Difference between revisions of "TROPIX"

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*Sound Blaster 16
 
*Sound Blaster 16
 
== How do I get this to run?! ==
 
== How do I get this to run?! ==
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First you'll need some instructions.  This is the google translated instructions:
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<pre>
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      ******* ******* ******* ******* * * *
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          * * * *
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          * * * *
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          ******* ******* * * * * *
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          * * * * * *
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          * * * * * *
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          * * * ******* * * * *
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                    TROPIX - Installation Guide
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                            Version 4.9.0
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                                Guide
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                          December 2008
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INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 2
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                              CONTENT
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        Chapter 1 - Introduction ........................... 4
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        Chapter 2 - New versions of ................ 6
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        Chapter 3 - Characteristics ...................... 11
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        Chapter 4 - PC Configuration ................... 12
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        Chapter 5 - Establishment of CDROM ..................... 13
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        Chapter 6 - Creation of the boot disk .......... 14
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        Chapter 7 - Some conventions / features
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                  TROPIX ............................... 16
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        Chapter 8 - Running TROPIX directly from
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                  CDROM or floppy .................... 18
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        Chapter 9 - Preparation of disks / files
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                  other ............................ 22
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        Chapter 10 - Modes of TROPIX installation disk
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                  Hard ............................... 23
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        Chapter 11 - Installation of files in TROPIX
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                  MS-DOS/Windows ....................... 24
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        Chapter 12 - Disk and partition ................... 26
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        Chapter 13 - The editor of partitions "fdisk" ........ 28
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        Chapter 14 - Reducing the size of a partition
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                  MS-DOS/Windows ....................... 32
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        Chapter 15 - Installation of partitions in TROPIX
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                  own ............................. 35
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        Chapter 16 - Setting up the USB drivers .... 37
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        Chapter 17 - What now? ............................. 38
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        Chapter 18 - Utilities and features original
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                  the TROPIX ............................ 40
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        Chapter 19 - Introduction to the Graphical Interface
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                  X-Window ............................. 41
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        Chapter 20 - Creation and installation of the floppy /
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                  archives of the Graphical Interface ........ 42
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        Chapter 21 - Setting the graphical interface .... 43
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Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
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INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 3
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        Chapter 22 - Use of the basic graphical interface 45
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        Chapter 23 - Obtaining and installing the source code
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                  the TROPIX ............................ 46
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        Chapter 24 - Compilation of the kernel, libraries and
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                  utilities of TROPIX ................ 47
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        Chapter 25 - Use the text editor "vi" ....... 48
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        Chapter 26 - A list of key commands
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                  TROPIX ............................... 49
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Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
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INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 4
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      ************************************************** *******
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      * *
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      * Chapter 1 *
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      * *
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      * INTRODUCTION *
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      * *
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      ************************************************** *******
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The TROPIX (pronounced "trópix") is an Operating System of 32
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bit, multiuser and multitasking, philosophy of UNIX ®, developed
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the Center for Computer Electronics, Federal University of Rio
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January (NCE / UFRJ).
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The TROPIX was originally conceived during the years 1982 to 1986
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(at the time with the name PLURIX) to the computer PEGASUS. This
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computer was built in the NCE, and was based on
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MOTOROLA 68010/20 processor. Since its beginning, the system was
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designed for symmetric multiprocessing, operating in a
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PEGASUS 2 CPUs which had 68,020.
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The system was shipped in 1987 to the computer ICARUS,
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based on these same processor, and added the
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support for real time. Was initiated in 1994 for the transport
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Intel line of processors (386, 486, Pentium), and since 1996 the
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TROPIX is already operating on PCs and is used in several
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computers.
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In this version for PCs, is not yet completed the detection of
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motherboard with more than one CPU, which is necessary for the
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multiprocessing.
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In relation to real time, has recently completed a thesis of
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Masters was developed in which a version of the core TROPIX
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in real time.
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The TROPIX has several utilities, such as
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study / learning / use of an operating system
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UNIX philosophy, the development of programs (software) and
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implementation of servers to the Internet. Furthermore, it is ideal
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for use in courses on operating systems, it contains
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primitive to the "light" ( "threads"), memory
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shared, the level of user traffic lights, among others.
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This text (which you're reading) contains introductory information
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on the distribution and installation of the system TROPIX. During the
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installation, it can be viewed / printed on your PC (see
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end of Chapter 8). In addition, it contains the information for
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Installation of X-Window Graphical Interface (Chapters 19 to 22), and
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information for installing / compiling the source code TROPIX
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(Chapters 23 and 24).
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The operating system is a TROPIX software free, and you are
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welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions, for details,
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type "man" license (after installation).
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Currently, the development and maintenance of TROPIX are
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made by Peter and Salenbauch Oswaldo Vernet. For more
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Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
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INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 5
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information, suggestions, reporting errors, or in case of
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no doubt about its installation and use, use the
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address "tropix@tropix.nce.ufrj.br.
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Visit regularly the homepage of TROPIX, at
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"http://www.tropix.nce.ufrj.br" to learn about new
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system versions.
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The continuation of this work is a posthumous tribute to Newton
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Faller, the great creator of the projects PEGASUS, PLURIX, and TROPIX
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so many others.
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Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
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INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 6
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      ************************************************** *******
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      * *
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      * Chapter 2 *
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      * *
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      * NEW * VERSION OF
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      * *
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      ************************************************** *******
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What's new in this version "4.9.0"
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    1: Implement the USB 2.0 protocol.
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    2: Supports SATA disks.
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    3: New version of the graphical interface (based on version 4.7.0
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        distributed by Consortium XFree86).
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To monitor the TROPIX, included the news of
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previous versions.
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News of version "4.8.0"
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    1: File System NFS (Network File System, Version 2),
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        for the mounting of remote file systems.
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News of version "4.7.0"
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    1: Distribution of object code in ROM.
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    2: New graphic utility "xcpu" which draws the graph of Use
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        CPU.
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News of version "4.6.0"
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    1: Support for USB disks (simulations in memory, "pen drive"),
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        with annexation / desanexação dynamics.
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    2: Mount (read only) file system
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        NTFS.
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    3: Mounting images of file systems (in files
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        regular).
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    4: New version of the graphical interface (based on version 4.4.0
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        distributed by Consortium XFree86).
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News of version "4.5.0"
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    1: Recognition of "mouse" USB.
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    2: New graphic tools: the file manager "xfm",
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Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
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INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 7
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        the program to access remote mailboxes "xpop3" and
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        generate fractal images of Mandelbrot "xmandel.
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    3: Extension of the core to enable the sharing of
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        interrupts (IRQ) between devices.
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    4: Access to file systems FAT-32 for more than 4 GB.
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News of version "4.4.0"
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    1: Mounting the File System of Linux EXT2.
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    2: Support to the mouse PS / 2.
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    3: New version (XFree86 Version 4.3.0) System Chart
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        X-Window, supporting the most recent of the plates
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        ATI graphics, and TRIDENT S3.
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    4: New features of the library "stdio" with areas of 4 KB for
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        it compatible with the new file system T1.
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    5: Role of 64-bit arithmetic for the values "long long"
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        the language "C". This is important for access to files
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        with more than 4 GB.
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    6: Access to the history of the "sh" through the keys of arrows
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        also in text mode.
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    7: New commands: The defragmenter "xdefrag" (program
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        chart) can improve the allocation of blocks of systems
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        T1 files, the converter program "a2ps" converts a
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        ISO text to PostScript to be printed on printers
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        who accept this language.
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News of version "4.3.0"
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    1: The new file system T1, in blocks of 4 KB and
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        identifiers of up to 255 characters, which has a performance
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        much higher than the previous file system (S7) of
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        blocks of 512 bytes. This version continues supporting the
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        V7 file system.
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    2: Create the file "/ etc / fstab" for better control of
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        assembly of devices.
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    3: New interface for recognition devices
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        IDE / ATA / ATAPI.
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    4: Floppy BOOT distribution of the image containing a
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        file system that is unpacked in a Ramdas (the
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        simulation of a disk in main memory). This facilitates
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        installation of TROPIX.
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 +
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News of version "4.2.0"
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    1: Increase the size of the areas of entry / exit of the "cache" of
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        structured devices from 512 to 4096 bytes. With this,
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        allows the read / write devices that have
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        larger than 512 bytes (eg CDROM, whose
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        block is 2 KB) in addition to increasing the speed of
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        processing of devices already supported.
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Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
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INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 8
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    2: Establishment of the abstract layer of "we-index" to enable
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        the assembly of several file systems.
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    3: Mount the file systems FAT12/16/32.
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    4: Mounting the file systems from original CDROM, beyond
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        extensions "Rock Ridge" and "Joliet".
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    5: Implementation of symbolic links.
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News of version "4.1.0"
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    1: New "driver" for the Adaptec SCSI controller: Now
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        supporting the 29,160 new drivers for 160 MB / s.
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    2: Add the "chip" s of the VIA and Intel for the use of DMA
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        access to IDE.
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    3: Extended the build system of language "C" for
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        accept identifiers without size limitation.
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    4: Enter the functions of the library "C" for reading
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        directories in a system independent of
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        files: "opendir", "readdir", ...
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    5: The "boot" of TROPIX was extended, and now accepts the discs
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        Iomega ZIP (100 MB) to load the system at all
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        their steps.
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News of version "4.0.0"
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    1: Improved recognition and assessment of the speed of
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        processor of the computer during stage 2 of the load
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        system ( "boot2).
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    2: Support for IDE disks over 8 GB.
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    3: Recognition Device PnP (Plug and Play ").
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    4: Use of DMA to access the IDE (at
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        only for the "chip" Acer Aladdin ").
