http://www.tropix.nce.ufrj.br" to learn about new 
 system versions. 

 The continuation of this work is a posthumous tribute to Newton 
 Faller, the great creator of the projects PEGASUS, PLURIX, and TROPIX 
 so many others. 























































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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 6 







      ************************************************** ******* 
      * * 
      * Chapter 2 * 
      * * 
      * NEW * VERSION OF 
      * * 
      ************************************************** ******* 



 What's new in this version "4.9.0" 

     1: Implement the USB 2.0 protocol. 

     2: Supports SATA disks. 

     3: New version of the graphical interface (based on version 4.7.0 
        distributed by Consortium XFree86). 



 To monitor the TROPIX, included the news of 
 previous versions. 

 News of version "4.8.0" 

     1: File System NFS (Network File System, Version 2), 
        for the mounting of remote file systems. 


 News of version "4.7.0" 

     1: Distribution of object code in ROM. 

     2: New graphic utility "xcpu" which draws the graph of Use 
        CPU. 


 News of version "4.6.0" 

     1: Support for USB disks (simulations in memory, "pen drive"), 
        with annexation / desanexação dynamics. 

     2: Mount (read only) file system 
        NTFS. 

     3: Mounting images of file systems (in files 
        regular). 

     4: New version of the graphical interface (based on version 4.4.0 
        distributed by Consortium XFree86). 



 News of version "4.5.0" 

     1: Recognition of "mouse" USB. 

     2: New graphic tools: the file manager "xfm", 


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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 7 


        the program to access remote mailboxes "xpop3" and 
        generate fractal images of Mandelbrot "xmandel. 

     3: Extension of the core to enable the sharing of 
        interrupts (IRQ) between devices. 

     4: Access to file systems FAT-32 for more than 4 GB. 


 News of version "4.4.0" 

     1: Mounting the File System of Linux EXT2. 

     2: Support to the mouse PS / 2. 

     3: New version (XFree86 Version 4.3.0) System Chart 
        X-Window, supporting the most recent of the plates 
        ATI graphics, and TRIDENT S3. 

     4: New features of the library "stdio" with areas of 4 KB for 
        it compatible with the new file system T1. 

     5: Role of 64-bit arithmetic for the values "long long" 
        the language "C". This is important for access to files 
        with more than 4 GB. 

     6: Access to the history of the "sh" through the keys of arrows 
        also in text mode. 

     7: New commands: The defragmenter "xdefrag" (program 
        chart) can improve the allocation of blocks of systems 
        T1 files, the converter program "a2ps" converts a 
        ISO text to PostScript to be printed on printers 
        who accept this language. 


 News of version "4.3.0" 

     1: The new file system T1, in blocks of 4 KB and 
        identifiers of up to 255 characters, which has a performance 
        much higher than the previous file system (S7) of 
        blocks of 512 bytes. This version continues supporting the 
        V7 file system. 

     2: Create the file "/ etc / fstab" for better control of 
        assembly of devices. 

     3: New interface for recognition devices 
        IDE / ATA / ATAPI. 

     4: Floppy BOOT distribution of the image containing a 
        file system that is unpacked in a Ramdas (the 
        simulation of a disk in main memory). This facilitates 
        installation of TROPIX. 


 News of version "4.2.0" 

     1: Increase the size of the areas of entry / exit of the "cache" of 
        structured devices from 512 to 4096 bytes. With this, 
        allows the read / write devices that have 
        larger than 512 bytes (eg CDROM, whose 
        block is 2 KB) in addition to increasing the speed of 
        processing of devices already supported. 


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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 8 


     2: Establishment of the abstract layer of "we-index" to enable 
        the assembly of several file systems. 

     3: Mount the file systems FAT12/16/32. 

     4: Mounting the file systems from original CDROM, beyond 
        extensions "Rock Ridge" and "Joliet". 

     5: Implementation of symbolic links. 


 News of version "4.1.0" 

     1: New "driver" for the Adaptec SCSI controller: Now 
        supporting the 29,160 new drivers for 160 MB / s. 

     2: Add the "chip" s of the VIA and Intel for the use of DMA 
        access to IDE. 

     3: Extended the build system of language "C" for 
        accept identifiers without size limitation. 

     4: Enter the functions of the library "C" for reading 
        directories in a system independent of 
        files: "opendir", "readdir", ... 

     5: The "boot" of TROPIX was extended, and now accepts the discs 
        Iomega ZIP (100 MB) to load the system at all 
        their steps. 


 News of version "4.0.0" 

     1: Improved recognition and assessment of the speed of 
        processor of the computer during stage 2 of the load 
        system ( "boot2). 

     2: Support for IDE disks over 8 GB. 

     3: Recognition Device PnP (Plug and Play "). 

     4: Use of DMA to access the IDE (at 
        only for the "chip" Acer Aladdin "). 

     5: Command "mail" completely rewritten, now can receive 
        and send attachments. 


 News of version "3.2.3" 

      This version "contained as the main novelty library 
      shared (similar to Windows DLLs). All 
      older versions of libraries ( "libc", "libm", "libcurses" and 
      "libxti") are now grouped in a single library 
      shared "/ lib / libt.o. 

      The same occurs also with the libraries of graphical interface 
      X-Window: all are now integrated in the two 
      shared library "/ usr / xwin / lib / libx.o" and 
      "/ usr / xwin / lib / liby.o. 

      With the use of shared libraries, the size of 
      executable modules decreased drastically. This 
      reduced in both the time and amount of cargo 


 Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08 





 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 9 


      occupied space (both on disk and in main memory). 
      As an example, a typical utility, the "cp" which occupied 13,704 
      bytes, went to occupy only 4,032, ie, fell short of 
      third the size. In the case of graphic tools, this 
      reduction is much greater, mentioned as an example the program 
      "xedit" which went from 612 KB to less than 4KB! 


      This version also includes some new programs, among 
      which: 

          1: "cdplay: plays audio CDs in units IDE / ATAPI and 
             SCSI. 

          2: "cdtowave": Extract audio tracks from CDs into units 
             IDE / ATAPI and SCSI. 

          3: sbvol "controls the volume (master) of SB-16 boards. 

          4: "mkshlib" and "ldshlib" creates and loads the libraries 
             shared. 

          5: "nohup: run command immune to SIGHUP signal. 

          6: "paste" lines of a multiple. 

          7: "FDC": computer desk for small numbers of point 
             floating. 

          8: "xcoremap" graphics program to draw a map of 
             allocation of the computer's main memory. 

          9: "xedit" graphics program to edit texts (like 
             the "notepad" in Windows). 

         10: "xpaint" now accepts the JPEG format. 


      Other changes / enhancements: 

          1: "Drivers for IDE-ATAPI devices: These" drivers " 
             will allow access to TROPIX-IDE ATAPI devices, 
             such as CD-ROMs and ZIP drives the internal disk. 
             However, the file systems on CD-ROMs also 
             are not being recognized. 

          2 "Driver" for driver "Realtek RTL 8129/8139 Fast 
             Ethernet (10/100 Mbs). 

          3: The swap partition is no longer necessary to 
             installation, both in its own partition, as in 
             MS-DOS/Windows files. 

          4: It is recognized Fax-Modem U.S. Robotics 56K PCI. 

          5: Inauguration of distribution of the source code of 
             TROPIX of libraries and utilities. 

          6: The WWW server of TROPIX already allows the resumption of 
             transfers from the point they were 
             interrupted. 


 News of version "3.2.1" 


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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 10 


      Includes the first distribution of the source code of the core of 
      system, recommending him for a further course in systems 
      operational. 


 News of version "3.2.0" 

      Contained as the main news media (in part) to 
      sound card "Sound Blaster". 


 News of version "3.1.8" 

      Contained as the new X-Window Graphical Interface and 
      support for file systems MS-DOS/Windows with FAT32. 



















































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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 11 







      ************************************************** ******* 
      * * 
      * Chapter 3 * 
      * * 
      * FEATURES * 
      * * 
      ************************************************** ******* 



 The distribution of TROPIX is free, and it can be installed 
 via a CDROM or floppy. 

    1. The CDROM is distributed through an image, and contains the 
       TROPIX complete object (including the System Chart 
       X-Window). This image should be used to burn a CDROM 
       through an appropriate program: see chapter 5. 

    2. The distribution by floppy disk is part of the basic 
       with 2 disks, 3 ½ "and X-Window System in Figure 2 
       Additional disks: see the chapters 19 to 22. 

 The installation on PCs can be done in two ways: on partitions 
 own or in files from one partition to FAT16 or FAT32 
 MS-DOS/Windows (in this case without the need for change 
 partitions of disks). It included a manager of cargo 
 operating systems ( "boot0"), to amicable coexistence with 
 other operating systems. 

 Currently the TROPIX has the basic commands of UNIX (in addition to 
 some more commands themselves), a development system for 
 the language ANSI "C", support for the network of computers 
 Internet with TCP / IP, SLIP, PPP (for dial-line) and 
 Client / Server "telnet", "rlogin", "ftp", "mail", "pop3" and 
 others. 