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    5: Command "mail" completely rewritten, now can receive
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        and send attachments.
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News of version "3.2.3"
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      This version "contained as the main novelty library
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      shared (similar to Windows DLLs). All
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      older versions of libraries ( "libc", "libm", "libcurses" and
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      "libxti") are now grouped in a single library
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      shared "/ lib / libt.o.
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      The same occurs also with the libraries of graphical interface
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      X-Window: all are now integrated in the two
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      shared library "/ usr / xwin / lib / libx.o" and
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      "/ usr / xwin / lib / liby.o.
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      With the use of shared libraries, the size of
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      executable modules decreased drastically. This
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      reduced in both the time and amount of cargo
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Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
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INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 9
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      occupied space (both on disk and in main memory).
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      As an example, a typical utility, the "cp" which occupied 13,704
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      bytes, went to occupy only 4,032, ie, fell short of
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      third the size. In the case of graphic tools, this
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      reduction is much greater, mentioned as an example the program
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      "xedit" which went from 612 KB to less than 4KB!
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      This version also includes some new programs, among
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      which:
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          1: "cdplay: plays audio CDs in units IDE / ATAPI and
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            SCSI.
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          2: "cdtowave": Extract audio tracks from CDs into units
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            IDE / ATAPI and SCSI.
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          3: sbvol "controls the volume (master) of SB-16 boards.
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          4: "mkshlib" and "ldshlib" creates and loads the libraries
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            shared.
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          5: "nohup: run command immune to SIGHUP signal.
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          6: "paste" lines of a multiple.
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          7: "FDC": computer desk for small numbers of point
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            floating.
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          8: "xcoremap" graphics program to draw a map of
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            allocation of the computer's main memory.
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          9: "xedit" graphics program to edit texts (like
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            the "notepad" in Windows).
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        10: "xpaint" now accepts the JPEG format.
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      Other changes / enhancements:
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          1: "Drivers for IDE-ATAPI devices: These" drivers "
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            will allow access to TROPIX-IDE ATAPI devices,
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            such as CD-ROMs and ZIP drives the internal disk.
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            However, the file systems on CD-ROMs also
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            are not being recognized.
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          2 "Driver" for driver "Realtek RTL 8129/8139 Fast
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            Ethernet (10/100 Mbs).
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          3: The swap partition is no longer necessary to
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            installation, both in its own partition, as in
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            MS-DOS/Windows files.
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          4: It is recognized Fax-Modem U.S. Robotics 56K PCI.
 +
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          5: Inauguration of distribution of the source code of
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            TROPIX of libraries and utilities.
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          6: The WWW server of TROPIX already allows the resumption of
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            transfers from the point they were
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            interrupted.
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News of version "3.2.1"
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 +
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Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
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INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 10
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 +
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      Includes the first distribution of the source code of the core of
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      system, recommending him for a further course in systems
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      operational.
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News of version "3.2.0"
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      Contained as the main news media (in part) to
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      sound card "Sound Blaster".
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 +
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News of version "3.1.8"
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      Contained as the new X-Window Graphical Interface and
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      support for file systems MS-DOS/Windows with FAT32.
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Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
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INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 11
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      ************************************************** *******
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      * *
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      * Chapter 3 *
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      * *
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      * FEATURES *
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      * *
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      ************************************************** *******
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The distribution of TROPIX is free, and it can be installed
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via a CDROM or floppy.
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 +
    1. The CDROM is distributed through an image, and contains the
 +
      TROPIX complete object (including the System Chart
 +
      X-Window). This image should be used to burn a CDROM
 +
      through an appropriate program: see chapter 5.
 +
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    2. The distribution by floppy disk is part of the basic
 +
      with 2 disks, 3 ½ "and X-Window System in Figure 2
 +
      Additional disks: see the chapters 19 to 22.
 +
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The installation on PCs can be done in two ways: on partitions
 +
own or in files from one partition to FAT16 or FAT32
 +
MS-DOS/Windows (in this case without the need for change
 +
partitions of disks). It included a manager of cargo
 +
operating systems ( "boot0"), to amicable coexistence with
 +
other operating systems.
 +
 +
Currently the TROPIX has the basic commands of UNIX (in addition to
 +
some more commands themselves), a development system for
 +
the language ANSI "C", support for the network of computers
 +
Internet with TCP / IP, SLIP, PPP (for dial-line) and
 +
Client / Server "telnet", "rlogin", "ftp", "mail", "pop3" and
 +
others.
 +
 +
Whole TROPIX is based on the code character ISO-8859-1
 +
(Latin-1, the same Windows 95/98/NT/2000/XP), taking all the
 +
stress available in all modes (text, graphic) and
 +
commands. Moreover, all the manuals can be found in
 +
screen (on-line), and are in Portuguese.
 +
 +
The file systems MS-DOS/Windows FAT-12/16/32/NTFS (both in
 +
partitions on the disks as hard drives) can be mounted
 +
(the latter only for reading).
 +
 +
For mounting remote file systems we have available the
 +
NFS protocol, version 2.
 +
 +
CD-ROMs can also be fitted to all variants
 +
(ISO-9660, Joliet and Rock-Ridge).
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 12
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
      * *
 +
      * Chapter 4 *
 +
      * *
 +
      * PC * SETUP
 +
      * *
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
 +
 +
 +
The PC must have an Intel processor or equivalent 486/PENTIUM.
 +
The minimum reasonable main memory is 8 MB. With 4 MB can be
 +
use the system, but there may be difficulties in both
 +
use the Internet and compile programs. For the Graphical Interface
 +
X-Window is required at least 16 MB.
 +
 +
The USB drivers are accepted, but the patterns and UHCI
 +
OHCI.
 +
 +
Disks are supported for 3 ½ "and 5 ¼" disk drives and IDE / EIDE.
 +
Also supported SCSI disk drives connected through the
 +
Adaptec 1542 SCSI controller (ISA) and 2940/29160 (PCI).
 +
 +
From version 4.9.0 USB devices are supported with
 +
Protocol 1.1 and 2.0 with annexation / desanexação dynamics.
 +
 +
The Iomega ZIP disks (100 MB) are also supported in versions
 +
the parallel port, IDE / ATAPI and SCSI (where connected to one of
 +
SCSI controllers listed above).
 +
 +
For the Internet, are supported controllers "ethernet"
 +
Novell (NE1000, NE2000 ISA / PCI), 3Com 3c503 and Realtek RTL 8129/8139
 +
Fast Ethernet (10/100 Mbs), and lines with serial protocols
 +
SLIP or PPP.
 +
 +
Are supported also the parallel ports for use of
 +
printers.
 +
 +
Are accepted Fax-modems and ISA Fax-Modem U.S. Robotics 56K PCI.
 +
 +
From version 3.2.0 is also supported the output of digital sound
 +
PCM sound cards through the "Sound Blaster 16 (or successor).
 +
With this, you can play sound files from "*. wav" in TROPIX.
 +
 +
Are already supported "mouse" s USB.
 +
 +
As already mentioned, there are two ways of installing the TROPIX
 +
disks of the PC (see chapter 10). In any of these
 +
modes must be allocated a certain area of the hard disks
 +
(typically 128 MB).
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 13
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
      * *
 +
      * Chapter 5 *
 +
      * *
 +
      * * CREATING THE CDROM
 +
      * *
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
 +
 +
 +
Having obtained the collection "cdrom.tgz" distribution of the CDROM
 +
TROPIX, you must save it.
 +
 +
    1. If you use a UNIX system, must decompress
 +
      "cdrom.tgz" via "gunzip" (generating a collection "tar")
 +
      and then use the command "tar" to get the files:
 +
 +
                install.txt
 +
                tropix.iso
 +
 +
      The file "install.txt" is the guide to installation (you are
 +
      reading) and the file "tropix.iso" is the image of the CDROM.
 +
 +
      The CDROM should be recorded through an appropriate utility
 +
      (such as "cdrecord").
 +
 +
    2. If you use WinXP/Win2000/WinNT/Win98/Win95/Win3.x should
 +
      decompress the collection "cdrom.tgz" through "Winzip",
 +
      getting the files:
 +
 +
                install.txt
 +
                tropix.iso
 +
 +
      The file "install.txt" is the guide to installation (you are
 +
      reading) and the file "tropix.iso" is the image of the CDROM.
 +
 +
      The CDROM should be recorded through an appropriate utility
 +
      (such as "Easy CD Creator" or "Nero").
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 14
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
      * *
 +
      * Chapter 6 *
 +
      * *
 +
      * ESTABLISHMENT OF Floppy Disk "BOOT" *
 +
      * *
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
 +
 +
 +
Having obtained the collection "tropix.tgz" distribution of TROPIX
 +
base is necessary (at least) create the disk, 3 ½ "called
 +
of BOOT.
 +
 +
    1. If you use a UNIX system, must decompress
 +
      "tropix.tgz" via "gunzip" (generating a collection "tar")
 +
      and then use the command "tar" to get the files:
 +
 +
                install.txt
 +
                fdimage.exe
 +
                boot.dsk
 +
                gar1.dsk
 +
 +
      The file "install.txt" is the guide to installation (you are
 +
      reading), the file "fdimage.exe" is a utility to copy
 +
      the MS-DOS/Windows (in this case will not be used), and
 +
      remaining files are the contents of 2 disks called
 +
      the BOOT and GAR1.
 +
 +
      The BOOT disk, can be created through a command of
 +
      type:
 +
 +
                boot.dsk cat> / dev/fd0
 +
 +
      (the exact name of the device depends on the system disk
 +
      being used).
 +
 +
      You can also use the command "dd" in the form:
 +
 +
                boot.dsk dd if = of = / dev/fd0
 +
 +
    2. If you use WinXP/Win2000/WinNT/Win98/Win95/Win3.x should
 +
      decompress the collection "tropix.tgz" through "Winzip",
 +
      getting the files:
 +
 +
                install.txt
 +
                fdimage.exe
 +
                boot.dsk
 +
                gar1.dsk
 +
 +
      The file "install.txt" is the guide to installation (you are
 +
      reading), the "fdimage.exe" is a tool for copying and
 +
      remaining files are the contents of 2 disks. The
 +
      BOOT floppy disk must be created through a command of
 +
      type
 +
 +
                fdimage.exe-v boot.dsk A:
 +
 +
      For WinXP/Win2000/WinNT, use the window of commands;
 +
 +
 +
Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 15
 +
 +
 +
      Win98/Win95/Win3.x to use the DOS mode, in this case not
 +
      recommend using the DOS command window, because sometimes the
 +
      writing is performed incorrectly.
 +
 +
 +
Use a new disk, of good quality. Many of the errors
 +
reported are caused by defective disks.
 +
 +
After the generation of the disk, we protect it against
 +
written.
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 16
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
      * *
 +
      * Chapter 7 *
 +
      * *
 +
      * SOME CONVENTIONS / FEATURES OF TROPIX *
 +
      * *
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
 +
 +
 +
Conceptually, the operating system is similar to TROPIX
 +
UNIX type systems, although there are some differences. To
 +
unambiguous way of describing the installation procedure and use
 +
TROPIX of the PCs, use the conventions described below. Note
 +
and these conventions because they are used in TROPIX as a
 +
whole, including the system after installation.
 +
 +
Keystrokes <enter> means to press the key that has this name;
 +
typing <sp> (blank) means hit the space bar.
 +
 +
Keystrokes <^ D> means press both keys "ctl" and
 +
"D". By doing this, we first compress the key "ctl"
 +
(holding it compressed) and then press the key "D".
 +
Similarly, typing <^ A>, <^ B>, ... means to compress the keys
 +
"ctl" with "A", "B", ... On some keyboards, we have
 +
"ctrl" instead of "ctl".
 +
 +
Keystrokes <ctl-alt-del> means compressing both the three
 +
keys displayed; hit <reset> means of compressing the button
 +
"reset" the PC that, in general, is in the office of the PC (and not in
 +
keyboard).
 +
 +
Keystrokes "-fd0 tropix means hit the keys in sequence" - ",
 +
"f", "d", "0", <sp>, "t", "r", "the", "p", "i", "x" and <enter>. When
 +
specify a string for keyboard (such as
 +
given above) implicitly assume that a keyboard to <enter>
 +
end of the chain (unless it is explicitly stated the
 +
otherwise).
 +
 +
We must remember that in TROPIX, as in all systems
 +
Operating similar to UNIX, uppercase characters are
 +
Different lowercase letters. In the above example, therefore, not
 +
must compress the key <Shift> because the letters to be generated
 +
are all lowercase.
 +
 +
Some of the commands may request a TROPIX
 +
information / confirmation of action. This request is identified by a
 +
"prompt" that can be a character or a string that
 +
system writes to the screen.
 +
 +
In TROPIX, some of the "prompt" s contain a string
 +
brackets before a "." This means that typing
 +
chain or simply typing <enter> have the same effect. This
 +
string of characters is called the "default", ie what
 +
will be interpreted by the lack of a string
 +
explicitly keyboard.
 +
 +
For the question
 +
 +
 +
 +
Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 17
 +
 +
 +
      Loads (fd0, tropix)? (s):
 +
 +
is equivalent typing "s" followed by <enter> or simply
 +
<enter>, which means "yes." If you want to answer "no",
 +
we have to hit "n" followed by <enter>.
 +
 +
In some commands, an answer with a capital letter ( "S" or "N")
 +
means that this and all subsequent questions are
 +
answered automatically (yes to "S" and
 +
negatively to "N"). The manual for each command (see below)
 +
information if it follows this convention.
 +
 +
In TROPIX, usually, the system stops writing to the screen
 +
complete a screen (24 lines). This is convenient because the user
 +
have time to read the text without a new text replaces the text
 +
current that (maybe) has not yet been read. To continue
 +
writing the text simply typing <^ Q>. Besides, an output on the screen
 +
can be stopped at any time by typing <^ S>. This can be
 +
changed by the command "stty" (see below).
 +
 +
When entering the "multiplayer" (see below) the TROPIX offers 8
 +
independent virtual screens. The switching between the virtual screens
 +
is done by typing <^ S> (to stop the output in the virtual screen
 +
current), followed by the number of the virtual screen to which want
 +
ir (1 to 8), and finally, <^ Q> (to activate the new screen output
 +
virtual). Note that the number of the current virtual screen is displayed
 +
in the center of the last line.
 +
 +
With certain combinations of keys, used sequentially, we can
 +
generate special characters. Thus, typing up ", to" get "a" and
 +
with "c" get "C". With this method we can get almost all
 +
vowels of strong Western languages. If you do not want this
 +
composition, just typing "\" between the characters. Thus,
 +
example, if keyboard "~ \ the" get "-a".
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 18
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
      * *
 +
      * Chapter 8 *
 +
      * *
 +
      * RUNNING TROPIX DIRECTLY TO CDROM or Floppy *
 +
      * *
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
 +
 +
 +
Both of the CDROM TROPIX (obtained in Chapter 5), such as floppy disk
 +
BOOT (obtained in Chapter 6), contains a compressed image of a
 +
TROPIX file system independent. Both can be implemented
 +
inserting them into the corresponding drive and typing or <ctl-alt-del>
 +
<reset> (this operation, loading the operating system, called
 +
the "boot").
 +
 +
Do not forget to check if the order of several devices in
 +
sequence of "boot" your computer's BIOS is desired.
 +
 +
This is useful for:
 +
 +
      1. TROPIX test the compatibility of your computer. If
 +
        have any conflict, notify us (via the
 +
        address in Chapter 1).
 +
 +
      2. Run TROPIX experimentally, to know the
 +
        system without changing the hard drive of your computer.
 +
 +
      3. Read this guide to install on the computer screen and / or
 +
        print it on your printer (see the end of this chapter).
 +
 +
      4. TROPIX install in your computer's hard drive. There
 +
        two modes of installation: see Chapter 10.
 +
 +
      5. Fix the TROPIX resident on the hard disk, if
 +
        present problems.
 +
 +
After the "reset", the "boot1" (the first stage of operation
 +
"boot") will be read from the CDROM or floppy. It is written the message:
 +
 +
 +
      TROPIX CD boot1, Version: 4.9.0, from 17:06:06
 +
 +
      >
 +
 +
 +
<Enter> Key will read the "boot2" (the second stage) of the CDROM
 +
or floppy; after reading, we have the message
 +
 +
 +
      TROPIX boot2, Version: 4.9.0, from 17:11:08
 +
 +
      Copyright © 1988-2008 NCE / UFRJ
 +
 +
      Pentium ................................
 +
      .................................................. ..
 +
      ........ (and other data from computer) ............
 +
      .................................................. ..
 +
 +
 +
Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 19
 +
 +
 +
 +
      boot>
 +
 +
 +
  At this point, the "boot2" is awaiting a command. He is a
 +
  versatile program, which can (among others) load and run a
 +
  program, edit / print the partition table and list the contents
 +
  or the memory device. If keyboard "", it prints its
 +
  list of commands.
 +
 +
  In our case, we hit "-i" to decompress the image of
 +
  ROOT file system from the CDROM or floppy disk to an area in
 +
  end of main memory. This area will then be used as a
 +
  Ramdas, ie the simulation of a disk into memory.
 +
 +
  After decompression, the message is written
 +
 +
 +
      TROPIX Intel x86 - Version 4.9.0 of 28.11.08 ...
 +
 +
      Copyright © 1988-2008 NCE / UFRJ
 +
 +
      The operating system is distributed TROPIX ABSOLUTELY
 +
      NO WARRANTY. This is a "software" free, and you are welcome
 +
      to redistribute it under certain conditions, for details,
 +
      type "man leave."
 +
 +
      Want to change parameters? (n):
 +
 +
 +
  <Enter> Key again, the message appears
 +
 +
 +
      TROPIX (Mycomputer) mono [5]:
 +
 +
 +
  Once reached this point, the operating system already TROPIX
 +
  took control in the way "single", with only a
 +
  active virtual screen (the one you're using).
 +
 +
  Press <^ D>, to come in "multiplayer" in which several
 +
  Virtual screens are available. Number will be written
 +
  information on the screen, until a line containing:
 +
 +
      LOGIN:
 +
 +
  Enter "root" and will print the line:
 +
 +
      Password:
 +
 +
  Then press "tropix" (which will not be ecoado on screen) and finally
 +
  will print the line:
 +
 +
      root @ Mycomputer: [/ home / root] #
 +
 +
  Ready! A critical part was unsuccessful. The TROPIX is already running on
 +
  multiuser mode on your computer.
 +
 +
 +
  During loading, the core of the message write TROPIX
 +
 +
          Want to change parameters? (n):
 +
 +
  after which normally <Enter> key. With this, we accept the
 +
 +
 +
  Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 20
 +
 +
 +
  values "default" of parameters, which generally are desired.
 +
  We can however modify various parameters, the most common
 +
  the rootdev ", ie the device's root system. This parameter
 +
  contains the value nodev (ie undefined), and the initialization of
 +
  core, it seeks a suitable root. The order of search is:
 +
 +
    1. TROPIX partitions of hard drives (eg "hda2a");
 +
 +
    2. devices simulating disks from files
 +
        MS-DOS/Windows (eg "MD1");
 +
 +
    3. CDROMs (eg "hdb" or "sdb").
 +
 +
    4. disks (eg "fd0").
 +
 +
  We can change the value "default", with a <raiz desejada>
 +
  through
 +
 +
          rootdev = <raiz desejada>
 +
 +
  and then typing <^ D>. This is useful, for example, when it
 +
  we have a root partition on a hard disk or file
 +
  MS-DOS/Windows and want to start a new installation from the
 +
  CDROM or floppy.
 +
 +
 +
  Note that the keyboard was that after "LOGIN" is the name of the account ( "root"
 +
  in the case) and that the keyboard was after "Password" is that their
 +
  password ( "tropix" in case). This means that we are using
 +
  the "root", which is the superuser account with credentials (almost)
 +
  unlimited. This is necessary during installation, but is not
 +
  recommended for normal use.
 +
 +
  To see this guide for distribution / installation of the screen
 +
  computer, type "man install. To move forward / backward by
 +
  several pages of the guide, use the command <^ D>, <^ U>. To view the
 +
  content, use "2p" to go directly to the page <n> (obtained
 +
  through the content), use "<n> p". To terminate the execution of
 +
  "man", enter "q".
 +
 +
  To print this guide, use the command
 +
 +
 +
      cat / usr / man / ref / install> / dev / lp
 +
 +
 +
  (this is only possible if your PC has the printer on port / IRQ
 +
  default). Remember that the guide uses the ISO-8859-1
 +
  (Latin-1) character, if your printer does not accept this code
 +
  character, use the command
 +
 +
 +
      stty ascii 2> / dev / lp
 +
 +
 +
  before the "cat" to remove the accents of the characters.
 +
 +
  If your printer is a HP, accepting the PCL language, you
 +
  can use the command "hpprint.
 +
 +
  Another possibility is to print this guide through
 +
  MS-DOS/Windows using the sequence of commands:
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 21
 +
 +
 +
      mount / dev/hda1 / mnt
 +
      cp / usr / man / ref / install / mnt
 +
      umount / dev/hda1
 +
 +
 +
  where "/ dev/hda1" should be replaced by a partition DOS / Windows
 +
  FAT 16/32 right (in general you can use your own "/ dev/hda1",
 +
  it probably is the drive "C"). To obtain the names
 +
  the partitions corresponding to MS-DOS/Windows partitions, use the
 +
  command "prdisktb.
 +
 +
  After these commands, print the file "install" by
 +
  MS-DOS/Windows, it is better to use Windows, because the code
 +
  of characters used (ISO-8859-1 (Latin-1)).
 +
 +
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 +
 +
 +
 +
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 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
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 +
 +
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 +
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
      * *
 +
      * Chapter 9 *
 +
      * *
 +
      * PREPARATION OF floppy / * OTHER ARCHIVES
 +
      * *
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
 +
 +
 +
  This chapter contains information only for installation by
 +
  floppy disks. If you are installing from a CDROM, you can
 +
  skip it.
 +
 +
  Note that the collection "tropix.tgz" contains the image of 2 disks,
 +
  BOOT and GAR1. The BOOT disk, has been created in Chapter 6.
 +
 +
  If you have a partition DOS / Windows or NTFS on your FAT16/32
 +
  computer, creating a floppy GAR1 may be waived. The idea
 +
  is to copy the image to a directory "\ TROPIX" partition
 +
  DOS / Windows.
 +
 +
    1. If you use a UNIX system, you must use the commands
 +
        type:
 +
                  mount / dev/hda1 / mnt
 +
                  mkdir / mnt / TROPIX
 +
                  gar1.dsk cp / mnt / TROPIX
 +
                  umount / dev/hda1
 +
 +
        where "/ dev/hda1" may be replaced by another partition
 +
        DOS / Windows you want.
 +
 +
        If your partition is NTFS, find out if your UNIX system
 +
        supports the writing in these file systems, many
 +
        UNIX systems (including Linux) support in general only
 +
        reading).
 +
 +
    2. If you use WinXP/Win2000/WinNT/Win98/Win95/Win3.x should
 +
        use the "Windows Explorer" to create the directory
 +
        "C: \ TROPIX" and then copy the file "gar1.dsk" for the
 +
        directory created. Instead of "C", can be used another
 +
        desired partition.
 +
 +
 +
  If you do not have a partition DOS / Windows or NTFS on your FAT16/32
 +
  computer, or is wanting to install on another computer TROPIX,
 +
  GAR1 the disk must be created.
 +
 +
  This should be done the way already seen in Chapter 6 of course
 +
  susbtituindo to "boot.dsk" by "gar1.dsk.
 +
 +
  Use diskettes new, of good quality. Many of the errors
 +
  reported are caused by defective disks.
 +
 +
  After creation, we protect the disk against written.
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
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 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 23
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
      * *
 +
      * Chapter 10 *
 +
      * *
 +
      * METHODS OF INSTALLING TROPIX disk *
 +
      * *
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
 +
 +
 +
  There are two ways to install the disk TROPIX:
 +
 +
    1. In the TROPIX own partitions. This mode offers the best
 +
        performance, but the installation requires a certain care.
 +
        Can be optionally installed a manager "boot",
 +
        to allow the choice of operating system to load.
 +
        Follow the sequence of chapters 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17.
 +
 +
    2. In MS-DOS/Windows files. This mode does not offer a
 +
        performance as good and "boot" of TROPIX will always be
 +
        via CDROM or floppy, but the installation is more
 +
        simple. See the chapters 11, 16 and 17.
 +
 +
  We suggest you read this guide to the end, before starting the
 +
  installation, so you'll have a better overview and can evaluate
 +
  the various options appropriately.
 +
 +
  The procedures for the installation of TROPIX described here were
 +
  made for the installation takes place without setbacks. In
 +
  However, it is possible that (by neglect of the user) is the loss of
 +
  existing files on your computer and / or the operating system
 +
  original (eg MS-DOS/Windows) can not run more.
 +
  This may occur mainly due to the misuse of
 +
  editor of partitions "fdisk" (Chapter 13).
 +
 +
  Even during normal use of the system (after installation
 +
  correct), it is possible to accidentally remove files
 +
  MS-DOS/Windows for use with mounted FAT partition, or using
 +
  the "dosmp.
 +
 +
  Although we have tested the operation of the system, believing that
 +
  it does not contain any serious error, where there is theoretically a
 +
  possibility that, through some error still unknown,
 +
  is affected some other operating system.
 +
 +
  WE DO NOT LIABLE FOR THESE POSSIBLE ACCIDENTS! YOU
 +
  IS INSTALLING / USING TROPIX UNDER ITS OWN
 +
  LIABILITY AND RISK!
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
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 +
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 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
      * *
 +
      * Chapter 11 *
 +
      * *
 +
      * INSTALLATION TROPIX IN THE ARCHIVES MS-DOS/Windows *
 +
      * *
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
 +
 +
 +
  This mode offers a performance not as good as the installation of
 +
  Partitions in TROPIX own, in contrast, the installation is more
 +
  simply because it is not necessary to rearrange the partitions of the disk.
 +
  This method is only possible with file systems FAT-16 or
 +
  FAT-32, is still not possible with NTFS.
 +
 +
  The idea is to use an existing partition of
 +
  MS-DOS/Windows it and create the directory "\ TROPIX" containing 2
 +
  files: "ROOT" and "HOME". These files will contain the systems
 +
  TROPIX files and load the system will be done through CDROM
 +
  or floppy disk.
 +
 +
  The steps of the installation are:
 +
 +
    1. Initially it is interesting to verify the integrity of
 +
        MS-DOS/Windows partition chosen. For this use the
 +
        CHKDSK utility or SCANDISK (MS-DOS or Windows).
 +
 +
        Another option is to use NDD (Norton Disk Doctor) of "NORTON
 +
        Utilities. "Note the size of available free space of
 +
        partition chosen: for a normal installation are
 +
        required 128 MB.
 +
 +
    2. As a second step, we defragment the partition
 +
        chosen. This means compress all files
 +
        MS-DOS/Windows the beginning of the partition, so it is
 +
        only a free area at the end, which will create the 2
 +
        files in the directory "\ TROPIX. This can be done by
 +
        Defrag utility (MS-DOS or Windows) or the DISK SPEED
 +
        the "Norton Utilities".
 +
 +
    3. Enter the BOOT ROM or floppy disk and load the TROPIX
 +
        system (as in chapter 8). Log in multiuser mode.
 +
 +
    4. Go to the directory "/ usr / etc / install" (use the command "cd
 +
        / usr / etc / install "). The normal installation will occupy 128 MB of
 +
        MS-DOS/Windows your partition (64 MB for the ROOT, 64 MB for
 +
        HOME), which is sufficient for the graphical interface
 +
        X-Window. If you have this space available and is
 +
        happy with it, go to step 5.
 +
 +
        To change the size of the installation, just edit the file
 +
        "install.dos" (see chapter 25, for an introduction to the use
 +
        the text editor "vi"). To change the size of a
 +
        file, simply change the number after the line that
 +
        starting with "mkfile.
 +
 +
    5. Start the installation, typing the command "install.dos.
 +
 +
 +
 +
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 +
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 +
 +
 +
        Note that with "C:" we are referring to the first partition
 +
        regular first disc, ditto with "D" for the second
 +
        disc.
 +
 +
        This step creates the 2 files in the partition MS-DOS/Windows
 +
        chosen, creates file systems and copies the TROPIX
 +
        TROPIX files to the hard disk. During installation
 +
        (if you're installing from floppy disks) will be
 +
        need an additional disk (whose content will be lost)
 +
        to be used for the loading of TROPIX. Follow the instructions.
 +
 +
        If you want to keep an older version of system
 +
        HOME files, DO NOT delete the file MS-DOS/Windows HOME
 +
        (disregard the message "The file" home "already exists") and
 +
        respond affirmatively to the question "Want to keep the
 +
        older version of HOME ".
 +
 +
    6. Congratulations! The TROPIX is already installed and operational in its
 +
        hard disk.
 +
 +
        If you want to run TROPIX, simply reload the
 +
        system (<ctl-alt-del> typing or <reset>) with the CDROM or the
 +
        DOS floppy disk inserted. In the case of the CDROM, it is necessary
 +
        modify the system root for "MD1" during loading of
 +
        nucleus (ie, type 'MD1 = rootdev).
 +
 +
        If the CDROM and floppy are not entered, will
 +
        loading the operating system standard (eg
 +
        MS-DOS/Windows). To exit the TROPIX, use the command
 +
        "shutdown".
 +
 +
    7. To uninstall TROPIX its MS-DOS/Windows partition,
 +
        simply remove the directory "\ TROPIX" (along with their 2
 +
        files).
 +
 +
  To facilitate the future installation of a new version of TROPIX,
 +
  recommend placing your files only on your private
 +
  the "home" (the file name starting with "/ home /...").
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
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 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 26
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
      * *
 +
      * Chapter 12 *
 +
      * *
 +
      Disks and partition * *
 +
      * *
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
 +
 +
 +
  To install the partitions in TROPIX own (which enables the
 +
  best performance) to have a basic concept of how
 +
  are organized on PC hard drives.
 +
 +
  Each disc is divided into one or more sections called
 +
  "partitions". Each of these partitions is designed to be used by
 +
  an operating system (in some cases some of the partitions can
 +
  be shared by two or more operating systems).
 +
 +
  We can have up to 4 partitions "regular" (or "primary") in each
 +
  disc. If this number is not enough, we can define one of
 +
  partitions as the type "extended", which may contain several
 +
  other (sub-) partitions partitions called "logical".
 +
 +
  Users of MS-DOS/Windows certainly have had contact with
 +
  partitions, since these systems each partition receives a letter,
 +
  starting from "C". Thus, we have partitions "C", "D", "E", ...
 +
 +
  The nomenclature used in TROPIX is quite different set of letters
 +
  above. Let's consider a computer with one IDE disk. The
 +
  four partitions are called "hda1", "hda2", "hda3" and
 +
  "hda4. If one is "extended" for example "hda3" she
 +
  contain the (sub-) partitions "logical" hda3a "," hda3b, "... Besides
 +
  this, we have "hda" to represent the disc as a whole.
 +
 +
  If your computer has more of an IDE disk, the second is the
 +
  "hdb ..." instead of "hda ..." (simply replace the "at" with "b" in
 +
  example above). If your computer has SCSI disks, the names will be
 +
  "sda ..."," sdb ...", ... (simply replace the "h" in "s" in the example
 +
  above).
 +
 +
  As already mentioned, we have only one extended partition. By
 +
  this, in TROPIX was a new type of partition
 +
  extended (the extended partition type TROPIX), structurally
 +
  identical to the original, but with a different identification code. The
 +
  objective is to enable the grouping of all (sub-) partitions
 +
  TROPIX desired in only one partition (extended) alone, even
 +
  which is already an extended partition traditional (we call
 +
  kind of).
 +
 +
  Choosing the distribution of its multiple partitions (one or
 +
  mais) disks, must be taken into account how many disks are
 +
  present, how many partitions are needed / already allocated, ...
 +
 +
  In the example of the next chapter, we create a (new) partition
 +
  Extended (Type TROPIX) to include all partitions TROPIX.
 +
  This is a simple and elegant, it only need
 +
  particiju vague.
 +
 +
 +
 +
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 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 27
 +
 +
 +
  Naturally, we can also create a partition for each regular
 +
  TROPIX desired partition, or adding new partitions
 +
  logical TROPIX a DOS extended partition already exists.
 +
 +
  For the purpose of "boot", the file system of ROOT can TROPIX
 +
  be allocated to any partition of any disk.
 +
 +
  If space is available in more than one hard disk,
 +
  strongly advised to distribute the partitions between the various
 +
  discs.
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
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 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 28
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
      * *
 +
      * Chapter 13 *
 +
      * *
 +
      * The EDITOR of partitions "fdisk" *
 +
      * *
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
 +
 +
 +
  As with other operating systems also have the TROPIX
 +
  your partition editor, who (as usual) is also called
 +
  "fdisk". However, TROPIX the "fdisk" is incorporated into
 +
  "boot2," and can only be performed during loading of the system (and not
 +
  with the system already running). The idea is to emphasize the impossibility
 +
  to change the partitions to the system in operation.
 +
 +
  To run "fdisk", insert the CDROM or floppy disk of the BOOT
 +
  TROPIX, and recharge the system (as in chapter 8). When
 +
  arise the "prompt" boot> "the" boot2, "type"-f ":
 +
 +
 +
    boot>-f
 +
 +
    Entering the editor, tables, partitions "fdisk"
 +
 +
    Enter "?" for a list of commands
 +
 +
    Disk "hda": 6149.88 MB (12594960 blocks) geo = (784, 255, 63, L)
 +
 +
    IND. -DEV-AD-START-- END-BLOCK-TAM (MB) TYPE
 +
 +
      1 hda1 * 63 4209029 4208967 2055.16 0C DOS FAT32 (L)
 +
 +
 +
  The geometry of the disc ( "geo") is given by the number of cylinders
 +
  (784), number of heads (255) and the number of sectors per track
 +
  (63). The letter "L" indicates that the end to this disc, the extensions
 +
  the INT 13 BIOS are active (otherwise, the letter indicated
 +
  would be "G").
 +
 +
 +
  As with the "prompt" the "fdisk", typing "?" get a list
 +
  commands available:
 +
 +
 +
    fdisk>?
 +
 +
    Editor of the partition table
 +
 +
    commands:
 +
          -: Print the partition table
 +
          p: Idem with vacancies areas
 +
          c: Exchange the device (disk)
 +
          n: Creates a new partition
 +
          d: Delete a partition
 +
          m: Changes the size of a partition
 +
          a: Exchange the state (active / not active) partition
 +
          l: Prints the types of partitions
 +
 +
 +
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 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
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 +
 +
 +
          t: Exchange type of partition
 +
          s: Print the vague areas of the disc
 +
          u: On / off alignment (starts on)
 +
          w: Rewrite (updates) the partition table on disk
 +
          q: Terminates the execution of the editor of partitions
 +
 +
    Note: For any given application, "n" command cancels the
 +
 +
 +
  Initially we will create an extended partition to contain the 2
 +
  file systems (traditional) of TROPIX. Press "n" and follow the
 +
  following dialog (note the choice of the extended partition type):
 +
 +
 +
    fdisk> n
 +
 +
    Give the desired type: regular (r), extended (e) or logical (l): e
 +
 +
    Number of partition = 2? (s):
 +
 +
    Give the type of extended partition: DOS (d) or TROPIX (x): x
 +
 +
    Initial block = 4209030? (s):
 +
 +
    End block = 12402179 (4000.56 MB)? (s): n
 +
 +
    Take the desired size (MB): 128
 +
 +
    Disk "hda": 6149.88 MB (12594960 blocks) geo = (784, 255, 63, L)
 +
 +
    IND. -DEV-AD-START-- END-BLOCK-TAM (MB) TYPE
 +
 +
      1 hda1 * 63 4209029 4208967 2055.16 0C DOS FAT32 (L)
 +
      2 hda2 4209030 4482134 273105 133.35 AE TROPIX Extended
 +
 +
 +
  At this point we can (optionally) use the "u" for not
 +
  align the following partitions (see below). The example continues
 +
  assuming that we have not the command "u".
 +
 +
 +
  Then we create a logical partition to the root. Press "n" and
 +
  follow the following dialogue:
 +
 +
 +
    fdisk> n
 +
 +
    Give the desired type: regular (r), extended (e) or logical (l): l
 +
 +
    Extended partition "hda2":
 +
 +
    Initial block = 4209093? (s):
 +
 +
    End block = 4482134 (133.32 MB)? (s): n
 +
 +
    Take the desired size (MB): 64
 +
 +
    Disk "hda": 6149.88 MB (12594960 blocks) geo = (784, 255, 63, L)
 +
 +
    IND. -DEV-AD-START-- END-BLOCK-TAM (MB) TYPE
 +
 +
      1 hda1 * 63 4209029 4208967 2055.16 0C DOS FAT32 (L)
 +
      2 hda2 4209030 4482134 273105 133.35 AE TROPIX Extended
 +
      3 hda2a 4209093 4353614 144522 70.57 A9 TROPIX T1
 +
 +
 +
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 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 30
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  Then we create a logical partition to HOME. Press "n" and
 +
  follow the following dialogue:
 +
 +
 +
    fdisk> n
 +
 +
    Give the desired type: regular (r), extended (e) or logical (l): l
 +
 +
    Extended partition "hda2":
 +
 +
    Initial block = 4353678? (s):
 +
 +
    End block = 4482134 (62.72 MB)? (s):
 +
 +
    Disk "hda": 6149.88 MB (12594960 blocks) geo = (784, 255, 63, L)
 +
 +
    IND. -DEV-AD-START-- END-BLOCK-TAM (MB) TYPE
 +
 +
      1 hda1 * 63 4209029 4208967 2055.16 0C DOS FAT32 (L)
 +
      2 hda2 4209030 4482134 273105 133.35 AE TROPIX Extended
 +
      3 hda2a 4209093 4353614 144522 70.57 A9 TROPIX T1
 +
      4 hda2b 4353678 4482134 128457 62.72 A9 TROPIX T1
 +
 +
 +
  Finally, we will enable the root partition, to allow the load
 +
  system ( "boot") by the load manager (the "boot0).
 +
  Press "a" and follow the following dialogue:
 +
 +
 +
    fdisk> to
 +
 +
    Index of the partition: 3
 +
 +
    Disk "hda": 6149.88 MB (12594960 blocks) geo = (784, 255, 63, L)
 +
 +
    IND. -DEV-AD-START-- END-BLOCK-TAM (MB) TYPE
 +
 +
      1 hda1 * 63 4209029 4208967 2055.16 0C DOS FAT32 (L)
 +
      2 hda2 4209030 4482134 273105 133.35 AE TROPIX Extended
 +
      3 hda2a * 4209093 4353614 144522 70.57 A9 TROPIX T1
 +
      4 hda2b 4353678 4482134 128457 62.72 A9 TROPIX T1
 +
 +
 +
  Once attached to the partition table, we can write it in
 +
  disk through the following commands:
 +
 +
 +
    fdisk> w
 +
 +
    Rewrites the partition table? (n): s
 +
 +
    fdisk> q
 +
 +
    Leaving the editor, tables, partitions
 +
 +
    boot>
 +
 +
 +
  The only command "dangerous" is the "w" (with the confirmation),
 +
  as all other commands only modify the table of
 +
  partitions in main memory, not update it on your hard disk.
 +
 +
 +
 +
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 +
 +
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 +
 +
 +
  So you can "play" at will, creating and removing
 +
  partitions, until you are satisfied with your configuration, giving
 +
  then the "w" final.
 +
 +
  Note that the data sizes (128 MB, 64 MB and 64 MB) were
 +
  followed exactly, in fact they were rounded to
 +
  multiples of the size of the cylinder of the disk. As this disc has a
 +