 Whole TROPIX is based on the code character ISO-8859-1 
 (Latin-1, the same Windows 95/98/NT/2000/XP), taking all the 
 stress available in all modes (text, graphic) and 
 commands. Moreover, all the manuals can be found in 
 screen (on-line), and are in Portuguese. 

 The file systems MS-DOS/Windows FAT-12/16/32/NTFS (both in 
 partitions on the disks as hard drives) can be mounted 
 (the latter only for reading). 

 For mounting remote file systems we have available the 
 NFS protocol, version 2. 

 CD-ROMs can also be fitted to all variants 
 (ISO-9660, Joliet and Rock-Ridge). 










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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 12 







      ************************************************** ******* 
      * * 
      * Chapter 4 * 
      * * 
      * PC * SETUP 
      * * 
      ************************************************** ******* 



 The PC must have an Intel processor or equivalent 486/PENTIUM. 
 The minimum reasonable main memory is 8 MB. With 4 MB can be 
 use the system, but there may be difficulties in both 
 use the Internet and compile programs. For the Graphical Interface 
 X-Window is required at least 16 MB. 

 The USB drivers are accepted, but the patterns and UHCI 
 OHCI. 

 Disks are supported for 3 ½ "and 5 ¼" disk drives and IDE / EIDE. 
 Also supported SCSI disk drives connected through the 
 Adaptec 1542 SCSI controller (ISA) and 2940/29160 (PCI). 

 From version 4.9.0 USB devices are supported with 
 Protocol 1.1 and 2.0 with annexation / desanexação dynamics. 

 The Iomega ZIP disks (100 MB) are also supported in versions 
 the parallel port, IDE / ATAPI and SCSI (where connected to one of 
 SCSI controllers listed above). 

 For the Internet, are supported controllers "ethernet" 
 Novell (NE1000, NE2000 ISA / PCI), 3Com 3c503 and Realtek RTL 8129/8139 
 Fast Ethernet (10/100 Mbs), and lines with serial protocols 
 SLIP or PPP. 

 Are supported also the parallel ports for use of 
 printers. 

 Are accepted Fax-modems and ISA Fax-Modem U.S. Robotics 56K PCI. 

 From version 3.2.0 is also supported the output of digital sound 
 PCM sound cards through the "Sound Blaster 16 (or successor). 
 With this, you can play sound files from "*. wav" in TROPIX. 

 Are already supported "mouse" s USB. 

 As already mentioned, there are two ways of installing the TROPIX 
 disks of the PC (see chapter 10). In any of these 
 modes must be allocated a certain area of the hard disks 
 (typically 128 MB). 











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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 13 







      ************************************************** ******* 
      * * 
      * Chapter 5 * 
      * * 
      * * CREATING THE CDROM 
      * * 
      ************************************************** ******* 



 Having obtained the collection "cdrom.tgz" distribution of the CDROM 
 TROPIX, you must save it. 

    1. If you use a UNIX system, must decompress 
       "cdrom.tgz" via "gunzip" (generating a collection "tar") 
       and then use the command "tar" to get the files: 

                 install.txt 
                 tropix.iso 

       The file "install.txt" is the guide to installation (you are 
       reading) and the file "tropix.iso" is the image of the CDROM. 

       The CDROM should be recorded through an appropriate utility 
       (such as "cdrecord"). 

    2. If you use WinXP/Win2000/WinNT/Win98/Win95/Win3.x should 
       decompress the collection "cdrom.tgz" through "Winzip", 
       getting the files: 

                 install.txt 
                 tropix.iso 

       The file "install.txt" is the guide to installation (you are 
       reading) and the file "tropix.iso" is the image of the CDROM. 

       The CDROM should be recorded through an appropriate utility 
       (such as "Easy CD Creator" or "Nero"). 























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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 14 







      ************************************************** ******* 
      * * 
      * Chapter 6 * 
      * * 
      * ESTABLISHMENT OF Floppy Disk "BOOT" * 
      * * 
      ************************************************** ******* 



 Having obtained the collection "tropix.tgz" distribution of TROPIX 
 base is necessary (at least) create the disk, 3 ½ "called 
 of BOOT. 

    1. If you use a UNIX system, must decompress 
       "tropix.tgz" via "gunzip" (generating a collection "tar") 
       and then use the command "tar" to get the files: 

                 install.txt 
                 fdimage.exe 
                 boot.dsk 
                 gar1.dsk 

       The file "install.txt" is the guide to installation (you are 
       reading), the file "fdimage.exe" is a utility to copy 
       the MS-DOS/Windows (in this case will not be used), and 
       remaining files are the contents of 2 disks called 
       the BOOT and GAR1. 

       The BOOT disk, can be created through a command of 
       type: 

                 boot.dsk cat> / dev/fd0 

       (the exact name of the device depends on the system disk 
       being used). 

       You can also use the command "dd" in the form: 

                 boot.dsk dd if = of = / dev/fd0 

    2. If you use WinXP/Win2000/WinNT/Win98/Win95/Win3.x should 
       decompress the collection "tropix.tgz" through "Winzip", 
       getting the files: 

                 install.txt 
                 fdimage.exe 
                 boot.dsk 
                 gar1.dsk 

       The file "install.txt" is the guide to installation (you are 
       reading), the "fdimage.exe" is a tool for copying and 
       remaining files are the contents of 2 disks. The 
       BOOT floppy disk must be created through a command of 
       type 

                 fdimage.exe-v boot.dsk A: 

       For WinXP/Win2000/WinNT, use the window of commands; 


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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 15 


       Win98/Win95/Win3.x to use the DOS mode, in this case not 
       recommend using the DOS command window, because sometimes the 
       writing is performed incorrectly. 


 Use a new disk, of good quality. Many of the errors 
 reported are caused by defective disks. 

 After the generation of the disk, we protect it against 
 written. 
























































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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 16 







      ************************************************** ******* 
      * * 
      * Chapter 7 * 
      * * 
      * SOME CONVENTIONS / FEATURES OF TROPIX * 
      * * 
      ************************************************** ******* 



 Conceptually, the operating system is similar to TROPIX 
 UNIX type systems, although there are some differences. To 
 unambiguous way of describing the installation procedure and use 
 TROPIX of the PCs, use the conventions described below. Note 
 and these conventions because they are used in TROPIX as a 
 whole, including the system after installation. 

 Keystrokes <enter> means to press the key that has this name; 
 typing <sp> (blank) means hit the space bar. 

 Keystrokes <^ D> means press both keys "ctl" and 
 "D". By doing this, we first compress the key "ctl" 
 (holding it compressed) and then press the key "D". 
 Similarly, typing <^ A>, <^ B>, ... means to compress the keys 
 "ctl" with "A", "B", ... On some keyboards, we have 
 "ctrl" instead of "ctl". 

 Keystrokes <ctl-alt-del> means compressing both the three 
 keys displayed; hit <reset> means of compressing the button 
 "reset" the PC that, in general, is in the office of the PC (and not in 
 keyboard). 

 Keystrokes "-fd0 tropix means hit the keys in sequence" - ", 
 "f", "d", "0", <sp>, "t", "r", "the", "p", "i", "x" and <enter>. When 
 specify a string for keyboard (such as 
 given above) implicitly assume that a keyboard to <enter> 
 end of the chain (unless it is explicitly stated the 
 otherwise). 

 We must remember that in TROPIX, as in all systems 
 Operating similar to UNIX, uppercase characters are 
 Different lowercase letters. In the above example, therefore, not 
 must compress the key <Shift> because the letters to be generated 
 are all lowercase. 

 Some of the commands may request a TROPIX 
 information / confirmation of action. This request is identified by a 
 "prompt" that can be a character or a string that 
 system writes to the screen. 

 In TROPIX, some of the "prompt" s contain a string 
 brackets before a "." This means that typing 
 chain or simply typing <enter> have the same effect. This 
 string of characters is called the "default", ie what 
 will be interpreted by the lack of a string 
 explicitly keyboard. 

 For the question 



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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 17 


      Loads (fd0, tropix)? (s): 

 is equivalent typing "s" followed by <enter> or simply 
 <enter>, which means "yes." If you want to answer "no", 
 we have to hit "n" followed by <enter>. 

 In some commands, an answer with a capital letter ( "S" or "N") 
 means that this and all subsequent questions are 
 answered automatically (yes to "S" and 
 negatively to "N"). The manual for each command (see below) 
 information if it follows this convention. 

 In TROPIX, usually, the system stops writing to the screen 
 complete a screen (24 lines). This is convenient because the user 
 have time to read the text without a new text replaces the text 
 current that (maybe) has not yet been read. To continue 
 writing the text simply typing <^ Q>. Besides, an output on the screen 
 can be stopped at any time by typing <^ S>. This can be 
 changed by the command "stty" (see below). 

 When entering the "multiplayer" (see below) the TROPIX offers 8 
 independent virtual screens. The switching between the virtual screens 
 is done by typing <^ S> (to stop the output in the virtual screen 
 current), followed by the number of the virtual screen to which want 
 ir (1 to 8), and finally, <^ Q> (to activate the new screen output 
 virtual). Note that the number of the current virtual screen is displayed 
 in the center of the last line. 

 With certain combinations of keys, used sequentially, we can 
 generate special characters. Thus, typing up ", to" get "a" and 
 with "c" get "C". With this method we can get almost all 
 vowels of strong Western languages. If you do not want this 
 composition, just typing "\" between the characters. Thus, 
 example, if keyboard "~ \ the" get "-a". 
































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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 18 







      ************************************************** ******* 
      * * 
      * Chapter 8 * 
      * * 
      * RUNNING TROPIX DIRECTLY TO CDROM or Floppy * 
      * * 
      ************************************************** ******* 



 Both of the CDROM TROPIX (obtained in Chapter 5), such as floppy disk 
 BOOT (obtained in Chapter 6), contains a compressed image of a 
 TROPIX file system independent. Both can be implemented 
 inserting them into the corresponding drive and typing or <ctl-alt-del> 
 <reset> (this operation, loading the operating system, called 
 the "boot"). 

 Do not forget to check if the order of several devices in 
 sequence of "boot" your computer's BIOS is desired. 

 This is useful for: 

      1. TROPIX test the compatibility of your computer. If 
         have any conflict, notify us (via the 
         address in Chapter 1). 

      2. Run TROPIX experimentally, to know the 
         system without changing the hard drive of your computer. 

      3. Read this guide to install on the computer screen and / or 
         print it on your printer (see the end of this chapter). 

      4. TROPIX install in your computer's hard drive. There 
         two modes of installation: see Chapter 10. 

      5. Fix the TROPIX resident on the hard disk, if 
         present problems. 

 After the "reset", the "boot1" (the first stage of operation 
 "boot") will be read from the CDROM or floppy. It is written the message: 


      TROPIX CD boot1, Version: 4.9.0, from 17:06:06 

      > 


 <Enter> Key will read the "boot2" (the second stage) of the CDROM 
 or floppy; after reading, we have the message 


      TROPIX boot2, Version: 4.9.0, from 17:11:08 

      Copyright © 1988-2008 NCE / UFRJ 

      Pentium ................................ 
      .................................................. .. 
      ........ (and other data from computer) ............ 
      .................................................. .. 


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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 19 



       boot> 


  At this point, the "boot2" is awaiting a command. He is a 
  versatile program, which can (among others) load and run a 
  program, edit / print the partition table and list the contents 
  or the memory device. If keyboard "", it prints its 
  list of commands. 

  In our case, we hit "-i" to decompress the image of 
  ROOT file system from the CDROM or floppy disk to an area in 
  end of main memory. This area will then be used as a 
  Ramdas, ie the simulation of a disk into memory. 

  After decompression, the message is written 


       TROPIX Intel x86 - Version 4.9.0 of 28.11.08 ... 

       Copyright © 1988-2008 NCE / UFRJ 

       The operating system is distributed TROPIX ABSOLUTELY 
       NO WARRANTY. This is a "software" free, and you are welcome 
       to redistribute it under certain conditions, for details, 
       type "man leave." 

       Want to change parameters? (n): 


  <Enter> Key again, the message appears 


       TROPIX (Mycomputer) mono [5]: 


  Once reached this point, the operating system already TROPIX 
  took control in the way "single", with only a 
  active virtual screen (the one you're using). 

  Press <^ D>, to come in "multiplayer" in which several 
  Virtual screens are available. Number will be written 
  information on the screen, until a line containing: 

       LOGIN: 

  Enter "root" and will print the line: 

       Password: 

  Then press "tropix" (which will not be ecoado on screen) and finally 
  will print the line: 

       root @ Mycomputer: [/ home / root] # 

  Ready! A critical part was unsuccessful. The TROPIX is already running on 
  multiuser mode on your computer. 


  During loading, the core of the message write TROPIX 

          Want to change parameters? (n): 

  after which normally <Enter> key. With this, we accept the 


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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 20 


  values "default" of parameters, which generally are desired. 
  We can however modify various parameters, the most common 
  the rootdev ", ie the device's root system. This parameter 
  contains the value nodev (ie undefined), and the initialization of 
  core, it seeks a suitable root. The order of search is: 

     1. TROPIX partitions of hard drives (eg "hda2a"); 

     2. devices simulating disks from files 
        MS-DOS/Windows (eg "MD1"); 

     3. CDROMs (eg "hdb" or "sdb"). 

     4. disks (eg "fd0"). 

  We can change the value "default", with a <raiz desejada> 
  through 

          rootdev = <raiz desejada> 

  and then typing <^ D>. This is useful, for example, when it 
  we have a root partition on a hard disk or file 
  MS-DOS/Windows and want to start a new installation from the 
  CDROM or floppy. 


  Note that the keyboard was that after "LOGIN" is the name of the account ( "root" 
  in the case) and that the keyboard was after "Password" is that their 
  password ( "tropix" in case). This means that we are using 
  the "root", which is the superuser account with credentials (almost) 
  unlimited. This is necessary during installation, but is not 
  recommended for normal use. 

  To see this guide for distribution / installation of the screen 
  computer, type "man install. To move forward / backward by 
  several pages of the guide, use the command <^ D>, <^ U>. To view the 
  content, use "2p" to go directly to the page <n> (obtained 
  through the content), use "<n> p". To terminate the execution of 
  "man", enter "q". 

  To print this guide, use the command 


       cat / usr / man / ref / install> / dev / lp 


  (this is only possible if your PC has the printer on port / IRQ 
  default). Remember that the guide uses the ISO-8859-1 
  (Latin-1) character, if your printer does not accept this code 
  character, use the command 


       stty ascii 2> / dev / lp 


  before the "cat" to remove the accents of the characters. 

  If your printer is a HP, accepting the PCL language, you 
  can use the command "hpprint. 

  Another possibility is to print this guide through 
  MS-DOS/Windows using the sequence of commands: 




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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 21 


       mount / dev/hda1 / mnt 
       cp / usr / man / ref / install / mnt 
       umount / dev/hda1 


  where "/ dev/hda1" should be replaced by a partition DOS / Windows 
  FAT 16/32 right (in general you can use your own "/ dev/hda1", 
  it probably is the drive "C"). To obtain the names 
  the partitions corresponding to MS-DOS/Windows partitions, use the 
  command "prdisktb. 

  After these commands, print the file "install" by 
  MS-DOS/Windows, it is better to use Windows, because the code 
  of characters used (ISO-8859-1 (Latin-1)). 




















































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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 22 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 9 * 
       * * 
       * PREPARATION OF floppy / * OTHER ARCHIVES 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  This chapter contains information only for installation by 
  floppy disks. If you are installing from a CDROM, you can 
  skip it. 

  Note that the collection "tropix.tgz" contains the image of 2 disks, 
  BOOT and GAR1. The BOOT disk, has been created in Chapter 6. 

  If you have a partition DOS / Windows or NTFS on your FAT16/32 
  computer, creating a floppy GAR1 may be waived. The idea 
  is to copy the image to a directory "\ TROPIX" partition 
  DOS / Windows. 

     1. If you use a UNIX system, you must use the commands 
        type: 
                  mount / dev/hda1 / mnt 
                  mkdir / mnt / TROPIX 
                  gar1.dsk cp / mnt / TROPIX 
                  umount / dev/hda1 

        where "/ dev/hda1" may be replaced by another partition 
        DOS / Windows you want. 

        If your partition is NTFS, find out if your UNIX system 
        supports the writing in these file systems, many 
        UNIX systems (including Linux) support in general only 
        reading). 

     2. If you use WinXP/Win2000/WinNT/Win98/Win95/Win3.x should 
        use the "Windows Explorer" to create the directory 
        "C: \ TROPIX" and then copy the file "gar1.dsk" for the 
        directory created. Instead of "C", can be used another 
        desired partition. 


  If you do not have a partition DOS / Windows or NTFS on your FAT16/32 
  computer, or is wanting to install on another computer TROPIX, 
  GAR1 the disk must be created. 

  This should be done the way already seen in Chapter 6 of course 
  susbtituindo to "boot.dsk" by "gar1.dsk. 

  Use diskettes new, of good quality. Many of the errors 
  reported are caused by defective disks. 

  After creation, we protect the disk against written. 






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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 23 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 10 * 
       * * 
       * METHODS OF INSTALLING TROPIX disk * 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  There are two ways to install the disk TROPIX: 

     1. In the TROPIX own partitions. This mode offers the best 
        performance, but the installation requires a certain care. 
        Can be optionally installed a manager "boot", 
        to allow the choice of operating system to load. 
        Follow the sequence of chapters 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17. 

     2. In MS-DOS/Windows files. This mode does not offer a 
        performance as good and "boot" of TROPIX will always be 
        via CDROM or floppy, but the installation is more 
        simple. See the chapters 11, 16 and 17. 

  We suggest you read this guide to the end, before starting the 
  installation, so you'll have a better overview and can evaluate 
  the various options appropriately. 

  The procedures for the installation of TROPIX described here were 
  made for the installation takes place without setbacks. In 
  However, it is possible that (by neglect of the user) is the loss of 
  existing files on your computer and / or the operating system 
  original (eg MS-DOS/Windows) can not run more. 
  This may occur mainly due to the misuse of 
  editor of partitions "fdisk" (Chapter 13). 