  reasonably large cylinder (255 * 63 = 16065 blocks = ~ 7.8 MB)
 +
  differences are significant. One way to avoid this is to use
 +
  command "u", which prevents the rounding.
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
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 +
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 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
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 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
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 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
      * *
 +
      * Chapter 14 *
 +
      * *
 +
      * Reduce the size of a partition MS-DOS/Windows *
 +
      * *
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
 +
 +
 +
  One of the most frequent is to PCs that have only one disk
 +
  Rigid fully occupied with only one partition MS-DOS/Windows,
 +
  corresponding to "C:".
 +
 +
  In this case, at first sight, there are only 2 possibilities for
 +
  more space for partitions TROPIX: install a new hard disk,
 +
  or save your files and reinstall MS-DOS/Windows
 +
  MS-DOS/Windows in a partition of smaller size.
 +
 +
  A third possibility is to reduce the partition
 +
  MS-DOS/Windows in their location (ie, without destroying the
 +
  its contents). This can be done by the command "chsize" of
 +
  utility "dosmp. You can also use the "fips" of
 +
  LINUX, or the program Partition Magic, Powerquest's name, if
 +
  you by chance have the.
 +
 +
  Before using the command "chsize", to reduce the size of
 +
  MS-DOS/Windows partition, it is essential to verify its integrity and
 +
  defragmenting it. The verification of integrity can be made by
 +
  CHKDSK utility or SCANDISK (the MS-DOS/Windows) or NDD
 +
  (Norton Disk Doctor) of "Norton Utilities". The defragmentação can
 +
  be made by the defrag utility (the MS-DOS/Windows), or the SPEED
 +
  DISK of "Norton Utilities".
 +
 +
  Remember that the programs of defragmentation may NOT
 +
  move the file to swap the MS-DOS/Windows. You must remove it
 +
  (using the "Control Panel") and then reinstall it.
 +
 +
  If you or MIRROR IMAGE USA, the last sector of the partition contains a
 +
  file "hidden" name of "\ image.idx" or "\ mirorsav.fil. You must
 +
  remove this file (using "attrib" and "del"). It will be recreated
 +
  the next time you run or MIRROR IMAGE (we hope,
 +
  not tested).
 +
 +
  Another source of problems are the files named "* \ desktop .*", the
 +
  which Windows does not move: they must be saved and later
 +
  restored.
 +
 +
  If you a USA system compressed files with "Stacker,"
 +
  "SuperStor", "Doublespace," ... possibly (?) "Chsize" will not
 +
  work. Not tested "chsize" in these cases (even if we know
 +
  PARTITION MAGIC the support).
 +
 +
  After defragmentation, insert the CDROM or floppy disk of the BOOT
 +
  TROPIX and push the system (as in chapter 8), entering the
 +
  multiuser mode.
 +
 +
  Remove the boot floppy (if you are installing from
 +
  floppy disk) and insert a floppy disk (for example MS-DOS/Windows) and
 +
 +
 +
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 +
 +
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 +
 +
 +
  mount it by
 +
 +
      mount / dev/fd0 / fd0
 +
 +
  This disk is intended to store the original superbloco
 +
  MS-DOS/Windows file system in case of any
 +
  problems.
 +
 +
  Then press
 +
 +
      cd / fd0
 +
      dosmp / dev/hda1
 +
 +
  where "/ dev/hda1" should be replaced by the corresponding partition
 +
  MS-DOS/Windows the file system in question (in general will be
 +
  the "/ dev/hda1" which is the drive "C").
 +
 +
  Typing
 +
 +
      chsize
 +
 +
  get (eg):
 +
 +
      Size of the existing DOS partition = 511.84 MB
 +
      Current size of the file system DOS = 511.84 MB
 +
      Space available at the end = 427.26 MB
 +
 +
  Make sure the free space available is sufficient for the new
 +
  desired partition. In our example, we have enough space for the
 +
  typical case of 128 MB (427.26> 128). Remember of course
 +
  leave some room for future (new) files DOS.
 +
 +
  To free up 128 MB (which will be used for the new partition to be
 +
  created for the TROPIX), we hit
 +
 +
      rw
 +
      chsize-s 128
 +
 +
  and get (for example):
 +
 +
      Size of the existing DOS partition = 511.84 MB
 +
      Current size of the file system DOS = 511.84 MB
 +
      Space available at the end = 427.26 MB
 +
 +
      The new DOS partition size = 382.03 MB
 +
                                                  (782401 blocks)
 +
      Size of new file system DOS = 382.03 MB
 +
      Size of the new partition (to be created) = 129.81 MB
 +
                                                  (265856 blocks)
 +
 +
      Continue? (n):
 +
 +
  Note that the values are not exactly the requests due to
 +
  rounding to whole cylinders.
 +
 +
  If we agree with the values given, we hit "s" and note
 +
  the values given: the new DOS partition size = 382.03 MB, 782,401
 +
  blocks and size of new partition (to be created) = 129.81 MB,
 +
  265856 blocks.
 +
 +
  The command "dosmp" superbloco saves the original system
 +
  DOS files in the file "dos_sb" the current directory (if in
 +
  mounted disk) to the case of any problems.
 +
 +
 +
 +
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 +
 +
 +
 +
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 +
 +
 +
  Then we do "dosmp" (with "q") and TROPIX (with "reboot").
 +
 +
  MS-DOS/Windows again between the system and make sure he
 +
  still functioning properly. Check the integrity of
 +
  file system (usually "C:") and if all your files
 +
  remain accessible.
 +
 +
  If there is a problem with the system MS-DOS/Windows, restore the
 +
  original file system, reload the TROPIX and running
 +
  commands
 +
 +
      mount / dev/fd0 / fd0
 +
      cd / fd0
 +
      dos_sb dd if = of = / dev/hda1
 +
 +
  with the disk on which was stored in the original superbloco
 +
  DOS system. In this case, notify us (using the address
 +
  e of Chapter 1) the failure of "chsize.
 +
 +
  Once established that the system is working MS-DOS/Windows
 +
  correctly, use the "fdisk" the TROPIX (as
 +
  Chapter 13) to change the partition table.
 +
 +
  Initially, change the size of the DOS partition (using
 +
  command "m"). The new size (value in blocks) should be
 +
  exactly the size noted above (in this case, 382.03 MB, 782,401
 +
  blocks).
 +
 +
  Finally, create a partition in space TROPIX released as
 +
  example in Chapter 13 (in this case, 129.81 MB, 265856 blocks).
 +
 +
  Ready! It is time to install the new partition TROPIX,
 +
  as Chapter 15.
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
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 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
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 +
 +
 +
 +
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 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
      * *
 +
      * Chapter 15 *
 +
      * *
 +
      * INSTALLATION TROPIX on partitions OWN *
 +
      * *
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
 +
 +
 +
  This is the best way, it offers the best performance and
 +
  allows the installation of "boot0," a manager "boot". This
 +
  manager allows the choice of operating system to load (from
 +
  TROPIX way that can be loaded without the use of CDROM or
 +
  diskette). He has been tested with Linux, FreeBSD and
 +
  DOS/WinXP/Win2000/WinNT/Win98/Win95/Win3.x.
 +
 +
  If you're reading this chapter, we assume that you already have space in
 +
  TROPIX disk partitions and have to learn how to use the editor,
 +
  partitions "fdisk".
 +
 +
  The idea is to create two or more partitions for TROPIX. The
 +
  minimum is to create a root partition. We recommend, however,
 +
  create at least one more, HOME, to contain the files
 +
  private users.
 +
 +
  If you have 128 MB available, we suggest 64 MB and 64 MB for ROOT
 +
  for HOME, these sizes will be sufficient even for
 +
  X-Window graphical interface. If you have more space available, you can
 +
  increase the sizes of partitions, or to create partitions
 +
  additional.
 +
 +
  The steps of the installation are:
 +
 +
    1. Create partitions for TROPIX by the editor of
 +
        partitions "fdisk" (see chapter 13). DO NOT forget to
 +
        "enable" the root partition. It is not necessary that the partition
 +
        ROOT (which will be given the "boot") is the first disc.
 +
 +
        We suggest creating an extended partition type to TROPIX
 +
        contain the various partitions needed / desired, that the
 +
        But it is not necessary: it is more convenient for your
 +
        case, the partitions TROPIX may also be of the "regular"
 +
        ( "primary"), or logical partitions within a
 +
        DOS extended partition type. If you have more than one
 +
        disk, it is interesting to distribute the various partitions by
 +
        disks.
 +
 +
    2. Enter the BOOT ROM or floppy disk and load the TROPIX
 +
        system (as in chapter 8). Log in multiuser mode.
 +
 +
    3. Go to the directory "/ usr / etc / install" (use the command "cd
 +
        / usr / etc / install "). Start the installation via the command
 +
        "install". This step creates file systems in TROPIX
 +
        selected partition and copies the files of the fundamental
 +
        TROPIX to the hard disk. Follow the instructions.
 +
 +
        If you want to keep an older version of system
 +
        HOME files, answer yes to question "Would
 +
 +
 +
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 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 36
 +
 +
 +
        keep the old version of HOME ", and for a copy of
 +
        files does not permit the rewriting of the files. "profile."
 +
 +
  Congratulations! The TROPIX is already installed and operational on your disk
 +
  rigid.
 +
 +
  If you installed the manager, "boot" to run
 +
  TROPIX, recharge the system with the CDROM or floppy inserted BOOT,
 +
  and "prompt"
 +
 +
      boot>
 +
 +
  <enter> hit. If the system is recharged without CDROM or
 +
  will load the disk operating system "normal" (eg
 +
  Windows 95/98).
 +
 +
  If you install the manager, after the recharge of the system
 +
  manager prints a list of partition "active" of its
 +
  several disks, and hopes you hit the index of the partition
 +
  desired. The partition "default" can be modified through
 +
  command "edboot.
 +
 +
  To exit the system TROPIX, use "shutdown".
 +
 +
  If the manager of "boot" does not work, reload the TROPIX
 +
  via CDROM or floppy BOOT (enter in multiuser mode) and
 +
  restore the original manager, running the command-type
 +
 +
              cat / etc / boot / mbr> / dev / hda
 +
 +
  and notify us (via e-mail address in Chapter 1) to
 +
  failure of "boot0.
 +
 +
  To facilitate the future installation of a new version of TROPIX,
 +
  recommend placing your files only on your private
 +
  the "home" (the file name starting with "/ home /...").
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 37
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
      * *
 +
      * Chapter 16 *
 +
      * *
 +
      * SET OF USB DRIVERS *
 +
      * *
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
 +
 +
 +
  O TROPIX (na versão atual) suporta controladores  USB  dos  padrões 
 +
  UHCI, OHCI e EHCI. 
 +
 +
  Há previsão de até 8 controladores ("usb0" a "usb7"); o sistema vem 
 +
  configurado  com  os controladores "usb0" a "usb3" habilitados e os 
 +
  demais desabilitados. 
 +
 +
  Isto pode ser alterado (somente  para  esta  execução  do  sistema) 
 +
  através  da  modificação  de parâmetros durante a carga do sistema; 
 +
  responda afirmativamente à pergunta 
 +
 +
          Deseja modificar parâmetros? (n): 
 +
 +
  tal como mencionado no capítulo 8, e altere os valores de "usb0"  a 
 +
  "usb7" para 0 ou 1. 
 +
 +
  Para  a  habilitação/desabilitação  dos  controladores  (de  modo 
 +
  permamente) use o comando "edscb" (Use "man scb" e "man edscb"). 
 +
 +
  Para  verificar  se  o  controlador  USB  está  sendo  reconhecido 
 +
  corretamente, acompanhe as mensagens durante a carga do sistema (ou 
 +
  então use o comando "dmesg" posteriormente). 
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
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 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
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 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 38
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
      * *
 +
      *                      Capítulo 17                      * 
 +
      * *
 +
      *                      E AGORA ...?                    * 
 +
      * *
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
 +
 +
 +
  Uma vez com o sistema implantado e em funcionamento, temos todos os 
 +
  manuais do TROPIX (em português) à disposição através do utilitário 
 +
  "man".  Além disto, todos os comandos fornecem um pequeno resumo de 
 +
  sua utilização através da opção "-H" (por exemplo "passwd -H"). 
 +
 +
  Para consultar o manual do utilitário "passwd" (por exemplo), tecle 
 +
  "man passwd". Para  avançar/retroceder  pelas  várias  páginas  dos 
 +
  manuais,  temos os comandos <^D>, <^U>. Para encerrar a execução de 
 +
  "man", use "q". Experimente "man man". 
 +
 +
  Recomendamos inicialmente a modificação da senha da conta "root"  e 
 +
  a  criação  de contas regulares (isto é, NÃO superusuários). Para a 
 +
  modificação  de  senhas,  utilize  o  comando  "passwd";  para  a 
 +
  criação/gerência de contas, use o comando "edusr". 
 +
 +
  Também  uma  tarefa  importante  é  a  atualização  do  arquivo 
 +
  "/etc/fstab", que contém informações dos  sistemas  de  arquivos  a 
 +
  montar.  Leia  o  manual  de  "fstab"  (fmt),  "getmntent" (libc) e 
 +
  "mount" (cmd). Em particular, se você não tiver  a  partição  HOME, 
 +
  remova a linha correspondente de "/etc/fstab". 
 +
 +
  De  vez  em  quando  (digamos,  uma  vez por semana) é interessante 
 +
  verificar a integridade dos sistemas de arquivos. Para tanto,  após 
 +
  a carga do sistema (ainda em modo "monousuário"), utilize o comando 
 +
  "fsck".  Repare  que  o  arquivo  "/etc/fstab"  também  controla os 
 +
  sistemas de  arquivos  examinados  por  "fsck"  (convém  colocar  o 
 +
  "/dev/root"  como o último da lista). Para obter uma lista de todas 
 +
  as partições presentes nos diversos discos do seu  computador,  use 
 +
  "prdisktb". 
 +
 +
  Através  do  comando "edscb" você pode alterar o nome do computador 
 +
  ("nodename") e acertar as portas/IRQs dos seus dispositivos (portas 
 +
  seriais, paralelas, "ethernet", ...). Use "man scb" e "man edscb". 
 +
 +
  O TROPIX é distribuído com o DMA dos controladores IDE  desligados, 
 +
  pois  com  certos controladores podem surgir problemas. Experimente 
 +
  ligá-lo através de "dmaenable=1",  inicialmente  durante  o  "boot" 
 +
  para  testar,  e  se  funcionar adequadamente, no arquivo "/tropix" 
 +
  através  do  utilitário  "edscb".  Com  isto,  você  aumentará  a 
 +
  performance dos seus discos rígidos IDE. 
 +
 +
  Leia  o  capítulo 26, onde é dada uma lista dos principais comandos 
 +
  do TROPIX. 
 +
 +
  Aprenda a usar  o  "histórico"  do  "sh".  Ele  permite  reexecutar 
 +
  comandos,  inclusive com modificações (cada linha do histórico pode 
 +
  ser  editada  com  os  mesmos  comandos  do  "vi",  antes  de  ser 
 +
  reexecutada). 
 +
 +
 +
 +
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 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 39
 +
 +
 +
  Esta  versão  do  TROPIX já possui o utilitário "sbwave" para tocar 
 +
  músicas PCM através de placas "Sound Blaster" ISA, veja o manual. 
 +
 +
  Durante a instalação, a INTERNET já é configurada para funcionar no 
 +
  modo interno  ("loopback"),  o  que  é  necessário  pela  Interface 
 +
  Gráfica  X-Window. Para configurar a INTERNET para o uso com outros 
 +
  dispositivos, use "man internet". 
 +
 +
  Para a montagem de sistemas de arquivos remotos através do  Sistema 
 +
  de Arquivos NFS (Network File System), use "man nfs". 
 +
 +
  Leia  o capítulo 18: ele menciona características não convencionais 
 +
  do TROPIX, as quais incluímos no sistema por considerá-las úteis. 
 +
 +
  Para instalar a Interface Gráfica X-Window, consulte  os  capítulos 
 +
  19 a 22. 
 +
 +
  Para obter/compilar o código fonte do TROPIX, consulte os capítulos 
 +
  23 e 24. 
 +
 +
  Naturalmente, este capítulo dá apenas o resumo de uma direção geral 
 +
  a tomar. O ideal é consultar um livro de introdução ao UNIX. 
 +
 +
  Esperamos  que  o  TROPIX  lhe  seja  útil, tanto no aprendizado de 
 +
  sistemas de filosofia UNIX, como na utilização de mais  um  sistema 
 +
  operacional.  Em  caso  de  dúvidas  ou relatos de erros, utilize o 
 +
  endereço eletrônico do capítulo 1. 
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 40
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
      * *
 +
      *                      Capítulo 18                      * 
 +
      * *
 +
      *  CARACTERÍSTICAS E UTILITÁRIOS ORIGINAIS DO TROPIX    * 
 +
      * *
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
 +
 +
 +
  Embora o TROPIX seja um  sistema  de  filosofia  UNIX,  há  algumas 
 +
  características  originais  que  não  são  encontradas  em  outros 
 +
  sistemas  deste  tipo.  A  seguir  são  dadas  algumas  destas 
 +
  originalidades: 
 +
 +
    1. Na  maioria  dos sistemas UNIX, quando listamos um arquivo de
 +
        várias páginas no vídeo, ele "rola" fora da  tela  antes  que 
 +
        possamos le-lo. Temos então de usar o comando "more" na forma 
 +
 +
                  cat texto.txt | more 
 +
 +
        ou então, 
 +
 +
                  more texto.txt 
 +
 +
        Isto  é  o  caso,  também,  se  usamos  o comando "ls -l" com 
 +
        diretórios contendo muitos arquivos. 
 +
 +
        No TROPIX, isto não é necessário; a saída do vídeo é  pausada 
 +
        quando  ela  completa  o  número  de  linhas  visíveis. To
 +
        continuar a saída no vídeo, basta teclar <^Q>. 
 +
 +
        Isto pode ser alterado através  do  comando  "stty"  (veja  o 
 +
        respectivo manual). 
 +
 +
    2. O  utilitário  "show": permite visualizar um arquivo de texto
 +
        de forma conveniente  no  vídeo,  podendo  avançar/retroceder 
 +
        sobre o texto com comandos semelhantes ao do editor de textos 
 +
        "vi".  É  especialmente  útil  para  examinar  a  saída de um 
 +
        programa, usando um "pipe" (veja o manual). 
 +
 +
    3. O comando "gar": este utilitário é  uma  extensão  do  "tar",
 +
        padrão do mundo UNIX. O "gar", além de criar/extrair coleções 
 +
        do  formato  "tar",  extrair  coleções do formato "cpio", ele 
 +
        cria/extrai/compara/adiciona  coleções  do  formato  próprio 
 +
        ("gar")  com/sem  compactação.  Você certamente já utilizou o 
 +
        "gar" ao instalar o TROPIX (veja o manual). 
 +
 +
    4. Os      utilitários        "cmptree/cptree";        permitem
 +
        copiar/comparar/atualizar  árvores  do  sistema  de  arquivos 
 +
        locais ao próprio computadores (veja o manual). 
 +
 +
    5. A    família    de    utilitários    "tcmpto":    permite
 +
        copiar/comparar/atualizar  árvores  do  sistema  de  arquivos 
 +
        de/entre o computador local e um computador  remoto,  através 
 +
        de protocolo próprio TCP/IP (veja o manual). 
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 41
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
      * *
 +
      *                      Capítulo 19                      * 
 +
      * *
 +
      *      INTRODUÇÃO À INTERFACE GRÁFICA X-WINDOW        * 
 +
      * *
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
 +
 +
 +
  O sistema X-Window para o TROPIX é uma interface gráfica baseada na 
 +
  versão 4.7.0 distribuída pelo Consórcio XFree86. 
 +
 +
  A  presente  versão  inclui servidores específicos para algumas das 
 +
  placas gráficas  mais  usuais.  Além  disto,  são  distribuídos  os 
 +
  clientes indispensáveis para o funcionamento mínimo do sistema. 
 +
 +
  Apesar  de  os  monitores  modernos possuírem circuitos de proteção 
 +
  contra o uso com freqüências horizontal  e/ou  vertical  indevidas, 
 +
  sempre  existe  teoricamente  a  possibilidade  de  danificar o seu 
 +
  monitor. 
 +
 +
  NÓS NÃO NOS RESPONSABILIZAMOS POR  ESTES  POSSÍVEIS  DANOS  AO  SEU 
 +
  MONITOR.  VOCÊ  ESTÁ  INSTALANDO/UTILIZANDO  A INTERFACE GRÁFICA DO 
 +
  TROPIX SOB SUA PRÓPRIA RESPONSABILIDADE E RISCO! 
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 42
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
      * *
 +
      *                      Capítulo 20                      * 
 +
      * *
 +
      *      CRIAÇÃO E INSTALAÇÃO DOS DISQUETES/ARQUIVOS    * 
 +
      *                DA INTERFACE GRÁFICA                  * 
 +
      * *
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
 +
 +
 +
  Este capítulo contém informações apenas para a  instalação  através 
 +
  de  disquetes.  Se  você  está instalando através de um CDROM, pode 
 +
  pulá-lo. 
 +
 +
 +
 +
  A distribuição da Interface Gráfica X-Window  é  feita  através  da 
 +
  coleção    "xwin.tgz":    obtenha-a    na    página    do    TROPIX 
 +
  ("http://tropix.nce.ufrj.br"). 
 +
 +
  Uma vez tendo obtida esta  coleção,  é  necessário  preparar  os  2 
 +
  arquivos  ou  criar  os 2 disquetes de 3½". Ela contém os seguintes 
 +
  arquivos: 
 +
 +
                  fdimage.exe
 +
                  xwin1.dsk 
 +
                  xwin2.dsk 
 +
 +
  O arquivo "fdimage.exe" é um utilitário de cópia  para  os  Windows 
 +
  (você provavelmente já o tem, obtido durante a instalação do TROPIX 
 +
  básico), e os arquivos restantes são os conteúdos dos 2 disquetes. 
 +
 +
  Assim  como  no  caso do TROPIX básico, se você possui uma partição 
 +
  DOS/Windows FAT16/32 ou NTFS  em  seu  computador,  a  criação  dos 
 +
  disquetes  XWIN1  e  XWIN2  pode  ser dispensada. Siga o roteiro do 
 +
  capítulo 9 (substituindo "gar1" por "xwin1" e "xwin2"). 
 +
 +
  Uma vez com os disquetes ou arquivos preparados, entre  no  sistema 
 +
  TROPIX (como superusuário), vá para o diretório "/usr/etc/install", 
 +
  e execute o comando 
 +
 +
                  install.xwin 
 +
 +
  e siga as suas instruções. O sistema necessita de cerca de 10 MB no 
 +
  disco. 
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 43
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
      * *
 +
      *                      Capítulo 21                      * 
 +
      * *
 +
      *            CONFIGURAÇÃO DA INTERFACE GRÁFICA          * 
 +
      * *
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
 +
 +
 +
  Uma  vez instalados todos os arquivos da Interface Gráfica X-Window 
 +
  (se você está instalando através do CDROM isto é automático, para o 
 +
  caso de disquetes veja o capítulo anterior), vamos dar a  seguir  o 
 +
  método  passo a passo para a configuração do sistema. Isto deve ser 
 +
  feito como superusuário. 