  Even during normal use of the system (after installation 
  correct), it is possible to accidentally remove files 
  MS-DOS/Windows for use with mounted FAT partition, or using 
  the "dosmp. 

  Although we have tested the operation of the system, believing that 
  it does not contain any serious error, where there is theoretically a 
  possibility that, through some error still unknown, 
  is affected some other operating system. 

  WE DO NOT LIABLE FOR THESE POSSIBLE ACCIDENTS! YOU 
  IS INSTALLING / USING TROPIX UNDER ITS OWN 
  LIABILITY AND RISK! 













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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 24 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 11 * 
       * * 
       * INSTALLATION TROPIX IN THE ARCHIVES MS-DOS/Windows * 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  This mode offers a performance not as good as the installation of 
  Partitions in TROPIX own, in contrast, the installation is more 
  simply because it is not necessary to rearrange the partitions of the disk. 
  This method is only possible with file systems FAT-16 or 
  FAT-32, is still not possible with NTFS. 

  The idea is to use an existing partition of 
  MS-DOS/Windows it and create the directory "\ TROPIX" containing 2 
  files: "ROOT" and "HOME". These files will contain the systems 
  TROPIX files and load the system will be done through CDROM 
  or floppy disk. 

  The steps of the installation are: 

     1. Initially it is interesting to verify the integrity of 
        MS-DOS/Windows partition chosen. For this use the 
        CHKDSK utility or SCANDISK (MS-DOS or Windows). 

        Another option is to use NDD (Norton Disk Doctor) of "NORTON 
        Utilities. "Note the size of available free space of 
        partition chosen: for a normal installation are 
        required 128 MB. 

     2. As a second step, we defragment the partition 
        chosen. This means compress all files 
        MS-DOS/Windows the beginning of the partition, so it is 
        only a free area at the end, which will create the 2 
        files in the directory "\ TROPIX. This can be done by 
        Defrag utility (MS-DOS or Windows) or the DISK SPEED 
        the "Norton Utilities". 

     3. Enter the BOOT ROM or floppy disk and load the TROPIX 
        system (as in chapter 8). Log in multiuser mode. 

     4. Go to the directory "/ usr / etc / install" (use the command "cd 
        / usr / etc / install "). The normal installation will occupy 128 MB of 
        MS-DOS/Windows your partition (64 MB for the ROOT, 64 MB for 
        HOME), which is sufficient for the graphical interface 
        X-Window. If you have this space available and is 
        happy with it, go to step 5. 

        To change the size of the installation, just edit the file 
        "install.dos" (see chapter 25, for an introduction to the use 
        the text editor "vi"). To change the size of a 
        file, simply change the number after the line that 
        starting with "mkfile. 

     5. Start the installation, typing the command "install.dos. 



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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 25 


        Note that with "C:" we are referring to the first partition 
        regular first disc, ditto with "D" for the second 
        disc. 

        This step creates the 2 files in the partition MS-DOS/Windows 
        chosen, creates file systems and copies the TROPIX 
        TROPIX files to the hard disk. During installation 
        (if you're installing from floppy disks) will be 
        need an additional disk (whose content will be lost) 
        to be used for the loading of TROPIX. Follow the instructions. 

        If you want to keep an older version of system 
        HOME files, DO NOT delete the file MS-DOS/Windows HOME 
        (disregard the message "The file" home "already exists") and 
        respond affirmatively to the question "Want to keep the 
        older version of HOME ". 

     6. Congratulations! The TROPIX is already installed and operational in its 
        hard disk. 

        If you want to run TROPIX, simply reload the 
        system (<ctl-alt-del> typing or <reset>) with the CDROM or the 
        DOS floppy disk inserted. In the case of the CDROM, it is necessary 
        modify the system root for "MD1" during loading of 
        nucleus (ie, type 'MD1 = rootdev). 

        If the CDROM and floppy are not entered, will 
        loading the operating system standard (eg 
        MS-DOS/Windows). To exit the TROPIX, use the command 
        "shutdown". 

     7. To uninstall TROPIX its MS-DOS/Windows partition, 
        simply remove the directory "\ TROPIX" (along with their 2 
        files). 

  To facilitate the future installation of a new version of TROPIX, 
  recommend placing your files only on your private 
  the "home" (the file name starting with "/ home /..."). 




























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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 26 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 12 * 
       * * 
       Disks and partition * * 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  To install the partitions in TROPIX own (which enables the 
  best performance) to have a basic concept of how 
  are organized on PC hard drives. 

  Each disc is divided into one or more sections called 
  "partitions". Each of these partitions is designed to be used by 
  an operating system (in some cases some of the partitions can 
  be shared by two or more operating systems). 

  We can have up to 4 partitions "regular" (or "primary") in each 
  disc. If this number is not enough, we can define one of 
  partitions as the type "extended", which may contain several 
  other (sub-) partitions partitions called "logical". 

  Users of MS-DOS/Windows certainly have had contact with 
  partitions, since these systems each partition receives a letter, 
  starting from "C". Thus, we have partitions "C", "D", "E", ... 

  The nomenclature used in TROPIX is quite different set of letters 
  above. Let's consider a computer with one IDE disk. The 
  four partitions are called "hda1", "hda2", "hda3" and 
  "hda4. If one is "extended" for example "hda3" she 
  contain the (sub-) partitions "logical" hda3a "," hda3b, "... Besides 
  this, we have "hda" to represent the disc as a whole. 

  If your computer has more of an IDE disk, the second is the 
  "hdb ..." instead of "hda ..." (simply replace the "at" with "b" in 
  example above). If your computer has SCSI disks, the names will be 
  "sda ..."," sdb ...", ... (simply replace the "h" in "s" in the example 
  above). 

  As already mentioned, we have only one extended partition. By 
  this, in TROPIX was a new type of partition 
  extended (the extended partition type TROPIX), structurally 
  identical to the original, but with a different identification code. The 
  objective is to enable the grouping of all (sub-) partitions 
  TROPIX desired in only one partition (extended) alone, even 
  which is already an extended partition traditional (we call 
  kind of). 

  Choosing the distribution of its multiple partitions (one or 
  mais) disks, must be taken into account how many disks are 
  present, how many partitions are needed / already allocated, ... 

  In the example of the next chapter, we create a (new) partition 
  Extended (Type TROPIX) to include all partitions TROPIX. 
  This is a simple and elegant, it only need 
  particiju vague. 



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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 27 


  Naturally, we can also create a partition for each regular 
  TROPIX desired partition, or adding new partitions 
  logical TROPIX a DOS extended partition already exists. 

  For the purpose of "boot", the file system of ROOT can TROPIX 
  be allocated to any partition of any disk. 

  If space is available in more than one hard disk, 
  strongly advised to distribute the partitions between the various 
  discs. 
























































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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 28 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 13 * 
       * * 
       * The EDITOR of partitions "fdisk" * 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  As with other operating systems also have the TROPIX 
  your partition editor, who (as usual) is also called 
  "fdisk". However, TROPIX the "fdisk" is incorporated into 
  "boot2," and can only be performed during loading of the system (and not 
  with the system already running). The idea is to emphasize the impossibility 
  to change the partitions to the system in operation. 

  To run "fdisk", insert the CDROM or floppy disk of the BOOT 
  TROPIX, and recharge the system (as in chapter 8). When 
  arise the "prompt" boot> "the" boot2, "type"-f ": 


    boot>-f 

    Entering the editor, tables, partitions "fdisk" 

    Enter "?" for a list of commands 

    Disk "hda": 6149.88 MB (12594960 blocks) geo = (784, 255, 63, L) 

     IND. -DEV-AD-START-- END-BLOCK-TAM (MB) TYPE 

       1 hda1 * 63 4209029 4208967 2055.16 0C DOS FAT32 (L) 


  The geometry of the disc ( "geo") is given by the number of cylinders 
  (784), number of heads (255) and the number of sectors per track 
  (63). The letter "L" indicates that the end to this disc, the extensions 
  the INT 13 BIOS are active (otherwise, the letter indicated 
  would be "G"). 


  As with the "prompt" the "fdisk", typing "?" get a list 
  commands available: 


    fdisk>? 

    Editor of the partition table 

    commands: 
           -: Print the partition table 
           p: Idem with vacancies areas 
           c: Exchange the device (disk) 
           n: Creates a new partition 
           d: Delete a partition 
           m: Changes the size of a partition 
           a: Exchange the state (active / not active) partition 
           l: Prints the types of partitions 


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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 29 


           t: Exchange type of partition 
           s: Print the vague areas of the disc 
           u: On / off alignment (starts on) 
           w: Rewrite (updates) the partition table on disk 
           q: Terminates the execution of the editor of partitions 

    Note: For any given application, "n" command cancels the 


  Initially we will create an extended partition to contain the 2 
  file systems (traditional) of TROPIX. Press "n" and follow the 
  following dialog (note the choice of the extended partition type): 


    fdisk> n 

    Give the desired type: regular (r), extended (e) or logical (l): e 

    Number of partition = 2? (s): 

    Give the type of extended partition: DOS (d) or TROPIX (x): x 

    Initial block = 4209030? (s): 

    End block = 12402179 (4000.56 MB)? (s): n 

    Take the desired size (MB): 128 

    Disk "hda": 6149.88 MB (12594960 blocks) geo = (784, 255, 63, L) 

     IND. -DEV-AD-START-- END-BLOCK-TAM (MB) TYPE 

       1 hda1 * 63 4209029 4208967 2055.16 0C DOS FAT32 (L) 
       2 hda2 4209030 4482134 273105 133.35 AE TROPIX Extended 


  At this point we can (optionally) use the "u" for not 
  align the following partitions (see below). The example continues 
  assuming that we have not the command "u". 