 +
 +
    1. Configuração da "internet": Ela deverá está ativa, pelo menos
 +
        para  acessos  internos  ("loopback");  isto  normalmente,  a 
 +
        instalação  do TROPIX já realiza. Para maiores detalhes, veja 
 +
        o manual "internet" (através do comando "man"). 
 +
 +
    2. Especificação do "mouse": O sistema vem  configurado  para  o
 +
        "mouse" PS/2. 
 +
 +
        Para    outros    tipos    de    "mouse,    o    arquivo 
 +
        "/usr/xwin/conf/xconfig" deverá ser editado. Se o seu "mouse" 
 +
        for serial (COM1, COM2) ou USB, mova os dois  caracteres  "#" 
 +
        das  linhas  do  seu  tipo  de "mouse" para as duas linhas do 
 +
        "mouse" PS/2. 
 +
 +
        Use o utilitário "dmesg" para verificar se, durante  a  carga 
 +
        do sistema, o seu "mouse" está sendo reconhecido. 
 +
 +
    3. Execução  do  servidor  no  modo  de  16  cores  (4  bits).
 +
        Inicialmente      o      arquivo      de      configuração 
 +
        "/usr/xwin/conf/xconfig"  está  preparado  para  executar  o 
 +
        servidor no modo  gráfico  do  padrão  VGA,  de  16  cores  e 
 +
        resolução  de 640x480 e 800x600. Este modo deve funcionar com 
 +
        qualquer placa gráfica, e será sua (única) opção caso  a  sua 
 +
        placa não tenha sucesso nas tentativas abaixo. 
 +
 +
        Para tanto, basta teclar o comando "startx" (sem ter alterado 
 +
        o  arquivo  de  configuração). O sistema iniciará com o fundo 
 +
        padrão do TROPIX, duas  janelas  "xterm",  um  relógio  e  um 
 +
        selecionador  de  "desktops".  Em  cada  janela  "xterm"  é 
 +
        executado o interpretador de comandos padrão "sh". 
 +
 +
        Para voltar ao modo texto, a maneira mais  simples  é  teclar 
 +
        simultaneamente <ctl-alt-bs>. 
 +
 +
        Este  é  o  modo  mais  básico  de  funcionamento  do sistema 
 +
        X-Window;  se  ele  não  funcionar  envie-nos  os  arquivos 
 +
        "/var/log/xwin/xserver.log"  e  "/var/log/xwin/xclients.log" 
 +
        para o endereço eletrônico do capítulo 1. 
 +
 +
    4. Determinação da placa gráfica: Uma vez funcionando no modo de
 +
        16 cores, podemos verificar  se  existe  a  possibilidade  de 
 +
        utilizar  um  servidor  específico  para a sua placa gráfica. 
 +
        Isto proporcionará a possibilidade de usar uma gama maior  de 
 +
 +
 +
  Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 44
 +
 +
 +
        cores,  e  outras  resoluções  (800x600, 1024x768, 1280x1024, 
 +
        ...). 
 +
 +
        Dependendo da sua placa gráfica, podemos editar o arquivo  de 
 +
        configuração  "/usr/xwin/conf/xconfig". Se for uma placa ATI, 
 +
        coloque em comentário as linhas: 
 +
 +
                  Driver          "svga" 
 +
                  Device          "Generic VGA" 
 +
 +
        colocando um "#" no início da linha, e tire o comentário  das 
 +
        linhas: 
 +
 +
                  Driver          "accel" 
 +
                  Device          "ati" 
 +
 +
        Além  disto,  altere  o  número  de bits por cor comentando a 
 +
        linha: 
 +
 +
                  DefaultColorDepth      4 
 +
 +
        e tirando o "#" de uma das linhas (experimente): 
 +
 +
                  DefaultColorDepth      8 
 +
                  DefaultColorDepth      16 
 +
                  DefaultColorDepth      24 
 +
 +
        Para cada tentativa, entre no modo gráfico teclando "startx", 
 +
        e  para  voltar  ao  modo  de  texto,  tecle  simultaneamente 
 +
        <ctl-alt-bs>.  Obtenha  infomações  de  sucesso/insucesso  no 
 +
        arquivo "/var/log/xwin/xserver.log". 
 +
 +
        As instruções são semelhantes, se a sua placa for uma  NVIDIA 
 +
        ou TRIDENT, usando-se 
 +
 +
                  Device          "nv" 
 +
        ou 
 +
                  Device          "trident" 
 +
 +
    5. Se  a  sua  placa  gráfica  não  for  uma  das  acima,  ou as
 +
        tentativas acima não tiveram sucesso, você poderá apenas  (na 
 +
        presente versão) usar o modo de 16 cores (4 bits). 
 +
 +
    6. Para  alterar  de resolução, tecle <ctl-alt-+> ou <ctl-alt--> 
 +
        ("+" e "-" do teclado numérico). 
 +
 +
 +
  Uma vez funcionando, você poderá tentar alterar o número de cores e 
 +
  o tamanho do seu "desktop". Em caso de não conseguir, envie-nos  os 
 +
  dois arquivos do diretório "/var/log/xwin", conforme acima. 
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 45
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
      * *
 +
      *                      Capítulo 22                      * 
 +
      * *
 +
      *          UTILIZAÇÃO BÁSICA DA INTERFACE GRÁFICA      * 
 +
      * *
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
 +
 +
 +
  Uma  vez com o sistema em funcionamento, teremos (com já foi citado 
 +
  acima), duas janelas "xterm",  um  relógio  e  um  selecionador  de 
 +
  "desktops". 
 +
 +
  A  pequena janela "xterm" superior é a da "console", e não deve ser 
 +
  usada normalmente, pois nela serão escritas as mensagens de erro do 
 +
  sistema operacional. 
 +
 +
  Para movimentar uma janela, clique e arraste o botão da esquerda do 
 +
  "mouse" na moldura da janela. 
 +
 +
  Para alterar o tamanho de uma janela, clique e arraste o  botão  da 
 +
  esquerda  do  "mouse"  em  um  dos 4 cantos da janela (nem todas as 
 +
  janelas admitem isto). 
 +
 +
  Para promover uma janela (isto é, colocá-la na frente das  demais), 
 +
  clique  o  botão  da esquerda na moldura da janela. Para rebaixá-la 
 +
  (isto é, colocá-la atrás das demais), clique o botão da direita  na 
 +
  moldura  da  janela.  Se  você  tiver  um "mouse" de 3 botões, pode 
 +
  também promover uma janela com o botão do meio. 
 +
 +
  O botão da esquerda, clicado fora de qualquer janela, apresenta  um 
 +
  "menu"  de  utilitários,  além  da  opção para sair do modo gráfico 
 +
  (retornando ao modo de texto). O botão da direita, clicado fora  de 
 +
  qualquer janela, apresenta uma lista das janelas ativas. 
 +
 +
  Tudo  o  que  foi  descrito  até  agora  refere-se  ao "desktop" 0. 
 +
  Clicando em um outro selecionador de "desktop" (no  canto  inferior 
 +
  direito),  você  terá um novo espaço independente para a criação de 
 +
  janelas. Você dispõe (na presente configuração), de 6 "desktops". 
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 46
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
      * *
 +
      *                      Capítulo 23                      * 
 +
      * *
 +
      *  OBTENÇÃO E INSTALAÇÃO DO CÓDIGO FONTE DO TROPIX    * 
 +
      * *
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
 +
 +
 +
  O código fonte do TROPIX  é  distribuído  através  dos  3  arquivos 
 +
  "kernel.tgz"  (o  núcleo  do sistema), "lib.tgz" (as bibliotecas) e 
 +
  "cmd.tgz" (os utilitários). Tratam-se de coleções  TAR  comprimidas 
 +
  através do utilitário "gzip". 
 +
 +
  Uma vez obtida uma coleção "*.tgz" através de um navegador, devemos 
 +
  descomprimi-la. Isto pode ser feito de diversos modos: 
 +
 +
    1. Se você armazenou a coleção "*.tgz" em um sistema de arquivos
 +
        DOS/Windows  FAT16/32,  e  está  com o TROPIX instalado, pode 
 +
        acessá-la diretamente através do TROPIX, montando a  partição 
 +
        com um comando da forma 
 +
 +
            mount /dev/hda1 /mnt 
 +
 +
        Em seguida, descomprima-a com: 
 +
 +
            cd /mnt/...                  (Diretório do TROPIX) 
 +
            gunzip *.tgz                (Nome da coleção) 
 +
            gar -ixv <*.tar              (Nome da coleção TAR obtida) 
 +
            rm *.tar                    (Remove a coleção TAR) 
 +
 +
    2. Se a sua partição DOS/Windows for NTFS (como ela é somente de
 +
        leitura),  o  procedimento  acima  deverá ser efetuado após a 
 +
        cópia do arquivo "*.tgz" para uma partição TROPIX. 
 +
 +
    3. Se  você  está  usando  um  sistema  UNIX,  deverá  usar  os
 +
        utilitários  "gunzip"  e  "tar". Verifique os detalhes no seu 
 +
        sistema UNIX. 
 +
 +
    4. Se você está apenas com Windows, pode descomprimir a  coleção
 +
        com o utilitário "Winzip" e ler cada um dos programas através 
 +
        dos utilitários "Notepad", "Wordpad" ou "Word", entre outros. 
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 47
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
      * *
 +
      *                      Capítulo 24                      * 
 +
      * *
 +
      *          COMPILAÇÃO DO NÚCLEO, BIBLIOTECAS          * 
 +
      *                E UTILITÁRIOS DO TROPIX                * 
 +
      * *
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
 +
 +
 +
  Abaixo  damos  orientações para compilar os diversos componentes da 
 +
  distribuição do código fonte do TROPIX: 
 +
 +
 +
    1. NÚCLEO DO SISTEMA: Uma vez com a árvore do  núcleo  instalada
 +
        no  TROPIX,  você  poderá  compilar os diversos módulos que a 
 +
        integram:  "boot/boot0",  "boot/boot1",  "boot/boot2"    e 
 +
        "kernel". 
 +
 +
        Em  cada  um  dos diretórios há o "Makefile" para controlar a 
 +
        respectiva compilação. 
 +
 +
        Repare que no diretório "kernel" há o arquivo "scbfile.v" que 
 +
        contém parâmetros para configurar o seu núcleo em  particular 
 +
        (veja "edscb" (cmd)). 
 +
 +
    2. BIBLIOTECAS:  Na  raiz  da  árvore  há  um  "Makefile" para a
 +
        compilação de todas as 4 bibliotecas. Se for  desejado,  pode 
 +
        ser  compilada  cada  uma  delas  separadamente  (indo para o 
 +
        diretório correspondente). 
 +
 +
    3. UTILITÁRIOS: Na raiz  da  árvore  há  um  "Makefile"  para  a
 +
        compilação de todos os utilitários. Se for desejado, pode ser 
 +
        compilado  cada um deles separadamente (indo para o diretório 
 +
        correspondente). 
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 48
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
      * *
 +
      *                      Capítulo 25                      * 
 +
      * *
 +
      *              O USO DO EDITOR DE TEXTOS "VI"          * 
 +
      * *
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
 +
 +
 +
  O utilitário "vi" é  o  editor  de  textos  "padrão"  dos  sistemas 
 +
  operacionais  de  filosofia  UNIX.  Neste  capítulo  será  dada uma 
 +
  pequena introdução ao seu uso, suficiente para realizar  alterações 
 +
  nos arquivos de configuração (que eventualmente sejam necessárias), 
 +
  durante a instalação do TROPIX. 
 +
 +
  Maiores  detalhes  poderão ser vistos (posteriormente com o sistema 
 +
  em funcionamento regular), atráves de "man vi"  ou  ainda  "man  -g 
 +
  vi". 
 +
 +
  Para  editar  um arquivo (por exemplo, de nome "abc"), teclamos "vi 
 +
  abc", e o "vi" inicia o  seu  funcionamento  mostrando  a  primeira 
 +
  página  do  arquivo  "abc",  com  o cursor no primeiro caractere da 
 +
  primeira linha. 
 +
 +
  Podemos então utilizar os seguintes comandos (repare que  o  cursor 
 +
  indica onde o comando será executado): 
 +
 +
      <sp>      Avança (o cursor de) um caractere na linha. 
 +
      <bs>      Retrocede um caractere na linha. 
 +
      "-"        Retrocede uma linha no arquivo. 
 +
      <enter>    Avança uma linha no arquivo. 
 +
      <^D>      Avança meia página no arquivo. 
 +
      <^U>      Retrocede meia página no arquivo. 
 +
      "1g"      Retrocede para o início do arquivo. 
 +
      "g"        Avança para o final do arquivo. 
 +
 +
      "i"        Insere texto antes do cursor (até um <esc>). 
 +
      "a"        Insere texto após o cursor (até um <esc>). 
 +
      "o"        Cria novas linhas e insere texto (até um <esc>). 
 +
      "x"        Remove o caractere indicado pelo cursor. 
 +
      "dd"      Remove uma linha. 
 +
      "yyp"      Copia uma linha. 
 +
 +
      "/..."    Procura a cadeia "..." 
 +
      "n"        Procura a ocorrência seguinte da cadeia. 
 +
      "N"        Procura a ocorrência anterior da cadeia. 
 +
 +
      "."        Repete o último comando de edição. 
 +
      "u"        Desfaz o último comando de edição. 
 +
 +
      ":w"      Atualiza o arquivo. 
 +
      ":q"      Sai do "vi" (somente se o arquivo está atualizado). 
 +
      ":q!"      Sai do "vi", sem atualizar o arquivo. 
 +
 +
  Repare  que  o  arquivo  sendo  editado  ("abc"  no  caso)  só será 
 +
  atualizado  quando  for  dado  o  comando  ":w".  Se  foi  feita 
 +
  acidentalmente  alguma modificação indesejada, podemos sair do "vi" 
 +
  com o comando ":q!", conservando o arquivo em sua forma original. 
 +
 +
 +
  Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 49
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
      * *
 +
      *                      Capítulo 26                      * 
 +
      * *
 +
      *    UMA LISTA DOS PRINCIPAIS COMANDOS DOS TROPIX      * 
 +
      * *
 +
      ************************************************** *******
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  Para a sua  comodidade,  damos  abaixo  uma  lista  alfabética  dos 
 +
  principais  comandos  do TROPIX, juntamente com uma breve descrição 
 +
  de cada um. Para obter mais informações sobre um comando  "x"  (por 
 +
  exemplo), use "man x". 
 +
 +
      a2ps      - conversor de arquivos texto em PostScript 
 +
      as        - montador para INTEL-80386/486/PENTIUM 
 +
      bison    - gerador de analisadores sintáticos do GNU 
 +
      c        - escreve as linhas de um arquivo em várias colunas 
 +
      cat      - concatena e copia arquivos 
 +
      cc        - compilador para a linguagem "C" 
 +
      cdplay    - reproduz faixas de CDs 
 +
      cdtowave  - extrai faixas de CDs 
 +
      chgrp    - troca a identificação do grupo de arquivos 
 +
      chmod    - modifica a permissão de acesso de arquivos 
 +
      chown    - troca a identificação do dono (UID) de arquivos 
 +
      clear    - limpa a tela do terminal 
 +
      clr      - limpa a tela do terminal 
 +
      cls      - limpa a tela do terminal 
 +
      cmp      - compara pares de arquivos 
 +
      cmpobj    - compara pares de módulos objeto 
 +
      cmptree  - compara árvores 
 +
      comm      - seleciona ou rejeita linhas comuns a dois arquivos 
 +
                  ordenados 
 +
      coremap  - imprime um mapa de alocação da memória 
 +
      cp        - copia arquivos 
 +
      cpfs      - copia sistemas de arquivos 
 +
      cptree    - copia uma árvore 
 +
      crypt    - codifica/decodifica arquivos 
 +
      data      - mostra/atualiza a data/hora corrente do sistema 
 +
      dc        - calculador de mesa com aritmética inteira 
 +
      dd        - copia e converte arquivos 
 +
      df        - informa sobre o espaço disponível de sistemas de 
 +
                  arquivos 
 +
      diff      - comparador diferencial de arquivos 
 +
      dmesg    - imprime as mensagens iniciais de carga do núcleo 
 +
      dosmp    - monta/processa um sistema de arquivos no formato 
 +
                  MS-DOS/Windows 
 +
      du        - informa sobre o uso de disco 
 +
      echo      - ecoa os arqumentos 
 +
      ed        - editor de textos orientado por linhas 
 +
      edboot    - gerencia "boot0" e "boot2" 
 +
      editscb  - edita/imprime o bloco de controle da INTERNET 
 +
      edobj    - editor de módulos objeto 
 +
      edscb    - imprime/edita o bloco de controle do núcleo do 
 +
                  TROPIX 
 +
      edusr    - gerencia as contas/senhas 
 +
      eject    - ejeta o meio removível de um dispositivo 
 +
 +
 +
  Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 50
 +
 +
 +
      ex        - editor visual de textos 
 +
      exportfs  - lista/atualiza a tabela "exports" do NFS 
 +
      fdc      - calculador de mesa com aritmética flutuante 
 +
      fdisk    - imprime e/ou modifica a tabela de partições 
 +
                  de um disco 
 +
      fdformat  - formata disquetes 
 +
      file      - tenta identificar o conteúdo de um arquivo 
 +
      finger    - obtém informações sobre usuários remotos 
 +
      fsck      - verifica a consistência de sistemas de arquivos 
 +
      fsdefrag  - melhora a alocação dos blocos de um sistema de 
 +
                  arquivos 
 +
      fsname    - consulta/atualiza nomes/volumes de sistemas de 
 +
                  arquivos 
 +
      ftp      - programa de cópia remota de arquivos da INTERNET 
 +
      gar      - utilitário para a criação/atualização de coleções 
 +
                  de arquivos 
 +
      grep      - busca de padrões em arquivos 
 +
      gunzip    - comprime ou expande arquivos 
 +
      gzip      - comprime ou expande arquivos 
 +
      help      - imprime resumos de utilização de comandos 
 +
      hpprint  - impressor para HP DeskJet (PCL) 
 +
      ifdef    - realiza préprocessamentos parciais 
 +
      includes  - descobre arquivos incluídos 
 +
      kill      - envia sinais a processos 
 +
      lasttime  - lista os nomes de arquivos modificados recentemente 
 +
      lc        - lista o conteúdo de diretórios 
 +
      ld        - link-editor de módulos objeto 
 +
      ldshlib  - carrega/descarrega uma biblioteca compartilhada 
 +
      linkoptim - substitui arquivos duplicados por elos físicos 
 +
      ln        - cria elos físicos ou simbólicos para arquivos 
 +
      ls        - lista características de arquivos e conteúdos de 
 +
                  diretórios 
 +
      mail      - recebe ou envia cartas do correio eletrônico 
 +
      make      - gerenciador de manutenção de programas 
 +
      man      - mostra um manual na tela do terminal/vídeo/janela 
 +
      mkdev    - cria/atualiza os dispositivos de "/dev" 
 +
      mkdir    - cria diretórios 
 +
      mkfifo    - cria FIFOs 
 +
      mkfs      - gera um sistema de arquivos 
 +
      mklib    - cria/atualiza bibliotecas de módulos objeto 
 +
      mknod    - cria um arquivo especial 
 +
      mount    - monta um sistema de arquivos 
 +
      mv        - move (troca o nome de) arquivos 
 +
      mvtree    - move (troca o nome) de uma árvore/diretório 
 +
      nettime  - obtém a data/hora corrente de um nó remoto 
 +
      nice      - executa um comando com prioridade modificada 
 +
      nm        - imprime a tabela de símbolos de módulos objeto 
 +
      nohup    - executa um comando imune ao sinal SIGHUP 
 +
      pallwd    - imprime todos os diretórios correntes 
 +
      passwd    - altera a senha do usuário 
 +
      paste    - une linhas de vários arquivos 
 +
      ping      - teste de acesso a um nó remoto 
 +
      pop3      - acessa uma caixa postal remota através do 
 +
                  protocolo POP3 
 +
      pr        - imprime arquivos 
 +
      prdisktb  - Imprime a tabela de discos/partições 
 +
      prsync    - imprime o estado da sincronização dos processos 
 +
      ps        - imprime informações sobre processos 
 +
      pwd      - imprime o diretório corrente 
 +
      reboot    - Encerra o uso do TROPIX, e recarrega o computador 
 +
      rlogin    - entra em sessão em um nó remoto 
 +
      rm        - Remove arquivos 
 +
      rmdir    - remove diretórios 
 +
      rmtree    - remove árvores 
 +
 +
 +
  Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 51
 +
 +
 +
      sbvol    - controla o volume da placa de som SB-16 
 +
      sbwave    - Toca música PCM através da placa de som SB-16 
 +
      semafree  - libera o semáforo pelo qual o processo está 
 +
                  esperando 
 +
      setmode  - atribui as proteções corretas aos arquivos do 
 +
                  sistema 
 +
      sh        - interpretador de comandos 
 +
      show      - mostra um arquivo na tela do terminal 
 +
      shutdown  - reinicializa o computador após um certo tempo 
 +
      size      - imprime tamanhos e características de módulos 
 +
                  objeto 
 +
      sleep    - suspende a execução por um intervalo de tempo 
 +
      sort      - ordena e/ou intercala arquivos 
 +
      sroff    - formatador de textos 
 +
      strip    - remove as tabelas de símbolos de módulos-objeto 
 +
      stty      - consulta/altera parâmetros de terminais/vídeos 
 +
      su        - muda de conta temporariamente 
 +
      subst    - busca/substitui cadeias em vários arquivos 
 +
      sync      - Atualiza os blocos do cache nos discos 
 +
      sysmap    - desenha um mapa de uso de alguns recursos do 
 +
                  sistema (programa gráfico) 
 +
      tac      - descompila a descrição instalada de um terminal/ 
 +
                  vídeo 
 +
      tail      - obtém a parte final de um arquivo 
 +
      tcmpfrom  - comparação/atualização remota de árvores 
 +
                  (caminhando árvores remotas) 
 +
      tcmpto    - comparação/atualização remota de árvores 
 +
                  (caminhando árvores locais) 
 +
      tcpfrom  - cópia remota de árvores (caminhando árvores 
 +
                  remotas) 
 +
      tcpto    - cópia remota de árvores (caminhando árvores 
 +
                  locais) 
 +
      tee      - copia a entrada padrão para diversos arquivos e a 
 +
                  saida padrão 
 +
      telnet    - comunica com um nó remoto utilizando o protocolo 
 +
                  TELNET 
 +
      test      - testa propriedades de arquivos 
 +
      textmap  - imprime uma tabela de programas reentrantes em uso 
 +
      tic      - compila e instala a descrição de um terminal/vídeo 
 +
      touch    - Modifica os tempos de arquivos 
 +
      tpipe    - escreve arquivos remotos na saída padrão 
 +
      tr        - traduz caracteres 
 +
      tty      - imprime o nome do terminal/vídeo 
 +
      umount    - desmonta sistemas de arquivos 
 +
      uname    - imprime a identificação do sistema 
 +
      uniq      - indica linhas repetidas de um arquivo 
 +
      untext    - libera os recursos de programas reentrantes 
 +
      uptime    - fornece o tempo decorrido desde o último "boot" 
 +
      vi        - editor visual de textos 
 +
      walk      - caminha em árvores do sistema de arquivos 
 +
      wc        - contador de páginas, linhas, palavras e caracteres 
 +
      who      - informa quem está no sistema 
 +
      write    - escreve mensagens para um outro usuário 
 +
      xcoremap  - desenha um mapa de alocação da memória 
 +
                  (programa gráfico) 
 +
      xclock    - relógio analógico (programa gráfico) 
 +
      xcpu      - desenha o gráfico de uso da CPU 
 +
      xd        - "dump" em hexadecimal e ISO 
 +
      xdefrag  - Melhora a alocação dos blocos de um sistema 
 +
                  de arquivos T1 
 +
      xedit    - editor de textos simples para o sistema X-Window 
 +
      xfm      - gerenciador gráfico de arquivos 
 +
      xmandel  - desenha as imagens fractais de Mandelbrot 
 +
      xpop3    - acessa uma caixa postal remota através do 
 +
 +
 +
  Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 52
 +
 +
 +
                  protocolo POP3 
 +
      xpaint    - mostra uma imagem (gif, jpeg, bmp ou xpm) em uma 
 +
                  janela (programa gráfico) 
 +
      xterm    - Emulador de terminal ANSI para X-Window 
 +
      ziptool  - ferramenta para dispositivos Iomega ZIP 
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08
 +
</pre>
  
 
I am downloading it, I don't know yet... Qemu? Bochs? Virtual PC?  Some kind of 486+ emulator
 
I am downloading it, I don't know yet... Qemu? Bochs? Virtual PC?  Some kind of 486+ emulator

Revision as of 18:40, 18 June 2009


TROPIX
Tropix.png
Logging into a TROPIX system
Type: Multitasking, multiuser
Creator: UFRJ
Architecture: 68010, IBMPC
This Version: 4.9.0 (Dec 2008)
Date Released: 1985


TROPIX got it's start after UFRJ could not secure a source license to AT&T UNIX. So they decided to write their own. Using a Version 7 68000 machine, they were able to clone out their own system. For a while the project seemed dead with the mainstream arrival of Linux, however there has been some new activity on the TROPIX front.

System requirements

Intel 486/PENTIUM or equivalent.
8MB of ram for text mode, 16MB of ram for X11.
IDE/ATA/SATA.
SCSI controllers:

  • Adaptec 1542 (ISA)
  • 2940/29160 (PCI).

Ethernet controllers:

  • (NE1000, NE2000 ISA/PCI)
  • 3Com 3c503
  • Realtek RTL 8129/8139

USB
PCI Modems

  • U.S. Robotics 56K PCI

Sound Cards

  • Sound Blaster 16

How do I get this to run?!

First you'll need some instructions. This is the google translated instructions: 














       ******* ******* ******* ******* * * * 
          * * * * 
          * * * * 
          ******* ******* * * * * * 
          * * * * * * 
          * * * * * * 
          * * * ******* * * * * 















                     TROPIX - Installation Guide 


                            Version 4.9.0 




                                Guide 
















                          December 2008 

















 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 2 








                              CONTENT 





         Chapter 1 - Introduction ........................... 4 

         Chapter 2 - New versions of ................ 6 

         Chapter 3 - Characteristics ...................... 11 

         Chapter 4 - PC Configuration ................... 12 

         Chapter 5 - Establishment of CDROM ..................... 13 

         Chapter 6 - Creation of the boot disk .......... 14 

         Chapter 7 - Some conventions / features 
                   TROPIX ............................... 16 

         Chapter 8 - Running TROPIX directly from 
                   CDROM or floppy .................... 18 

         Chapter 9 - Preparation of disks / files 
                   other ............................ 22 

         Chapter 10 - Modes of TROPIX installation disk 
                   Hard ............................... 23 

         Chapter 11 - Installation of files in TROPIX 
                   MS-DOS/Windows ....................... 24 

         Chapter 12 - Disk and partition ................... 26 

         Chapter 13 - The editor of partitions "fdisk" ........ 28 

         Chapter 14 - Reducing the size of a partition 
                   MS-DOS/Windows ....................... 32 

         Chapter 15 - Installation of partitions in TROPIX 
                   own ............................. 35 

         Chapter 16 - Setting up the USB drivers .... 37 

         Chapter 17 - What now? ............................. 38 

         Chapter 18 - Utilities and features original 
                   the TROPIX ............................ 40 

         Chapter 19 - Introduction to the Graphical Interface 
                   X-Window ............................. 41 

         Chapter 20 - Creation and installation of the floppy / 
                   archives of the Graphical Interface ........ 42 

         Chapter 21 - Setting the graphical interface .... 43 



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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 3 


         Chapter 22 - Use of the basic graphical interface 45 

         Chapter 23 - Obtaining and installing the source code 
                   the TROPIX ............................ 46 

         Chapter 24 - Compilation of the kernel, libraries and 
                   utilities of TROPIX ................ 47 

         Chapter 25 - Use the text editor "vi" ....... 48 

         Chapter 26 - A list of key commands 
                   TROPIX ............................... 49 






















































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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 4 







      ************************************************** ******* 
      * * 
      * Chapter 1 * 
      * * 
      * INTRODUCTION * 
      * * 
      ************************************************** ******* 



 The TROPIX (pronounced "trópix") is an Operating System of 32 
 bit, multiuser and multitasking, philosophy of UNIX ®, developed 
 the Center for Computer Electronics, Federal University of Rio 
 January (NCE / UFRJ). 

 The TROPIX was originally conceived during the years 1982 to 1986 
 (at the time with the name PLURIX) to the computer PEGASUS. This 
 computer was built in the NCE, and was based on 
 MOTOROLA 68010/20 processor. Since its beginning, the system was 
 designed for symmetric multiprocessing, operating in a 
 PEGASUS 2 CPUs which had 68,020. 

 The system was shipped in 1987 to the computer ICARUS, 
 based on these same processor, and added the 
 support for real time. Was initiated in 1994 for the transport 
 Intel line of processors (386, 486, Pentium), and since 1996 the 
 TROPIX is already operating on PCs and is used in several 
 computers. 

 In this version for PCs, is not yet completed the detection of 
 motherboard with more than one CPU, which is necessary for the 
 multiprocessing. 

 In relation to real time, has recently completed a thesis of 
 Masters was developed in which a version of the core TROPIX 
 in real time. 

 The TROPIX has several utilities, such as 
 study / learning / use of an operating system 
 UNIX philosophy, the development of programs (software) and 
 implementation of servers to the Internet. Furthermore, it is ideal 
 for use in courses on operating systems, it contains 
 primitive to the "light" ( "threads"), memory 
 shared, the level of user traffic lights, among others. 

 This text (which you're reading) contains introductory information 
 on the distribution and installation of the system TROPIX. During the 
 installation, it can be viewed / printed on your PC (see 
 end of Chapter 8). In addition, it contains the information for 
 Installation of X-Window Graphical Interface (Chapters 19 to 22), and 
 information for installing / compiling the source code TROPIX 
 (Chapters 23 and 24). 

 The operating system is a TROPIX software free, and you are 
 welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions, for details, 
 type "man" license (after installation). 

 Currently, the development and maintenance of TROPIX are 
 made by Peter and Salenbauch Oswaldo Vernet. For more 


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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 5 


 information, suggestions, reporting errors, or in case of 
 no doubt about its installation and use, use the 
 address "tropix@tropix.nce.ufrj.br. 

 Visit regularly the homepage of TROPIX, at 
 "http://www.tropix.nce.ufrj.br" to learn about new 
 system versions. 

 The continuation of this work is a posthumous tribute to Newton 
 Faller, the great creator of the projects PEGASUS, PLURIX, and TROPIX 
 so many others. 























































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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 6 







      ************************************************** ******* 
      * * 
      * Chapter 2 * 
      * * 
      * NEW * VERSION OF 
      * * 
      ************************************************** ******* 



 What's new in this version "4.9.0" 

     1: Implement the USB 2.0 protocol. 

     2: Supports SATA disks. 

     3: New version of the graphical interface (based on version 4.7.0 
        distributed by Consortium XFree86). 



 To monitor the TROPIX, included the news of 
 previous versions. 

 News of version "4.8.0" 

     1: File System NFS (Network File System, Version 2), 
        for the mounting of remote file systems. 


 News of version "4.7.0" 

     1: Distribution of object code in ROM. 

     2: New graphic utility "xcpu" which draws the graph of Use 
        CPU. 


 News of version "4.6.0" 

     1: Support for USB disks (simulations in memory, "pen drive"), 
        with annexation / desanexação dynamics. 

     2: Mount (read only) file system 
        NTFS. 

     3: Mounting images of file systems (in files 
        regular). 

     4: New version of the graphical interface (based on version 4.4.0 
        distributed by Consortium XFree86). 



 News of version "4.5.0" 

     1: Recognition of "mouse" USB. 

     2: New graphic tools: the file manager "xfm", 


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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 7 


        the program to access remote mailboxes "xpop3" and 
        generate fractal images of Mandelbrot "xmandel. 

     3: Extension of the core to enable the sharing of 
        interrupts (IRQ) between devices. 

     4: Access to file systems FAT-32 for more than 4 GB. 


 News of version "4.4.0" 

     1: Mounting the File System of Linux EXT2. 

     2: Support to the mouse PS / 2. 

     3: New version (XFree86 Version 4.3.0) System Chart 
        X-Window, supporting the most recent of the plates 
        ATI graphics, and TRIDENT S3. 

     4: New features of the library "stdio" with areas of 4 KB for 
        it compatible with the new file system T1. 

     5: Role of 64-bit arithmetic for the values "long long" 
        the language "C". This is important for access to files 
        with more than 4 GB. 

     6: Access to the history of the "sh" through the keys of arrows 
        also in text mode. 

     7: New commands: The defragmenter "xdefrag" (program 
        chart) can improve the allocation of blocks of systems 
        T1 files, the converter program "a2ps" converts a 
        ISO text to PostScript to be printed on printers 
        who accept this language. 


 News of version "4.3.0" 

     1: The new file system T1, in blocks of 4 KB and 
        identifiers of up to 255 characters, which has a performance 
        much higher than the previous file system (S7) of 
        blocks of 512 bytes. This version continues supporting the 
        V7 file system. 

     2: Create the file "/ etc / fstab" for better control of 
        assembly of devices. 

     3: New interface for recognition devices 
        IDE / ATA / ATAPI. 

     4: Floppy BOOT distribution of the image containing a 
        file system that is unpacked in a Ramdas (the 
        simulation of a disk in main memory). This facilitates 
        installation of TROPIX. 


 News of version "4.2.0" 

     1: Increase the size of the areas of entry / exit of the "cache" of 
        structured devices from 512 to 4096 bytes. With this, 
        allows the read / write devices that have 
        larger than 512 bytes (eg CDROM, whose 
        block is 2 KB) in addition to increasing the speed of 
        processing of devices already supported. 


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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 8 


     2: Establishment of the abstract layer of "we-index" to enable 
        the assembly of several file systems. 

     3: Mount the file systems FAT12/16/32. 

     4: Mounting the file systems from original CDROM, beyond 
        extensions "Rock Ridge" and "Joliet". 

     5: Implementation of symbolic links. 


 News of version "4.1.0" 

     1: New "driver" for the Adaptec SCSI controller: Now 
        supporting the 29,160 new drivers for 160 MB / s. 

     2: Add the "chip" s of the VIA and Intel for the use of DMA 
        access to IDE. 

     3: Extended the build system of language "C" for 
        accept identifiers without size limitation. 

     4: Enter the functions of the library "C" for reading 
        directories in a system independent of 
        files: "opendir", "readdir", ... 

     5: The "boot" of TROPIX was extended, and now accepts the discs 
        Iomega ZIP (100 MB) to load the system at all 
        their steps. 


 News of version "4.0.0" 

     1: Improved recognition and assessment of the speed of 
        processor of the computer during stage 2 of the load 
        system ( "boot2). 

     2: Support for IDE disks over 8 GB. 

     3: Recognition Device PnP (Plug and Play "). 

     4: Use of DMA to access the IDE (at 
        only for the "chip" Acer Aladdin "). 

     5: Command "mail" completely rewritten, now can receive 
        and send attachments. 


 News of version "3.2.3" 

      This version "contained as the main novelty library 
      shared (similar to Windows DLLs). All 
      older versions of libraries ( "libc", "libm", "libcurses" and 
      "libxti") are now grouped in a single library 
      shared "/ lib / libt.o. 

      The same occurs also with the libraries of graphical interface 
      X-Window: all are now integrated in the two 
      shared library "/ usr / xwin / lib / libx.o" and 
      "/ usr / xwin / lib / liby.o. 

      With the use of shared libraries, the size of 
      executable modules decreased drastically. This 
      reduced in both the time and amount of cargo 


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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 9 


      occupied space (both on disk and in main memory). 
      As an example, a typical utility, the "cp" which occupied 13,704 
      bytes, went to occupy only 4,032, ie, fell short of 
      third the size. In the case of graphic tools, this 
      reduction is much greater, mentioned as an example the program 
      "xedit" which went from 612 KB to less than 4KB! 


      This version also includes some new programs, among 
      which: 

          1: "cdplay: plays audio CDs in units IDE / ATAPI and 
             SCSI. 

          2: "cdtowave": Extract audio tracks from CDs into units 
             IDE / ATAPI and SCSI. 

          3: sbvol "controls the volume (master) of SB-16 boards. 

          4: "mkshlib" and "ldshlib" creates and loads the libraries 
             shared. 

          5: "nohup: run command immune to SIGHUP signal. 

          6: "paste" lines of a multiple. 

          7: "FDC": computer desk for small numbers of point 
             floating. 

          8: "xcoremap" graphics program to draw a map of 
             allocation of the computer's main memory. 

          9: "xedit" graphics program to edit texts (like 
             the "notepad" in Windows). 

         10: "xpaint" now accepts the JPEG format. 


      Other changes / enhancements: 

          1: "Drivers for IDE-ATAPI devices: These" drivers " 
             will allow access to TROPIX-IDE ATAPI devices, 
             such as CD-ROMs and ZIP drives the internal disk. 
             However, the file systems on CD-ROMs also 
             are not being recognized. 

          2 "Driver" for driver "Realtek RTL 8129/8139 Fast 
             Ethernet (10/100 Mbs). 

          3: The swap partition is no longer necessary to 
             installation, both in its own partition, as in 
             MS-DOS/Windows files. 

          4: It is recognized Fax-Modem U.S. Robotics 56K PCI. 

          5: Inauguration of distribution of the source code of 
             TROPIX of libraries and utilities. 

          6: The WWW server of TROPIX already allows the resumption of 
             transfers from the point they were 
             interrupted. 


 News of version "3.2.1" 


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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 10 


      Includes the first distribution of the source code of the core of 
      system, recommending him for a further course in systems 
      operational. 


 News of version "3.2.0" 

      Contained as the main news media (in part) to 
      sound card "Sound Blaster". 


 News of version "3.1.8" 

      Contained as the new X-Window Graphical Interface and 
      support for file systems MS-DOS/Windows with FAT32. 



















































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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 11 







      ************************************************** ******* 
      * * 
      * Chapter 3 * 
      * * 
      * FEATURES * 
      * * 
      ************************************************** ******* 



 The distribution of TROPIX is free, and it can be installed 
 via a CDROM or floppy. 

    1. The CDROM is distributed through an image, and contains the 
       TROPIX complete object (including the System Chart 
       X-Window). This image should be used to burn a CDROM 
       through an appropriate program: see chapter 5. 

    2. The distribution by floppy disk is part of the basic 
       with 2 disks, 3 ½ "and X-Window System in Figure 2 
       Additional disks: see the chapters 19 to 22. 

 The installation on PCs can be done in two ways: on partitions 
 own or in files from one partition to FAT16 or FAT32 
 MS-DOS/Windows (in this case without the need for change 
 partitions of disks). It included a manager of cargo 
 operating systems ( "boot0"), to amicable coexistence with 
 other operating systems. 

 Currently the TROPIX has the basic commands of UNIX (in addition to 
 some more commands themselves), a development system for 
 the language ANSI "C", support for the network of computers 
 Internet with TCP / IP, SLIP, PPP (for dial-line) and 
 Client / Server "telnet", "rlogin", "ftp", "mail", "pop3" and 
 others. 

 Whole TROPIX is based on the code character ISO-8859-1 
 (Latin-1, the same Windows 95/98/NT/2000/XP), taking all the 
 stress available in all modes (text, graphic) and 
 commands. Moreover, all the manuals can be found in 
 screen (on-line), and are in Portuguese. 

 The file systems MS-DOS/Windows FAT-12/16/32/NTFS (both in 
 partitions on the disks as hard drives) can be mounted 
 (the latter only for reading). 

 For mounting remote file systems we have available the 
 NFS protocol, version 2. 

 CD-ROMs can also be fitted to all variants 
 (ISO-9660, Joliet and Rock-Ridge). 










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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 12 







      ************************************************** ******* 
      * * 
      * Chapter 4 * 
      * * 
      * PC * SETUP 
      * * 
      ************************************************** ******* 



 The PC must have an Intel processor or equivalent 486/PENTIUM. 
 The minimum reasonable main memory is 8 MB. With 4 MB can be 
 use the system, but there may be difficulties in both 
 use the Internet and compile programs. For the Graphical Interface 
 X-Window is required at least 16 MB. 

 The USB drivers are accepted, but the patterns and UHCI 
 OHCI. 

 Disks are supported for 3 ½ "and 5 ¼" disk drives and IDE / EIDE. 
 Also supported SCSI disk drives connected through the 
 Adaptec 1542 SCSI controller (ISA) and 2940/29160 (PCI). 

 From version 4.9.0 USB devices are supported with 
 Protocol 1.1 and 2.0 with annexation / desanexação dynamics. 

 The Iomega ZIP disks (100 MB) are also supported in versions 
 the parallel port, IDE / ATAPI and SCSI (where connected to one of 
 SCSI controllers listed above). 

 For the Internet, are supported controllers "ethernet" 
 Novell (NE1000, NE2000 ISA / PCI), 3Com 3c503 and Realtek RTL 8129/8139 
 Fast Ethernet (10/100 Mbs), and lines with serial protocols 
 SLIP or PPP. 

 Are supported also the parallel ports for use of 
 printers. 

 Are accepted Fax-modems and ISA Fax-Modem U.S. Robotics 56K PCI. 

 From version 3.2.0 is also supported the output of digital sound 
 PCM sound cards through the "Sound Blaster 16 (or successor). 
 With this, you can play sound files from "*. wav" in TROPIX. 

 Are already supported "mouse" s USB. 

 As already mentioned, there are two ways of installing the TROPIX 
 disks of the PC (see chapter 10). In any of these 
 modes must be allocated a certain area of the hard disks 
 (typically 128 MB). 











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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 13 







      ************************************************** ******* 
      * * 
      * Chapter 5 * 
      * * 
      * * CREATING THE CDROM 
      * * 
      ************************************************** ******* 



 Having obtained the collection "cdrom.tgz" distribution of the CDROM 
 TROPIX, you must save it. 

    1. If you use a UNIX system, must decompress 
       "cdrom.tgz" via "gunzip" (generating a collection "tar") 
       and then use the command "tar" to get the files: 

                 install.txt 
                 tropix.iso 

       The file "install.txt" is the guide to installation (you are 
       reading) and the file "tropix.iso" is the image of the CDROM. 

       The CDROM should be recorded through an appropriate utility 
       (such as "cdrecord"). 

    2. If you use WinXP/Win2000/WinNT/Win98/Win95/Win3.x should 
       decompress the collection "cdrom.tgz" through "Winzip", 
       getting the files: 

                 install.txt 
                 tropix.iso 

       The file "install.txt" is the guide to installation (you are 
       reading) and the file "tropix.iso" is the image of the CDROM. 

       The CDROM should be recorded through an appropriate utility 
       (such as "Easy CD Creator" or "Nero"). 























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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 14 







      ************************************************** ******* 
      * * 
      * Chapter 6 * 
      * * 
      * ESTABLISHMENT OF Floppy Disk "BOOT" * 
      * * 
      ************************************************** ******* 



 Having obtained the collection "tropix.tgz" distribution of TROPIX 
 base is necessary (at least) create the disk, 3 ½ "called 
 of BOOT. 

    1. If you use a UNIX system, must decompress 
       "tropix.tgz" via "gunzip" (generating a collection "tar") 
       and then use the command "tar" to get the files: 

                 install.txt 
                 fdimage.exe 
                 boot.dsk 
                 gar1.dsk 

       The file "install.txt" is the guide to installation (you are 
       reading), the file "fdimage.exe" is a utility to copy 
       the MS-DOS/Windows (in this case will not be used), and 
       remaining files are the contents of 2 disks called 
       the BOOT and GAR1. 

       The BOOT disk, can be created through a command of 
       type: 

                 boot.dsk cat> / dev/fd0 

       (the exact name of the device depends on the system disk 
       being used). 