  Then we create a logical partition to the root. Press "n" and 
  follow the following dialogue: 


    fdisk> n 

    Give the desired type: regular (r), extended (e) or logical (l): l 

    Extended partition "hda2": 

    Initial block = 4209093? (s): 

    End block = 4482134 (133.32 MB)? (s): n 

    Take the desired size (MB): 64 

    Disk "hda": 6149.88 MB (12594960 blocks) geo = (784, 255, 63, L) 

     IND. -DEV-AD-START-- END-BLOCK-TAM (MB) TYPE 

       1 hda1 * 63 4209029 4208967 2055.16 0C DOS FAT32 (L) 
       2 hda2 4209030 4482134 273105 133.35 AE TROPIX Extended 
       3 hda2a 4209093 4353614 144522 70.57 A9 TROPIX T1 


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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 30 




  Then we create a logical partition to HOME. Press "n" and 
  follow the following dialogue: 


    fdisk> n 

    Give the desired type: regular (r), extended (e) or logical (l): l 

    Extended partition "hda2": 

    Initial block = 4353678? (s): 

    End block = 4482134 (62.72 MB)? (s): 

    Disk "hda": 6149.88 MB (12594960 blocks) geo = (784, 255, 63, L) 

     IND. -DEV-AD-START-- END-BLOCK-TAM (MB) TYPE 

       1 hda1 * 63 4209029 4208967 2055.16 0C DOS FAT32 (L) 
       2 hda2 4209030 4482134 273105 133.35 AE TROPIX Extended 
       3 hda2a 4209093 4353614 144522 70.57 A9 TROPIX T1 
       4 hda2b 4353678 4482134 128457 62.72 A9 TROPIX T1 


  Finally, we will enable the root partition, to allow the load 
  system ( "boot") by the load manager (the "boot0). 
  Press "a" and follow the following dialogue: 


    fdisk> to 

    Index of the partition: 3 

    Disk "hda": 6149.88 MB (12594960 blocks) geo = (784, 255, 63, L) 

     IND. -DEV-AD-START-- END-BLOCK-TAM (MB) TYPE 

       1 hda1 * 63 4209029 4208967 2055.16 0C DOS FAT32 (L) 
       2 hda2 4209030 4482134 273105 133.35 AE TROPIX Extended 
       3 hda2a * 4209093 4353614 144522 70.57 A9 TROPIX T1 
       4 hda2b 4353678 4482134 128457 62.72 A9 TROPIX T1 


  Once attached to the partition table, we can write it in 
  disk through the following commands: 


    fdisk> w 

    Rewrites the partition table? (n): s 

    fdisk> q 

    Leaving the editor, tables, partitions 

    boot> 


  The only command "dangerous" is the "w" (with the confirmation), 
  as all other commands only modify the table of 
  partitions in main memory, not update it on your hard disk. 



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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 31 


  So you can "play" at will, creating and removing 
  partitions, until you are satisfied with your configuration, giving 
  then the "w" final. 

  Note that the data sizes (128 MB, 64 MB and 64 MB) were 
  followed exactly, in fact they were rounded to 
  multiples of the size of the cylinder of the disk. As this disc has a 
  reasonably large cylinder (255 * 63 = 16065 blocks = ~ 7.8 MB) 
  differences are significant. One way to avoid this is to use 
  command "u", which prevents the rounding. 
























































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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 32 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 14 * 
       * * 
       * Reduce the size of a partition MS-DOS/Windows * 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  One of the most frequent is to PCs that have only one disk 
  Rigid fully occupied with only one partition MS-DOS/Windows, 
  corresponding to "C:". 

  In this case, at first sight, there are only 2 possibilities for 
  more space for partitions TROPIX: install a new hard disk, 
  or save your files and reinstall MS-DOS/Windows 
  MS-DOS/Windows in a partition of smaller size. 

  A third possibility is to reduce the partition 
  MS-DOS/Windows in their location (ie, without destroying the 
  its contents). This can be done by the command "chsize" of 
  utility "dosmp. You can also use the "fips" of 
  LINUX, or the program Partition Magic, Powerquest's name, if 
  you by chance have the. 

  Before using the command "chsize", to reduce the size of 
  MS-DOS/Windows partition, it is essential to verify its integrity and 
  defragmenting it. The verification of integrity can be made by 
  CHKDSK utility or SCANDISK (the MS-DOS/Windows) or NDD 
  (Norton Disk Doctor) of "Norton Utilities". The defragmentação can 
  be made by the defrag utility (the MS-DOS/Windows), or the SPEED 
  DISK of "Norton Utilities". 

  Remember that the programs of defragmentation may NOT 
  move the file to swap the MS-DOS/Windows. You must remove it 
  (using the "Control Panel") and then reinstall it. 

  If you or MIRROR IMAGE USA, the last sector of the partition contains a 
  file "hidden" name of "\ image.idx" or "\ mirorsav.fil. You must 
  remove this file (using "attrib" and "del"). It will be recreated 
  the next time you run or MIRROR IMAGE (we hope, 
  not tested). 

  Another source of problems are the files named "* \ desktop .*", the 
  which Windows does not move: they must be saved and later 
  restored. 

  If you a USA system compressed files with "Stacker," 
  "SuperStor", "Doublespace," ... possibly (?) "Chsize" will not 
  work. Not tested "chsize" in these cases (even if we know 
  PARTITION MAGIC the support). 

  After defragmentation, insert the CDROM or floppy disk of the BOOT 
  TROPIX and push the system (as in chapter 8), entering the 
  multiuser mode. 

  Remove the boot floppy (if you are installing from 
  floppy disk) and insert a floppy disk (for example MS-DOS/Windows) and 


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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 33 


  mount it by 

       mount / dev/fd0 / fd0 

  This disk is intended to store the original superbloco 
  MS-DOS/Windows file system in case of any 
  problems. 

  Then press 

       cd / fd0 
       dosmp / dev/hda1 

  where "/ dev/hda1" should be replaced by the corresponding partition 
  MS-DOS/Windows the file system in question (in general will be 
  the "/ dev/hda1" which is the drive "C"). 

  Typing 

       chsize 

  get (eg): 

       Size of the existing DOS partition = 511.84 MB 
       Current size of the file system DOS = 511.84 MB 
       Space available at the end = 427.26 MB 

  Make sure the free space available is sufficient for the new 
  desired partition. In our example, we have enough space for the 
  typical case of 128 MB (427.26> 128). Remember of course 
  leave some room for future (new) files DOS. 

  To free up 128 MB (which will be used for the new partition to be 
  created for the TROPIX), we hit 

       rw 
       chsize-s 128 

  and get (for example): 

       Size of the existing DOS partition = 511.84 MB 
       Current size of the file system DOS = 511.84 MB 
       Space available at the end = 427.26 MB 

       The new DOS partition size = 382.03 MB 
                                                  (782401 blocks) 
       Size of new file system DOS = 382.03 MB 
       Size of the new partition (to be created) = 129.81 MB 
                                                  (265856 blocks) 

       Continue? (n): 

  Note that the values are not exactly the requests due to 
  rounding to whole cylinders. 

  If we agree with the values given, we hit "s" and note 
  the values given: the new DOS partition size = 382.03 MB, 782,401 
  blocks and size of new partition (to be created) = 129.81 MB, 
  265856 blocks. 

  The command "dosmp" superbloco saves the original system 
  DOS files in the file "dos_sb" the current directory (if in 
  mounted disk) to the case of any problems. 



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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 34 


  Then we do "dosmp" (with "q") and TROPIX (with "reboot"). 

  MS-DOS/Windows again between the system and make sure he 
  still functioning properly. Check the integrity of 
  file system (usually "C:") and if all your files 
  remain accessible. 

  If there is a problem with the system MS-DOS/Windows, restore the 
  original file system, reload the TROPIX and running 
  commands 

       mount / dev/fd0 / fd0 
       cd / fd0 
       dos_sb dd if = of = / dev/hda1 

  with the disk on which was stored in the original superbloco 
  DOS system. In this case, notify us (using the address 
  e of Chapter 1) the failure of "chsize. 

  Once established that the system is working MS-DOS/Windows 
  correctly, use the "fdisk" the TROPIX (as 
  Chapter 13) to change the partition table. 

  Initially, change the size of the DOS partition (using 
  command "m"). The new size (value in blocks) should be 
  exactly the size noted above (in this case, 382.03 MB, 782,401 
  blocks). 

  Finally, create a partition in space TROPIX released as 
  example in Chapter 13 (in this case, 129.81 MB, 265856 blocks). 

  Ready! It is time to install the new partition TROPIX, 
  as Chapter 15. 

































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       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 15 * 
       * * 
       * INSTALLATION TROPIX on partitions OWN * 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  This is the best way, it offers the best performance and 
  allows the installation of "boot0," a manager "boot". This 
  manager allows the choice of operating system to load (from 
  TROPIX way that can be loaded without the use of CDROM or 
  diskette). He has been tested with Linux, FreeBSD and 
  DOS/WinXP/Win2000/WinNT/Win98/Win95/Win3.x. 

  If you're reading this chapter, we assume that you already have space in 
  TROPIX disk partitions and have to learn how to use the editor, 
  partitions "fdisk". 

  The idea is to create two or more partitions for TROPIX. The 
  minimum is to create a root partition. We recommend, however, 
  create at least one more, HOME, to contain the files 
  private users. 

  If you have 128 MB available, we suggest 64 MB and 64 MB for ROOT 
  for HOME, these sizes will be sufficient even for 
  X-Window graphical interface. If you have more space available, you can 
  increase the sizes of partitions, or to create partitions 
  additional. 

  The steps of the installation are: 

     1. Create partitions for TROPIX by the editor of 
        partitions "fdisk" (see chapter 13). DO NOT forget to 
        "enable" the root partition. It is not necessary that the partition 
        ROOT (which will be given the "boot") is the first disc. 

        We suggest creating an extended partition type to TROPIX 
        contain the various partitions needed / desired, that the 
        But it is not necessary: it is more convenient for your 
        case, the partitions TROPIX may also be of the "regular" 
        ( "primary"), or logical partitions within a 
        DOS extended partition type. If you have more than one 
        disk, it is interesting to distribute the various partitions by 
        disks. 

     2. Enter the BOOT ROM or floppy disk and load the TROPIX 
        system (as in chapter 8). Log in multiuser mode. 

     3. Go to the directory "/ usr / etc / install" (use the command "cd 
        / usr / etc / install "). Start the installation via the command 
        "install". This step creates file systems in TROPIX 
        selected partition and copies the files of the fundamental 
        TROPIX to the hard disk. Follow the instructions. 

        If you want to keep an older version of system 
        HOME files, answer yes to question "Would 


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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 36 


        keep the old version of HOME ", and for a copy of 
        files does not permit the rewriting of the files. "profile." 

  Congratulations! The TROPIX is already installed and operational on your disk 
  rigid. 

  If you installed the manager, "boot" to run 
  TROPIX, recharge the system with the CDROM or floppy inserted BOOT, 
  and "prompt" 

       boot> 

  <enter> hit. If the system is recharged without CDROM or 
  will load the disk operating system "normal" (eg 
  Windows 95/98). 

  If you install the manager, after the recharge of the system 
  manager prints a list of partition "active" of its 
  several disks, and hopes you hit the index of the partition 
  desired. The partition "default" can be modified through 
  command "edboot. 

  To exit the system TROPIX, use "shutdown". 

  If the manager of "boot" does not work, reload the TROPIX 
  via CDROM or floppy BOOT (enter in multiuser mode) and 
  restore the original manager, running the command-type 

               cat / etc / boot / mbr> / dev / hda 

  and notify us (via e-mail address in Chapter 1) to 
  failure of "boot0. 

  To facilitate the future installation of a new version of TROPIX, 
  recommend placing your files only on your private 
  the "home" (the file name starting with "/ home /..."). 






























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       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 16 * 
       * * 
       * SET OF USB DRIVERS * 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  The TROPIX (in current version) supports the standard USB drivers 
  UHCI, OHCI and EHCI. 

  There are estimates of up to 8 controllers ( "usb0" to "usb7"), the system comes 
  configured with the drivers "usb0" to "usb3" authorized and 
  other disabled. 

  This can be changed (only for the implementation of the system) 
  through the modification of parameters during loading of the system; 
  respond affirmatively to the question 

          Want to change parameters? (n): 

  as mentioned in Chapter 8, and change the values of "usb0" the 
  "usb7" to 0 or 1. 

  For enabling / disabling of the drivers (so 
  permanent) use the command "edscb" (Use "SCB man" and "man edscb). 

  To verify that the USB controller is being recognized 
  correctly, monitor the messages during the loading of the system (or 
  then use the command "dmesg" later). 





























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       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 17 * 
       * * 
       * AND NOW ... * 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  Once the system up and running, we all 
  TROPIX the manual (in Portuguese) available through the utility 
  "man." Moreover, all the commands provide a brief summary of 
  its use through the option "-H" (eg "passwd-H). 

  To see the utilitarian "passwd" (for example), press 
  "man passwd". To move forward / backward by several pages of 
  hand, we have the commands <^ D>, <^ U>. To terminate the execution of 
  "man", use "q". Try "man man". 

  We first change the password to the account "root" and 
  the establishment of regular accounts (ie not super). To 
  change passwords, use the command "passwd"; to 
  creation / management of accounts, use the command "edusr. 

  Also an important task is to update the file 
  "/ etc / fstab", which contains information of the file systems 
  mount. Read the manual of "fstab" (fmt), "getmntent" (libc) and 
  "mount" (cmd). In particular, if you do not have the partition HOME, 
  remove the line from "/ etc / fstab." 

  From time to time (say once a week) is interesting 
  check the integrity of file systems. Thus, after 
  the load of the system (still in the "single"), use the command 
  "fsck". Note that the file "/ etc / fstab" also controls the 
  file systems examined by "fsck" (to put the 
  "/ dev / root" as the last in the list). For a list of all 
  partitions in different disks on your computer, use 
  "prdisktb. 

  Through the command "edscb" you can change the computer name 
  ( "nodename") and set the ports / IRQs of your devices (ports 
  serial, parallel, "ethernet", ...). Use "man SCB" and "man edscb. 

  The TROPIX is distributed in the DMA of the IDE controllers off, 
  as with certain drivers can cause problems. Try 
  connect it via "dmaenable = 1", initially during the "boot" 
  to test, and if working properly, the file "/ tropix" 
  through the utility "edscb. With this, you will increase the 
  performance of your IDE hard disks. 

  Read Chapter 26, which is given a list of key commands 
  the TROPIX. 

  Learn to use the "history" of the "sh". It allows rerun 
  commands, even with modifications (each line of the history can 
  be edited with the same command of the "vi", before being 
  rerun). 



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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 39 


  This version of TROPIX already has the "sbwave" to play 
  PCM music through signs "Sound Blaster" ISA, see the manual. 

  During installation, the Internet is already configured to work in 
  internal mode ( "loopback"), which is required by Interface 
  Graphical X-Window. To configure the Internet for use with other 
  devices, use "man internet". 

  For mounting remote file systems through the System 
  Archives of NFS (Network File System), use "man nfs". 

  Read chapter 18: he mentions features unconventional 
  the TROPIX, which include the system for considering them useful. 

  To install the X-Window Graphical Interface, see the chapters 
  19 to 22. 

  To obtain / compile the source code TROPIX, see the chapters 
  23 and 24. 

  Naturally, this chapter gives only a summary of the general direction 
  to be taken. The ideal is to consult a book of introduction to UNIX. 

  TROPIX hope that it will be useful both in learning of 
  UNIX systems, philosophy, and the use of another system 
  operational. For questions or reports of errors, use the 
  address in Chapter 1. 







































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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 40 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 18 * 
       * * 
       * ORIGINAL FEATURES AND BUSINESS OF TROPIX * 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  Although the TROPIX is a UNIX system of philosophy, some 
  unique characteristics that are not found in other 
  such systems. Below are given some of these 
  originalities: 

     1. In most UNIX systems, when a file list 
        several pages in the video, it "rolls" off the screen before 
        can read it. We then use the command "more" in the form 

                  cat texto.txt | more 

        or, 

                  more texto.txt 

        This is the case, too, if we use the command "ls-l" with 
        directories containing many files. 

        In TROPIX, this is not necessary, the output of the video is paused 
        when she completes the number of lines visible. To 
        continue to output the video, just hit <^ Q>. 

        This can be changed via the command "stty" (see 
        the manual). 

     2. The utility "show" allows you to view a text file 
        so should the video, can advance / rewind 
        on the text with commands similar to the text editor 
        "vi". It is especially useful for examining the output of a 
        program, using a "pipe" (see manual). 

     3. The command "extend": This utility is an extension of the "tar", 
        Standard UNIX world. The "crease", and create / extract collections 
        of the "tar", collections of extracting the "cpio", he 
        create / extract / compare / add collections of the format itself 
        ( "GAR") with / without compression. You certainly have used the 
        "extend" to install the TROPIX (see manual). 

     4. The utilities "cmptree / cptree" allow 
        copy / compare / update the file system tree 
        places to own computers (see the manual). 

     5. The family of utilities "tcmpto" allows 
        copy / compare / update the file system tree 
        to / from the local computer and a remote computer through 
        own protocol for TCP / IP (see the manual). 