       You can also use the command "dd" in the form: 

                 boot.dsk dd if = of = / dev/fd0 

    2. If you use WinXP/Win2000/WinNT/Win98/Win95/Win3.x should 
       decompress the collection "tropix.tgz" through "Winzip", 
       getting the files: 

                 install.txt 
                 fdimage.exe 
                 boot.dsk 
                 gar1.dsk 

       The file "install.txt" is the guide to installation (you are 
       reading), the "fdimage.exe" is a tool for copying and 
       remaining files are the contents of 2 disks. The 
       BOOT floppy disk must be created through a command of 
       type 

                 fdimage.exe-v boot.dsk A: 

       For WinXP/Win2000/WinNT, use the window of commands; 


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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 15 


       Win98/Win95/Win3.x to use the DOS mode, in this case not 
       recommend using the DOS command window, because sometimes the 
       writing is performed incorrectly. 


 Use a new disk, of good quality. Many of the errors 
 reported are caused by defective disks. 

 After the generation of the disk, we protect it against 
 written. 
























































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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 16 







      ************************************************** ******* 
      * * 
      * Chapter 7 * 
      * * 
      * SOME CONVENTIONS / FEATURES OF TROPIX * 
      * * 
      ************************************************** ******* 



 Conceptually, the operating system is similar to TROPIX 
 UNIX type systems, although there are some differences. To 
 unambiguous way of describing the installation procedure and use 
 TROPIX of the PCs, use the conventions described below. Note 
 and these conventions because they are used in TROPIX as a 
 whole, including the system after installation. 

 Keystrokes <enter> means to press the key that has this name; 
 typing <sp> (blank) means hit the space bar. 

 Keystrokes <^ D> means press both keys "ctl" and 
 "D". By doing this, we first compress the key "ctl" 
 (holding it compressed) and then press the key "D". 
 Similarly, typing <^ A>, <^ B>, ... means to compress the keys 
 "ctl" with "A", "B", ... On some keyboards, we have 
 "ctrl" instead of "ctl". 

 Keystrokes <ctl-alt-del> means compressing both the three 
 keys displayed; hit <reset> means of compressing the button 
 "reset" the PC that, in general, is in the office of the PC (and not in 
 keyboard). 

 Keystrokes "-fd0 tropix means hit the keys in sequence" - ", 
 "f", "d", "0", <sp>, "t", "r", "the", "p", "i", "x" and <enter>. When 
 specify a string for keyboard (such as 
 given above) implicitly assume that a keyboard to <enter> 
 end of the chain (unless it is explicitly stated the 
 otherwise). 

 We must remember that in TROPIX, as in all systems 
 Operating similar to UNIX, uppercase characters are 
 Different lowercase letters. In the above example, therefore, not 
 must compress the key <Shift> because the letters to be generated 
 are all lowercase. 

 Some of the commands may request a TROPIX 
 information / confirmation of action. This request is identified by a 
 "prompt" that can be a character or a string that 
 system writes to the screen. 

 In TROPIX, some of the "prompt" s contain a string 
 brackets before a "." This means that typing 
 chain or simply typing <enter> have the same effect. This 
 string of characters is called the "default", ie what 
 will be interpreted by the lack of a string 
 explicitly keyboard. 

 For the question 



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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 17 


      Loads (fd0, tropix)? (s): 

 is equivalent typing "s" followed by <enter> or simply 
 <enter>, which means "yes." If you want to answer "no", 
 we have to hit "n" followed by <enter>. 

 In some commands, an answer with a capital letter ( "S" or "N") 
 means that this and all subsequent questions are 
 answered automatically (yes to "S" and 
 negatively to "N"). The manual for each command (see below) 
 information if it follows this convention. 

 In TROPIX, usually, the system stops writing to the screen 
 complete a screen (24 lines). This is convenient because the user 
 have time to read the text without a new text replaces the text 
 current that (maybe) has not yet been read. To continue 
 writing the text simply typing <^ Q>. Besides, an output on the screen 
 can be stopped at any time by typing <^ S>. This can be 
 changed by the command "stty" (see below). 

 When entering the "multiplayer" (see below) the TROPIX offers 8 
 independent virtual screens. The switching between the virtual screens 
 is done by typing <^ S> (to stop the output in the virtual screen 
 current), followed by the number of the virtual screen to which want 
 ir (1 to 8), and finally, <^ Q> (to activate the new screen output 
 virtual). Note that the number of the current virtual screen is displayed 
 in the center of the last line. 

 With certain combinations of keys, used sequentially, we can 
 generate special characters. Thus, typing up ", to" get "a" and 
 with "c" get "C". With this method we can get almost all 
 vowels of strong Western languages. If you do not want this 
 composition, just typing "\" between the characters. Thus, 
 example, if keyboard "~ \ the" get "-a". 
































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 INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 18 







      ************************************************** ******* 
      * * 
      * Chapter 8 * 
      * * 
      * RUNNING TROPIX DIRECTLY TO CDROM or Floppy * 
      * * 
      ************************************************** ******* 



 Both of the CDROM TROPIX (obtained in Chapter 5), such as floppy disk 
 BOOT (obtained in Chapter 6), contains a compressed image of a 
 TROPIX file system independent. Both can be implemented 
 inserting them into the corresponding drive and typing or <ctl-alt-del> 
 <reset> (this operation, loading the operating system, called 
 the "boot"). 

 Do not forget to check if the order of several devices in 
 sequence of "boot" your computer's BIOS is desired. 

 This is useful for: 

      1. TROPIX test the compatibility of your computer. If 
         have any conflict, notify us (via the 
         address in Chapter 1). 

      2. Run TROPIX experimentally, to know the 
         system without changing the hard drive of your computer. 

      3. Read this guide to install on the computer screen and / or 
         print it on your printer (see the end of this chapter). 

      4. TROPIX install in your computer's hard drive. There 
         two modes of installation: see Chapter 10. 

      5. Fix the TROPIX resident on the hard disk, if 
         present problems. 

 After the "reset", the "boot1" (the first stage of operation 
 "boot") will be read from the CDROM or floppy. It is written the message: 


      TROPIX CD boot1, Version: 4.9.0, from 17:06:06 

      > 


 <Enter> Key will read the "boot2" (the second stage) of the CDROM 
 or floppy; after reading, we have the message 


      TROPIX boot2, Version: 4.9.0, from 17:11:08 

      Copyright © 1988-2008 NCE / UFRJ 

      Pentium ................................ 
      .................................................. .. 
      ........ (and other data from computer) ............ 
      .................................................. .. 


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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 19 



       boot> 


  At this point, the "boot2" is awaiting a command. He is a 
  versatile program, which can (among others) load and run a 
  program, edit / print the partition table and list the contents 
  or the memory device. If keyboard "", it prints its 
  list of commands. 

  In our case, we hit "-i" to decompress the image of 
  ROOT file system from the CDROM or floppy disk to an area in 
  end of main memory. This area will then be used as a 
  Ramdas, ie the simulation of a disk into memory. 

  After decompression, the message is written 


       TROPIX Intel x86 - Version 4.9.0 of 28.11.08 ... 

       Copyright © 1988-2008 NCE / UFRJ 

       The operating system is distributed TROPIX ABSOLUTELY 
       NO WARRANTY. This is a "software" free, and you are welcome 
       to redistribute it under certain conditions, for details, 
       type "man leave." 

       Want to change parameters? (n): 


  <Enter> Key again, the message appears 


       TROPIX (Mycomputer) mono [5]: 


  Once reached this point, the operating system already TROPIX 
  took control in the way "single", with only a 
  active virtual screen (the one you're using). 

  Press <^ D>, to come in "multiplayer" in which several 
  Virtual screens are available. Number will be written 
  information on the screen, until a line containing: 

       LOGIN: 

  Enter "root" and will print the line: 

       Password: 

  Then press "tropix" (which will not be ecoado on screen) and finally 
  will print the line: 

       root @ Mycomputer: [/ home / root] # 

  Ready! A critical part was unsuccessful. The TROPIX is already running on 
  multiuser mode on your computer. 


  During loading, the core of the message write TROPIX 

          Want to change parameters? (n): 

  after which normally <Enter> key. With this, we accept the 


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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 20 


  values "default" of parameters, which generally are desired. 
  We can however modify various parameters, the most common 
  the rootdev ", ie the device's root system. This parameter 
  contains the value nodev (ie undefined), and the initialization of 
  core, it seeks a suitable root. The order of search is: 

     1. TROPIX partitions of hard drives (eg "hda2a"); 

     2. devices simulating disks from files 
        MS-DOS/Windows (eg "MD1"); 

     3. CDROMs (eg "hdb" or "sdb"). 

     4. disks (eg "fd0"). 

  We can change the value "default", with a <raiz desejada> 
  through 

          rootdev = <raiz desejada> 

  and then typing <^ D>. This is useful, for example, when it 
  we have a root partition on a hard disk or file 
  MS-DOS/Windows and want to start a new installation from the 
  CDROM or floppy. 


  Note that the keyboard was that after "LOGIN" is the name of the account ( "root" 
  in the case) and that the keyboard was after "Password" is that their 
  password ( "tropix" in case). This means that we are using 
  the "root", which is the superuser account with credentials (almost) 
  unlimited. This is necessary during installation, but is not 
  recommended for normal use. 

  To see this guide for distribution / installation of the screen 
  computer, type "man install. To move forward / backward by 
  several pages of the guide, use the command <^ D>, <^ U>. To view the 
  content, use "2p" to go directly to the page <n> (obtained 
  through the content), use "<n> p". To terminate the execution of 
  "man", enter "q". 

  To print this guide, use the command 


       cat / usr / man / ref / install> / dev / lp 


  (this is only possible if your PC has the printer on port / IRQ 
  default). Remember that the guide uses the ISO-8859-1 
  (Latin-1) character, if your printer does not accept this code 
  character, use the command 


       stty ascii 2> / dev / lp 


  before the "cat" to remove the accents of the characters. 

  If your printer is a HP, accepting the PCL language, you 
  can use the command "hpprint. 

  Another possibility is to print this guide through 
  MS-DOS/Windows using the sequence of commands: 




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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 21 


       mount / dev/hda1 / mnt 
       cp / usr / man / ref / install / mnt 
       umount / dev/hda1 


  where "/ dev/hda1" should be replaced by a partition DOS / Windows 
  FAT 16/32 right (in general you can use your own "/ dev/hda1", 
  it probably is the drive "C"). To obtain the names 
  the partitions corresponding to MS-DOS/Windows partitions, use the 
  command "prdisktb. 

  After these commands, print the file "install" by 
  MS-DOS/Windows, it is better to use Windows, because the code 
  of characters used (ISO-8859-1 (Latin-1)). 




















































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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 22 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 9 * 
       * * 
       * PREPARATION OF floppy / * OTHER ARCHIVES 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  This chapter contains information only for installation by 
  floppy disks. If you are installing from a CDROM, you can 
  skip it. 

  Note that the collection "tropix.tgz" contains the image of 2 disks, 
  BOOT and GAR1. The BOOT disk, has been created in Chapter 6. 

  If you have a partition DOS / Windows or NTFS on your FAT16/32 
  computer, creating a floppy GAR1 may be waived. The idea 
  is to copy the image to a directory "\ TROPIX" partition 
  DOS / Windows. 

     1. If you use a UNIX system, you must use the commands 
        type: 
                  mount / dev/hda1 / mnt 
                  mkdir / mnt / TROPIX 
                  gar1.dsk cp / mnt / TROPIX 
                  umount / dev/hda1 

        where "/ dev/hda1" may be replaced by another partition 
        DOS / Windows you want. 

        If your partition is NTFS, find out if your UNIX system 
        supports the writing in these file systems, many 
        UNIX systems (including Linux) support in general only 
        reading). 

     2. If you use WinXP/Win2000/WinNT/Win98/Win95/Win3.x should 
        use the "Windows Explorer" to create the directory 
        "C: \ TROPIX" and then copy the file "gar1.dsk" for the 
        directory created. Instead of "C", can be used another 
        desired partition. 


  If you do not have a partition DOS / Windows or NTFS on your FAT16/32 
  computer, or is wanting to install on another computer TROPIX, 
  GAR1 the disk must be created. 

  This should be done the way already seen in Chapter 6 of course 
  susbtituindo to "boot.dsk" by "gar1.dsk. 

  Use diskettes new, of good quality. Many of the errors 
  reported are caused by defective disks. 

  After creation, we protect the disk against written. 






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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 23 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 10 * 
       * * 
       * METHODS OF INSTALLING TROPIX disk * 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  There are two ways to install the disk TROPIX: 

     1. In the TROPIX own partitions. This mode offers the best 
        performance, but the installation requires a certain care. 
        Can be optionally installed a manager "boot", 
        to allow the choice of operating system to load. 
        Follow the sequence of chapters 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17. 

     2. In MS-DOS/Windows files. This mode does not offer a 
        performance as good and "boot" of TROPIX will always be 
        via CDROM or floppy, but the installation is more 
        simple. See the chapters 11, 16 and 17. 

  We suggest you read this guide to the end, before starting the 
  installation, so you'll have a better overview and can evaluate 
  the various options appropriately. 

  The procedures for the installation of TROPIX described here were 
  made for the installation takes place without setbacks. In 
  However, it is possible that (by neglect of the user) is the loss of 
  existing files on your computer and / or the operating system 
  original (eg MS-DOS/Windows) can not run more. 
  This may occur mainly due to the misuse of 
  editor of partitions "fdisk" (Chapter 13). 

  Even during normal use of the system (after installation 
  correct), it is possible to accidentally remove files 
  MS-DOS/Windows for use with mounted FAT partition, or using 
  the "dosmp. 

  Although we have tested the operation of the system, believing that 
  it does not contain any serious error, where there is theoretically a 
  possibility that, through some error still unknown, 
  is affected some other operating system. 

  WE DO NOT LIABLE FOR THESE POSSIBLE ACCIDENTS! YOU 
  IS INSTALLING / USING TROPIX UNDER ITS OWN 
  LIABILITY AND RISK! 













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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 24 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 11 * 
       * * 
       * INSTALLATION TROPIX IN THE ARCHIVES MS-DOS/Windows * 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  This mode offers a performance not as good as the installation of 
  Partitions in TROPIX own, in contrast, the installation is more 
  simply because it is not necessary to rearrange the partitions of the disk. 
  This method is only possible with file systems FAT-16 or 
  FAT-32, is still not possible with NTFS. 

  The idea is to use an existing partition of 
  MS-DOS/Windows it and create the directory "\ TROPIX" containing 2 
  files: "ROOT" and "HOME". These files will contain the systems 
  TROPIX files and load the system will be done through CDROM 
  or floppy disk. 

  The steps of the installation are: 

     1. Initially it is interesting to verify the integrity of 
        MS-DOS/Windows partition chosen. For this use the 
        CHKDSK utility or SCANDISK (MS-DOS or Windows). 

        Another option is to use NDD (Norton Disk Doctor) of "NORTON 
        Utilities. "Note the size of available free space of 
        partition chosen: for a normal installation are 
        required 128 MB. 

     2. As a second step, we defragment the partition 
        chosen. This means compress all files 
        MS-DOS/Windows the beginning of the partition, so it is 
        only a free area at the end, which will create the 2 
        files in the directory "\ TROPIX. This can be done by 
        Defrag utility (MS-DOS or Windows) or the DISK SPEED 
        the "Norton Utilities". 

     3. Enter the BOOT ROM or floppy disk and load the TROPIX 
        system (as in chapter 8). Log in multiuser mode. 

     4. Go to the directory "/ usr / etc / install" (use the command "cd 
        / usr / etc / install "). The normal installation will occupy 128 MB of 
        MS-DOS/Windows your partition (64 MB for the ROOT, 64 MB for 
        HOME), which is sufficient for the graphical interface 
        X-Window. If you have this space available and is 
        happy with it, go to step 5. 

        To change the size of the installation, just edit the file 
        "install.dos" (see chapter 25, for an introduction to the use 
        the text editor "vi"). To change the size of a 
        file, simply change the number after the line that 
        starting with "mkfile. 

     5. Start the installation, typing the command "install.dos. 



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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 25 


        Note that with "C:" we are referring to the first partition 
        regular first disc, ditto with "D" for the second 
        disc. 

        This step creates the 2 files in the partition MS-DOS/Windows 
        chosen, creates file systems and copies the TROPIX 
        TROPIX files to the hard disk. During installation 
        (if you're installing from floppy disks) will be 
        need an additional disk (whose content will be lost) 
        to be used for the loading of TROPIX. Follow the instructions. 

        If you want to keep an older version of system 
        HOME files, DO NOT delete the file MS-DOS/Windows HOME 
        (disregard the message "The file" home "already exists") and 
        respond affirmatively to the question "Want to keep the 
        older version of HOME ". 

     6. Congratulations! The TROPIX is already installed and operational in its 
        hard disk. 

        If you want to run TROPIX, simply reload the 
        system (<ctl-alt-del> typing or <reset>) with the CDROM or the 
        DOS floppy disk inserted. In the case of the CDROM, it is necessary 
        modify the system root for "MD1" during loading of 
        nucleus (ie, type 'MD1 = rootdev). 

        If the CDROM and floppy are not entered, will 
        loading the operating system standard (eg 
        MS-DOS/Windows). To exit the TROPIX, use the command 
        "shutdown". 

     7. To uninstall TROPIX its MS-DOS/Windows partition, 
        simply remove the directory "\ TROPIX" (along with their 2 
        files). 

  To facilitate the future installation of a new version of TROPIX, 
  recommend placing your files only on your private 
  the "home" (the file name starting with "/ home /..."). 




























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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 26 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 12 * 
       * * 
       Disks and partition * * 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  To install the partitions in TROPIX own (which enables the 
  best performance) to have a basic concept of how 
  are organized on PC hard drives. 

  Each disc is divided into one or more sections called 
  "partitions". Each of these partitions is designed to be used by 
  an operating system (in some cases some of the partitions can 
  be shared by two or more operating systems). 

  We can have up to 4 partitions "regular" (or "primary") in each 
  disc. If this number is not enough, we can define one of 
  partitions as the type "extended", which may contain several 
  other (sub-) partitions partitions called "logical". 

  Users of MS-DOS/Windows certainly have had contact with 
  partitions, since these systems each partition receives a letter, 
  starting from "C". Thus, we have partitions "C", "D", "E", ... 

  The nomenclature used in TROPIX is quite different set of letters 
  above. Let's consider a computer with one IDE disk. The 
  four partitions are called "hda1", "hda2", "hda3" and 
  "hda4. If one is "extended" for example "hda3" she 
  contain the (sub-) partitions "logical" hda3a "," hda3b, "... Besides 
  this, we have "hda" to represent the disc as a whole. 

  If your computer has more of an IDE disk, the second is the 
  "hdb ..." instead of "hda ..." (simply replace the "at" with "b" in 
  example above). If your computer has SCSI disks, the names will be 
  "sda ..."," sdb ...", ... (simply replace the "h" in "s" in the example 
  above). 

  As already mentioned, we have only one extended partition. By 
  this, in TROPIX was a new type of partition 
  extended (the extended partition type TROPIX), structurally 
  identical to the original, but with a different identification code. The 
  objective is to enable the grouping of all (sub-) partitions 
  TROPIX desired in only one partition (extended) alone, even 
  which is already an extended partition traditional (we call 
  kind of). 

  Choosing the distribution of its multiple partitions (one or 
  mais) disks, must be taken into account how many disks are 
  present, how many partitions are needed / already allocated, ... 

  In the example of the next chapter, we create a (new) partition 
  Extended (Type TROPIX) to include all partitions TROPIX. 
  This is a simple and elegant, it only need 
  particiju vague. 