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       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 19 * 
       * * 
       INTRODUCTION * The graphical interface X-WINDOW * 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  The X-Window system for TROPIX is a graphical interface based on 
  version 4.7.0 distributed by the XFree86 consortium. 

  This version includes specific servers for some of 
  graphics cards more usual. Besides, are distributed to 
  Client minimum necessary for the functioning of the system. 

  Although the modern monitors have circuitry to protect 
  against the use frequencies with horizontal and vertical undue, 
  theoretically there is always the possibility of damaging your 
  monitor. 

  WE DO NOT LIABLE FOR THESE POSSIBLE DAMAGE TO YOUR 
  MONITOR. YOU ARE INSTALLING / USING THE GRAPHICAL INTERFACE OF 
  TROPIX UNDER YOUR OWN RISK AND RESPONSIBILITY! 




































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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 42 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 20 * 
       * * 
       * CREATION AND INSTALLATION OF floppy / * ARCHIVES 
       * * GRAPHIC INTERFACE 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  This chapter contains information only for installation by 
  floppy disks. If you are installing from a CDROM, you can 
  skip it. 



  The distribution of the graphical interface X-Window is done by 
  collection "xwin.tgz": get it from the page of TROPIX 
  ( "http://tropix.nce.ufrj.br). 

  Once having obtained this collection, it is necessary to prepare the 2 
  files or create the 2 disks, 3 ½ ". It contains the following 
  files: 

                  fdimage.exe 
                  xwin1.dsk 
                  xwin2.dsk 

  The file "fdimage.exe" is a copy utility for Windows 
  (You probably already has it, obtained during the installation of TROPIX 
  basic), and the remaining files are the contents of 2 disks. 

  As in the case of TROPIX basic, if you have a partition 
  DOS / Windows FAT16/32 or NTFS on your computer, the creation of 
  XWIN1 disks and XWIN2 may be waived. Follow the script 
  Chapter 9 (replacing "gar1" by "xwin1" and "xwin2). 

  As with disks or files prepared from the system 
  TROPIX (as superuser), go to the directory "/ usr / etc / install", 
  and run the command 

                  install.xwin 

  and follow their instructions. The system needs about 10 MB in 
  disc. 















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       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 21 * 
       * * 
       * * GRAPHIC CONFIGURATION INTERFACE 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  Once installed all the files from the X-Window Graphical Interface 
  (if you are installing via the CDROM that is automatic for 
  case of disks see chapter above), we give below the 
  method step by step to the system configuration. This should be 
  done as superuser. 

     1. Setting the "internet": She is running to at least 
        access to internal ( "loopback"), that normally, the 
        installation of TROPIX already held. For details, see 
        the manual "internet" (via the command "man"). 

     2. Specification of "mouse": The system is configured for 
        "mouse" PS / 2. 

        For other types of mouse, the file 
        "/ usr / xwin / conf / xconfig" should be edited. If your "mouse" 
        for serial (COM1, COM2) or USB, move the two characters "#" 
        lines of its type "mouse" to the two lines of 
        "mouse" PS / 2. 

        Use the "dmesg" to check if, during loading 
        system, the "mouse" is being recognized. 

     3. Implementation of server-mode 16 colors (4 bits). 
        Initially the configuration file 
        "/ usr / xwin / conf / xconfig" is ready to run 
        server on the standard VGA graphics mode, 16 colors and 
        resolution of 640x480 and 800x600. This method should work with 
        any video card, and will be its (only) option if your 
        plate has not succeed in attempts below. 

        Thus, simply typing the command "startx" (without having changed 
        the configuration file). The system starts with the bottom 
        Standard TROPIX, two windows "xterm", a clock and 
        selector of "desktops". In each window "xterm" is 
        run the interpreter of standard commands "sh". 

        To return to text mode, the simplest way is typing 
        <ctl-alt-bs> simultaneously. 

        This is the most basic mode of operation of the system 
        X-Window, if it does not work send us the files 
        "/ var / log / xwin / xserver.log" and "/ var / log / xwin / xclients.log" 
        to address in Chapter 1. 

     4. Determination of the graphics card: Once in the operating mode 
        16 colors, we can see if there is the possibility of 
        use a specific server for your graphics card. 
        This will provide the ability to use a wider range of 


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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 44 


        colors, and other resolutions (800x600, 1024x768, 1280x1024, 
        ...). 

        Depending on your graphics card, you can edit the file 
        configuration "/ usr / xwin / conf / xconfig". If an ATI, 
        put in the comment lines: 

                  Driver "SVGA" 
                  Device "Generic VGA" 

        placing a "#" at the beginning of the line, and take the comment of 
        lines: 

                  Driver "accel" 
                  Device "ati" 

        Also, change the number of bits per color commenting on the 
        line: 

                  DefaultColorDepth 4 

        and making the "#" one of the lines (try): 

                  DefaultColorDepth 8 
                  DefaultColorDepth 16 
                  DefaultColorDepth 24 

        For each trial, and in graphical mode typing "startx", 
        and to return to text mode, press both 
        <ctl-alt-bs>. Get information of success / failure in 
        file "/ var / log / xwin / xserver.log. 

        The instructions are similar, if your card is an NVIDIA 
        TRIDENT or, using 

                  Device "nv" 
        or 
                  Device "trident" 

     5. If your graphics card is not one of the above, or the 
        above attempts were unsuccessful, you can only (in 
        this version) how to use 16 colors (4 bits). 

     6. To change the resolution, hit <ctl-alt-+> or <ctl-alt--> 
        ( "+" And "-" the numeric keypad). 


  Once running, you can try to change the number of colors and 
  the size of your "desktop". In case of not, send us the 
  two files in the directory "/ var / log / xwin" as above. 
















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       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 22 * 
       * * 
       * USE OF BASIC GRAPHICAL INTERFACE * 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  As with the system in operation, we have (with the already mentioned 
  above), two windows "xterm", a clock and a selector of 
  "desktops". 

  The small window "xterm" is superior to the "console", and should not be 
  normally used, since it will be written to the error messages 
  operating system. 

  To move a window, click and drag the button on the left of 
  "mouse" in the frame of the window. 

  To change the size of a window, click and drag the button to 
  left of the "mouse" in one of the 4 corners of the window (not all 
  windows admit this). 

  To promote a window (ie, put it in front of others), 
  click the button in the left frame of the window. To demote it 
  (ie put it behind the other), click the button on the right 
  frame of the window. If you have a mouse, 3 buttons, you can 
  also promote a window with the middle mouse button. 

  The button on the left, clicked out of any window, presents a 
  "menu" of tools, plus the option to exit the graphics mode 
  (back to text mode). The button on the right, clicked off 
  any window, displays a list of active windows. 

  Everything that has been described so far is the "desktop" 0. 
  Clicking on another selector of "desktop" (on the bottom 
  right), you will have a new space for the creation of independent 
  windows. You have (in this configuration), 6 "desktops". 





















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       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 23 * 
       * * 
       * OBTAINING AND INSTALLING THE SOURCE CODE * TROPIX 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  The source code is distributed TROPIX through 3 files 
  "kernel.tgz" (the core system), "lib.tgz" (the library) and 
  "cmd.tgz" (the tools). These are collections of compressed TAR 
  through the utility "gzip". 

  Once a collection "*. tgz" through a browser, should 
  decompress it. This can be done in several ways: 

     1. If you stored the collection "*. tgz 'in a file system 
        DOS / Windows FAT16/32 and is installed with the TROPIX may 
        access it directly through the TROPIX, mounting the partition 
        with a command of the form 

             mount / dev/hda1 / mnt 

        Then unpack it with: 

             cd / mnt / ... (Directory TROPIX) 
             gunzip *. tgz (name of collection) 
             crease-ixv <*. tar (name of the collection obtained TAR) 
             rm *. tar (Remove the collection TAR) 

     2. If your partition DOS / Windows is NTFS (as it is only of 
        reading), the above procedure should be performed after 
        copy the file "*. tgz" for a partition TROPIX. 

     3. If you are using a UNIX system, you should use the 
        utility "gunzip" and "tar." Check the details in your 
        UNIX system. 

     4. If you are only using Windows, you can decompress the collection 
        with the "Winzip" and read each of the programs through 
        of utilities "Notepad", "Wordpad" or "Word," among others. 


















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       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 24 * 
       * * 
       * COMPILATION OF THE NUCLEUS, LIBRARIES * 
       * E * TROPIX OF BUSINESS 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  Below we give guidelines for compiling the various components of 
  distribution of source code TROPIX: 


     1. NUCLEUS OF THE SYSTEM: Once the tree with the core installed 
        TROPIX in, you can compile the various modules that 
        part: "boot/boot0", "boot/boot1", "boot/boot2" and 
        "kernel". 

        In each of the directories is the "Makefile" to control 
        their compilation. 

        Note that in the "kernel" for the file "scbfile.v" that 
        contains parameters to configure your kernel in particular 
        (see "edscb" (cmd)). 

     2. LIBRARIES: At the root of the tree is a "Makefile" for 
        compilation of all 4 libraries. If desired, you can 
        be compiled each one separately (going to the 
        corresponding directory). 

     3. BUSINESS: At the root of the tree is a "Makefile" for 
        compilation of all utilities. If desired, may be 
        each separately compiled (going to the directory 
        appropriate). 

























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       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 25 * 
       * * 
       * THE USE OF the text editor "vi" * 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  The utility "vi" is the editor of texts "pattern" of schemes 
  operational philosophy of UNIX. This chapter will be given 
  short introduction to its use, enough to make changes 
  in the configuration files (which may be required) 
  during the installation of TROPIX. 

  More details can be seen (later with the system 
  on a regular basis), by "man vi" or "man-g 
  vi. 

  To edit a file (for example, the name "abc"), keyboard "vi 
  abc "and" vi "starts its operation showing the first 
  page file "abc" with the cursor on the first character of 
  first line. 

  We can then use the following commands (note that the cursor 
  indicates where the command will be executed): 

       <sp> Goes (the cursor from) a character on the line. 
       Back <bs> a character on the line. 
       "-" Back one line in the file. 
       <enter> Goes a line in the file. 
       <^ D> Go half a page in the file. 
       <^ U> Back half page in the file. 
       "1" Back to the top of the file. 
       "g" Goes to the end of the file. 

       i Inserts text before cursor (up to a <esc>). 
       "a" Inserts text after the cursor (up to a <esc>). 
       "the" creates new line and insert text (up to a <esc>). 
       "x" Remove the character indicated by the cursor. 
       "dd" Remove a line. 
       "yyp" Copy a row. 

       "/..." Search string "..." 
       n Find the next occurrence of the chain. 
       "N" Find the previous occurrence of string. 

       "." Repeats the last command for editing. 
       "u" Undo the last command for editing. 

       "w" Upgrade the. 
       "q" Get off the "vi" (only if the file is updated). 
       ": q!" Get the "vi" without updating the file. 

  Note that the file being edited ( "abc" in the case) will only be 
  updated when given the command "w". If you made 
  accidentally change any unwanted, we can leave the "vi" 
  with the command ": q!", saving the file to its original form. 


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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 49 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 26 * 
       * * 
       * A LIST OF MAJOR CONTROLS OF TROPIX * 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 




  For your convenience, we give below an alphabetical list of 
  TROPIX the major commands, along with a brief description 
  of each. For more information about a command "x" (for 
  example), use "man x". 

       a2ps - converter for text files in PostScript 
       as - assembler for INTEL-80386/486/PENTIUM 
       bison - generates parsers of GNU 
       c - write the lines of a file in multiple columns 
       cat - concatenate files and copies 
       cc - compiler for the language "C" 
       cdplay - plays tracks from CDs 
       cdtowave - Extract tracks from CDs 
       chgrp - change the identity of the group of files 
       chmod - changes the access permission of files 
       chown - change the owner ID (UID) of files 
       clear - clears the screen of the terminal 
       CLR - clears the screen of the terminal 
       cls - clears the screen of the terminal 
       cmp - compares pairs of files 
       cmpobj - compares pairs of object modules 
       cmptree - compare trees 
       comm - select or reject lines common to two files 
                   ordered 
       coremap - print a map of the memory allocation 
       cp - copy files 
       cpfs - copy file systems 
       cptree - copies a tree 
       crypt - encode / decodes files 
       date - shows / update the date / time of the current system 
       dc - desk calculator with integer arithmetic 
       dd - convert and copy files 
       df - information on the available space systems 
                   archives 
       diff - differential file comparator 
       dmesg - print messages initial loading of the core 
       dosmp - mount / place a file system format 
                   MS-DOS/Windows 
       du - reported on the use of disk 
       echo - echoes the arqumentos 
       ed - text editor, guided by lines 
       edboot - manage "boot0" and "boot2" 
       editscb - edit / print the block to control the Internet 
       edobj - publisher of object modules 
       edscb - print / edit the control block of the core of 
                   TROPIX 
       edusr - manages the accounts / passwords 
       eject - eject removable means of a device 


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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 50 


       ex - editor of visual texts 
       exportfs - list / update the table "exports" of NFS 
       FDC - computer desk with floating arithmetic 
       fdisk - print and / or modify the partition table 
                   a disc 
       fdformat - format floppies 
       file - tries to identify the contents of a file 
       finger - get information about remote users 
       fsck - check the consistency of file systems 
       fsdefrag - improves the allocation of blocks of a system of 
                   archives 
       fsname - query / update names / volume systems 
                   archives 
       ftp - program to copy files from remote Internet 
       crease - utility for creating / updating collections 
                   files 
       grep - search for patterns in files 
       gunzip - compress or expand files 
       gzip - compress or expand files 
       help - print summaries of use of commands 
       hpprint - for HP DeskJet printer (PCL) 
       ifdef - preprocessor performs partial 
       includes - find files included 
       kill - sends signals to processes 
       lasttime - list the names of files modified recently 
       lc - list contents of directories 
       ld - link-editor for object modules 
       ldshlib - loads / unloads a shared library 
       linkoptim - replacing duplicate files by physical links 
       ln - creates physical or symbolic links to files 
       ls - list of files and content characteristics of 
                   directories 
       mail - send or receive letters from the mail 
       make - manager of maintenance programs 
       man - shows a manual on the screen of the terminal / video / window 
       mkdev - create / update the devices for "/ dev" 
       mkdir - create directories 
       mkfifo - create FIFO 
       mkfs - create a file system 
       mklib - create / update libraries of object modules 
       mknod - create a special file 
       mount - mount a file system 
       mv - move (change the name) files 
       mvtree - move (trade name) of a tree / directory 
       nettime - get the date / time current of a remote node 
       nice - run a command with modified priority 
       nm - print the table of symbols of object modules 
       nohup - run a command immune to SIGHUP signal 
       pallwd - all print directories current 
       passwd - change the user password 
       paste - joins lines from multiple files 
       ping - Test to access a remote node 
       pop3 - access a remote mailbox through the 
                   POP3 protocol 
       pr - print files 
       prdisktb - Print the table of disks / partitions 
       prsync - prints the status of the synchronization of processes 
       ps - prints information about processes 
       pwd - prints the current directory 
       reboot - Closing the use of TROPIX, and reload the computer 
       rlogin - enter into sitting on a remote node 
       rm - Remove files 
       rmdir - remove directories 
       rmtree - remove trees 


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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 51 


       sbvol - controls the volume of the sound card SB-16 
       sbwave - Play music through the PCM sound card SB-16 
       semafree - releasing the light by which the process is 
                   waiting 
       setmode - confer the protections of the right to file 
                   system 
       sh - command interpreter for 
       show - displays a file on your terminal 
       shutdown - reboot the computer after a certain time 
       size - print size and characteristics of modules 
                   object 
       sleep - suspend the implementation of a time 
       sort - sort and / or merge files 
       sroff - Text Format 
       strip - remove symbols from the tables of object-modules 
       stty - consulting / change parameters of terminals / Videos 
       su - to temporarily change the 
       subst - search / replace strings in multiple files 
       sync - Update the blocks of the disk cache 
       sysmap - drawing a map to use some features of 
                   system (graphics program) 
       tac - decompile the description of an installed terminal / 
                   Video 
       tail - get the final part of a file 
       tcmpfrom - comparison / update remote tree 
                   (walking trees remote) 
       tcmpto - comparison / update remote tree 
                   (walking trees location) 
       tcpfrom - remote copy of trees (trees walking 
                   remote) 
       tcpto - remote copy of trees (trees walking 
                   local) 
       tee - copy standard input to various files and 
                   standard output 
       telnet - communicates with a remote node using the protocol 
                   TELNET 
       test - test properties files 
       textmap - print a table of reentrant programs in use 
       tic - compiles and installs the description of a terminal / video 
       touch - Change the times of files 
       tpipe - write remote files on standard output 
       tr - translate characters 
       tty - print the name of the terminal / video 
       umount - unmounts file systems 
       uname - print identification system 
       uniq - indicates repeat lines from a file 
       untext - frees the resources of programs reentrant 
       uptime - provides the time elapsed since the last "boot" 
       vi - visual editor for text 
       walk - walks in tree file system 
       wc - count of pages, lines, words and characters 
       who - tells who is in the system 
       write - writes messages to another user 
       xcoremap - drawing a map of the memory allocation 
                   (program graph) 
       xclock - analog clock (the graph) 
       xcpu - draws the graph of CPU usage 
       xd - "dump" in hexadecimal and ISO 
       xdefrag - Improves the allocation of blocks of a system 
                   T1 files 
       xedit - simple text editor, for X-Window system 
       xfm - graphical file manager 
       xmandel - draws fractal images of Mandelbrot 
       xpop3 - access a remote mailbox through the 


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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 52 


                   POP3 protocol 
       xpaint - shows a picture (gif, jpeg, bmp or xpm) in a 
                   window (the graphic) 
       xterm - terminal emulator to ANSI X-Window 
       ziptool - tool for devices Iomega ZIP 





























































  Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08

Step by Step guide

I am downloading it, I don't know yet... Qemu? Bochs? Virtual PC? Some kind of 486+ emulator

What Runs?

lynx I think.


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