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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 27 


  Naturally, we can also create a partition for each regular 
  TROPIX desired partition, or adding new partitions 
  logical TROPIX a DOS extended partition already exists. 

  For the purpose of "boot", the file system of ROOT can TROPIX 
  be allocated to any partition of any disk. 

  If space is available in more than one hard disk, 
  strongly advised to distribute the partitions between the various 
  discs. 
























































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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 28 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 13 * 
       * * 
       * The EDITOR of partitions "fdisk" * 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  As with other operating systems also have the TROPIX 
  your partition editor, who (as usual) is also called 
  "fdisk". However, TROPIX the "fdisk" is incorporated into 
  "boot2," and can only be performed during loading of the system (and not 
  with the system already running). The idea is to emphasize the impossibility 
  to change the partitions to the system in operation. 

  To run "fdisk", insert the CDROM or floppy disk of the BOOT 
  TROPIX, and recharge the system (as in chapter 8). When 
  arise the "prompt" boot> "the" boot2, "type"-f ": 


    boot>-f 

    Entering the editor, tables, partitions "fdisk" 

    Enter "?" for a list of commands 

    Disk "hda": 6149.88 MB (12594960 blocks) geo = (784, 255, 63, L) 

     IND. -DEV-AD-START-- END-BLOCK-TAM (MB) TYPE 

       1 hda1 * 63 4209029 4208967 2055.16 0C DOS FAT32 (L) 


  The geometry of the disc ( "geo") is given by the number of cylinders 
  (784), number of heads (255) and the number of sectors per track 
  (63). The letter "L" indicates that the end to this disc, the extensions 
  the INT 13 BIOS are active (otherwise, the letter indicated 
  would be "G"). 


  As with the "prompt" the "fdisk", typing "?" get a list 
  commands available: 


    fdisk>? 

    Editor of the partition table 

    commands: 
           -: Print the partition table 
           p: Idem with vacancies areas 
           c: Exchange the device (disk) 
           n: Creates a new partition 
           d: Delete a partition 
           m: Changes the size of a partition 
           a: Exchange the state (active / not active) partition 
           l: Prints the types of partitions 


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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 29 


           t: Exchange type of partition 
           s: Print the vague areas of the disc 
           u: On / off alignment (starts on) 
           w: Rewrite (updates) the partition table on disk 
           q: Terminates the execution of the editor of partitions 

    Note: For any given application, "n" command cancels the 


  Initially we will create an extended partition to contain the 2 
  file systems (traditional) of TROPIX. Press "n" and follow the 
  following dialog (note the choice of the extended partition type): 


    fdisk> n 

    Give the desired type: regular (r), extended (e) or logical (l): e 

    Number of partition = 2? (s): 

    Give the type of extended partition: DOS (d) or TROPIX (x): x 

    Initial block = 4209030? (s): 

    End block = 12402179 (4000.56 MB)? (s): n 

    Take the desired size (MB): 128 

    Disk "hda": 6149.88 MB (12594960 blocks) geo = (784, 255, 63, L) 

     IND. -DEV-AD-START-- END-BLOCK-TAM (MB) TYPE 

       1 hda1 * 63 4209029 4208967 2055.16 0C DOS FAT32 (L) 
       2 hda2 4209030 4482134 273105 133.35 AE TROPIX Extended 


  At this point we can (optionally) use the "u" for not 
  align the following partitions (see below). The example continues 
  assuming that we have not the command "u". 


  Then we create a logical partition to the root. Press "n" and 
  follow the following dialogue: 


    fdisk> n 

    Give the desired type: regular (r), extended (e) or logical (l): l 

    Extended partition "hda2": 

    Initial block = 4209093? (s): 

    End block = 4482134 (133.32 MB)? (s): n 

    Take the desired size (MB): 64 

    Disk "hda": 6149.88 MB (12594960 blocks) geo = (784, 255, 63, L) 

     IND. -DEV-AD-START-- END-BLOCK-TAM (MB) TYPE 

       1 hda1 * 63 4209029 4208967 2055.16 0C DOS FAT32 (L) 
       2 hda2 4209030 4482134 273105 133.35 AE TROPIX Extended 
       3 hda2a 4209093 4353614 144522 70.57 A9 TROPIX T1 


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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 30 




  Then we create a logical partition to HOME. Press "n" and 
  follow the following dialogue: 


    fdisk> n 

    Give the desired type: regular (r), extended (e) or logical (l): l 

    Extended partition "hda2": 

    Initial block = 4353678? (s): 

    End block = 4482134 (62.72 MB)? (s): 

    Disk "hda": 6149.88 MB (12594960 blocks) geo = (784, 255, 63, L) 

     IND. -DEV-AD-START-- END-BLOCK-TAM (MB) TYPE 

       1 hda1 * 63 4209029 4208967 2055.16 0C DOS FAT32 (L) 
       2 hda2 4209030 4482134 273105 133.35 AE TROPIX Extended 
       3 hda2a 4209093 4353614 144522 70.57 A9 TROPIX T1 
       4 hda2b 4353678 4482134 128457 62.72 A9 TROPIX T1 


  Finally, we will enable the root partition, to allow the load 
  system ( "boot") by the load manager (the "boot0). 
  Press "a" and follow the following dialogue: 


    fdisk> to 

    Index of the partition: 3 

    Disk "hda": 6149.88 MB (12594960 blocks) geo = (784, 255, 63, L) 

     IND. -DEV-AD-START-- END-BLOCK-TAM (MB) TYPE 

       1 hda1 * 63 4209029 4208967 2055.16 0C DOS FAT32 (L) 
       2 hda2 4209030 4482134 273105 133.35 AE TROPIX Extended 
       3 hda2a * 4209093 4353614 144522 70.57 A9 TROPIX T1 
       4 hda2b 4353678 4482134 128457 62.72 A9 TROPIX T1 


  Once attached to the partition table, we can write it in 
  disk through the following commands: 


    fdisk> w 

    Rewrites the partition table? (n): s 

    fdisk> q 

    Leaving the editor, tables, partitions 

    boot> 


  The only command "dangerous" is the "w" (with the confirmation), 
  as all other commands only modify the table of 
  partitions in main memory, not update it on your hard disk. 



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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 31 


  So you can "play" at will, creating and removing 
  partitions, until you are satisfied with your configuration, giving 
  then the "w" final. 

  Note that the data sizes (128 MB, 64 MB and 64 MB) were 
  followed exactly, in fact they were rounded to 
  multiples of the size of the cylinder of the disk. As this disc has a 
  reasonably large cylinder (255 * 63 = 16065 blocks = ~ 7.8 MB) 
  differences are significant. One way to avoid this is to use 
  command "u", which prevents the rounding. 
























































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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 32 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 14 * 
       * * 
       * Reduce the size of a partition MS-DOS/Windows * 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  One of the most frequent is to PCs that have only one disk 
  Rigid fully occupied with only one partition MS-DOS/Windows, 
  corresponding to "C:". 

  In this case, at first sight, there are only 2 possibilities for 
  more space for partitions TROPIX: install a new hard disk, 
  or save your files and reinstall MS-DOS/Windows 
  MS-DOS/Windows in a partition of smaller size. 

  A third possibility is to reduce the partition 
  MS-DOS/Windows in their location (ie, without destroying the 
  its contents). This can be done by the command "chsize" of 
  utility "dosmp. You can also use the "fips" of 
  LINUX, or the program Partition Magic, Powerquest's name, if 
  you by chance have the. 

  Before using the command "chsize", to reduce the size of 
  MS-DOS/Windows partition, it is essential to verify its integrity and 
  defragmenting it. The verification of integrity can be made by 
  CHKDSK utility or SCANDISK (the MS-DOS/Windows) or NDD 
  (Norton Disk Doctor) of "Norton Utilities". The defragmentação can 
  be made by the defrag utility (the MS-DOS/Windows), or the SPEED 
  DISK of "Norton Utilities". 

  Remember that the programs of defragmentation may NOT 
  move the file to swap the MS-DOS/Windows. You must remove it 
  (using the "Control Panel") and then reinstall it. 

  If you or MIRROR IMAGE USA, the last sector of the partition contains a 
  file "hidden" name of "\ image.idx" or "\ mirorsav.fil. You must 
  remove this file (using "attrib" and "del"). It will be recreated 
  the next time you run or MIRROR IMAGE (we hope, 
  not tested). 

  Another source of problems are the files named "* \ desktop .*", the 
  which Windows does not move: they must be saved and later 
  restored. 

  If you a USA system compressed files with "Stacker," 
  "SuperStor", "Doublespace," ... possibly (?) "Chsize" will not 
  work. Not tested "chsize" in these cases (even if we know 
  PARTITION MAGIC the support). 

  After defragmentation, insert the CDROM or floppy disk of the BOOT 
  TROPIX and push the system (as in chapter 8), entering the 
  multiuser mode. 

  Remove the boot floppy (if you are installing from 
  floppy disk) and insert a floppy disk (for example MS-DOS/Windows) and 


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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 33 


  mount it by 

       mount / dev/fd0 / fd0 

  This disk is intended to store the original superbloco 
  MS-DOS/Windows file system in case of any 
  problems. 

  Then press 

       cd / fd0 
       dosmp / dev/hda1 

  where "/ dev/hda1" should be replaced by the corresponding partition 
  MS-DOS/Windows the file system in question (in general will be 
  the "/ dev/hda1" which is the drive "C"). 

  Typing 

       chsize 

  get (eg): 

       Size of the existing DOS partition = 511.84 MB 
       Current size of the file system DOS = 511.84 MB 
       Space available at the end = 427.26 MB 

  Make sure the free space available is sufficient for the new 
  desired partition. In our example, we have enough space for the 
  typical case of 128 MB (427.26> 128). Remember of course 
  leave some room for future (new) files DOS. 

  To free up 128 MB (which will be used for the new partition to be 
  created for the TROPIX), we hit 

       rw 
       chsize-s 128 

  and get (for example): 

       Size of the existing DOS partition = 511.84 MB 
       Current size of the file system DOS = 511.84 MB 
       Space available at the end = 427.26 MB 

       The new DOS partition size = 382.03 MB 
                                                  (782401 blocks) 
       Size of new file system DOS = 382.03 MB 
       Size of the new partition (to be created) = 129.81 MB 
                                                  (265856 blocks) 

       Continue? (n): 

  Note that the values are not exactly the requests due to 
  rounding to whole cylinders. 

  If we agree with the values given, we hit "s" and note 
  the values given: the new DOS partition size = 382.03 MB, 782,401 
  blocks and size of new partition (to be created) = 129.81 MB, 
  265856 blocks. 

  The command "dosmp" superbloco saves the original system 
  DOS files in the file "dos_sb" the current directory (if in 
  mounted disk) to the case of any problems. 



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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 34 


  Then we do "dosmp" (with "q") and TROPIX (with "reboot"). 

  MS-DOS/Windows again between the system and make sure he 
  still functioning properly. Check the integrity of 
  file system (usually "C:") and if all your files 
  remain accessible. 

  If there is a problem with the system MS-DOS/Windows, restore the 
  original file system, reload the TROPIX and running 
  commands 

       mount / dev/fd0 / fd0 
       cd / fd0 
       dos_sb dd if = of = / dev/hda1 

  with the disk on which was stored in the original superbloco 
  DOS system. In this case, notify us (using the address 
  e of Chapter 1) the failure of "chsize. 

  Once established that the system is working MS-DOS/Windows 
  correctly, use the "fdisk" the TROPIX (as 
  Chapter 13) to change the partition table. 

  Initially, change the size of the DOS partition (using 
  command "m"). The new size (value in blocks) should be 
  exactly the size noted above (in this case, 382.03 MB, 782,401 
  blocks). 

  Finally, create a partition in space TROPIX released as 
  example in Chapter 13 (in this case, 129.81 MB, 265856 blocks). 

  Ready! It is time to install the new partition TROPIX, 
  as Chapter 15. 

































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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 35 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 15 * 
       * * 
       * INSTALLATION TROPIX on partitions OWN * 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  This is the best way, it offers the best performance and 
  allows the installation of "boot0," a manager "boot". This 
  manager allows the choice of operating system to load (from 
  TROPIX way that can be loaded without the use of CDROM or 
  diskette). He has been tested with Linux, FreeBSD and 
  DOS/WinXP/Win2000/WinNT/Win98/Win95/Win3.x. 

  If you're reading this chapter, we assume that you already have space in 
  TROPIX disk partitions and have to learn how to use the editor, 
  partitions "fdisk". 

  The idea is to create two or more partitions for TROPIX. The 
  minimum is to create a root partition. We recommend, however, 
  create at least one more, HOME, to contain the files 
  private users. 

  If you have 128 MB available, we suggest 64 MB and 64 MB for ROOT 
  for HOME, these sizes will be sufficient even for 
  X-Window graphical interface. If you have more space available, you can 
  increase the sizes of partitions, or to create partitions 
  additional. 

  The steps of the installation are: 

     1. Create partitions for TROPIX by the editor of 
        partitions "fdisk" (see chapter 13). DO NOT forget to 
        "enable" the root partition. It is not necessary that the partition 
        ROOT (which will be given the "boot") is the first disc. 

        We suggest creating an extended partition type to TROPIX 
        contain the various partitions needed / desired, that the 
        But it is not necessary: it is more convenient for your 
        case, the partitions TROPIX may also be of the "regular" 
        ( "primary"), or logical partitions within a 
        DOS extended partition type. If you have more than one 
        disk, it is interesting to distribute the various partitions by 
        disks. 

     2. Enter the BOOT ROM or floppy disk and load the TROPIX 
        system (as in chapter 8). Log in multiuser mode. 

     3. Go to the directory "/ usr / etc / install" (use the command "cd 
        / usr / etc / install "). Start the installation via the command 
        "install". This step creates file systems in TROPIX 
        selected partition and copies the files of the fundamental 
        TROPIX to the hard disk. Follow the instructions. 

        If you want to keep an older version of system 
        HOME files, answer yes to question "Would 


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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 36 


        keep the old version of HOME ", and for a copy of 
        files does not permit the rewriting of the files. "profile." 

  Congratulations! The TROPIX is already installed and operational on your disk 
  rigid. 

  If you installed the manager, "boot" to run 
  TROPIX, recharge the system with the CDROM or floppy inserted BOOT, 
  and "prompt" 

       boot> 

  <enter> hit. If the system is recharged without CDROM or 
  will load the disk operating system "normal" (eg 
  Windows 95/98). 

  If you install the manager, after the recharge of the system 
  manager prints a list of partition "active" of its 
  several disks, and hopes you hit the index of the partition 
  desired. The partition "default" can be modified through 
  command "edboot. 

  To exit the system TROPIX, use "shutdown". 

  If the manager of "boot" does not work, reload the TROPIX 
  via CDROM or floppy BOOT (enter in multiuser mode) and 
  restore the original manager, running the command-type 

               cat / etc / boot / mbr> / dev / hda 

  and notify us (via e-mail address in Chapter 1) to 
  failure of "boot0. 

  To facilitate the future installation of a new version of TROPIX, 
  recommend placing your files only on your private 
  the "home" (the file name starting with "/ home /..."). 






























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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 37 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       * Chapter 16 * 
       * * 
       * SET OF USB DRIVERS * 
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  O TROPIX (na versão atual) suporta controladores  USB  dos  padrões  
  UHCI, OHCI e EHCI.  

  Há previsão de até 8 controladores ("usb0" a "usb7"); o sistema vem  
  configurado  com  os controladores "usb0" a "usb3" habilitados e os  
  demais desabilitados.  

  Isto pode ser alterado (somente  para  esta  execução  do  sistema)  
  através  da  modificação  de parâmetros durante a carga do sistema;  
  responda afirmativamente à pergunta  

          Deseja modificar parâmetros? (n):  

  tal como mencionado no capítulo 8, e altere os valores de "usb0"  a  
  "usb7" para 0 ou 1.  

  Para   a   habilitação/desabilitação  dos  controladores  (de  modo  
  permamente) use o comando "edscb" (Use "man scb" e "man edscb").  

  Para  verificar  se  o  controlador  USB  está  sendo   reconhecido  
  corretamente, acompanhe as mensagens durante a carga do sistema (ou  
  então use o comando "dmesg" posteriormente).  





























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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 38 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       *                      Capítulo 17                      *  
       * * 
       *                      E AGORA ...?                     *  
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  Uma vez com o sistema implantado e em funcionamento, temos todos os  
  manuais do TROPIX (em português) à disposição através do utilitário  
  "man".  Além disto, todos os comandos fornecem um pequeno resumo de  
  sua utilização através da opção "-H" (por exemplo "passwd -H").  

  Para consultar o manual do utilitário "passwd" (por exemplo), tecle  
  "man passwd". Para  avançar/retroceder  pelas  várias  páginas  dos  
  manuais,  temos os comandos <^D>, <^U>. Para encerrar a execução de  
  "man", use "q". Experimente "man man".  

  Recomendamos inicialmente a modificação da senha da conta "root"  e  
  a  criação  de contas regulares (isto é, NÃO superusuários). Para a  
  modificação  de  senhas,  utilize  o  comando  "passwd";   para   a  
  criação/gerência de contas, use o comando "edusr".  

  Também   uma   tarefa   importante   é  a  atualização  do  arquivo  
  "/etc/fstab", que contém informações dos  sistemas  de  arquivos  a  
  montar.  Leia  o  manual  de  "fstab"  (fmt),  "getmntent" (libc) e  
  "mount" (cmd). Em particular, se você não tiver  a  partição  HOME,  
  remova a linha correspondente de "/etc/fstab".  

  De  vez  em  quando  (digamos,  uma  vez por semana) é interessante  
  verificar a integridade dos sistemas de arquivos. Para tanto,  após  
  a carga do sistema (ainda em modo "monousuário"), utilize o comando  
  "fsck".  Repare  que  o  arquivo  "/etc/fstab"  também  controla os  
  sistemas de  arquivos  examinados  por  "fsck"  (convém  colocar  o  
  "/dev/root"  como o último da lista). Para obter uma lista de todas  
  as partições presentes nos diversos discos do seu  computador,  use  
  "prdisktb".  

  Através  do  comando "edscb" você pode alterar o nome do computador  
  ("nodename") e acertar as portas/IRQs dos seus dispositivos (portas  
  seriais, paralelas, "ethernet", ...). Use "man scb" e "man edscb".  

  O TROPIX é distribuído com o DMA dos controladores IDE  desligados,  
  pois  com  certos controladores podem surgir problemas. Experimente  
  ligá-lo através de "dmaenable=1",  inicialmente  durante  o  "boot"  
  para  testar,  e  se  funcionar adequadamente, no arquivo "/tropix"  
  através  do  utilitário  "edscb".  Com  isto,  você   aumentará   a  
  performance dos seus discos rígidos IDE.  

  Leia  o  capítulo 26, onde é dada uma lista dos principais comandos  
  do TROPIX.  

  Aprenda a usar  o  "histórico"  do  "sh".  Ele  permite  reexecutar  
  comandos,  inclusive com modificações (cada linha do histórico pode  
  ser  editada  com  os  mesmos  comandos  do  "vi",  antes  de   ser  
  reexecutada).  



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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 39 


  Esta  versão  do  TROPIX já possui o utilitário "sbwave" para tocar  
  músicas PCM através de placas "Sound Blaster" ISA, veja o manual.  

  Durante a instalação, a INTERNET já é configurada para funcionar no  
  modo interno  ("loopback"),  o  que  é  necessário  pela  Interface  
  Gráfica  X-Window. Para configurar a INTERNET para o uso com outros  
  dispositivos, use "man internet".  

  Para a montagem de sistemas de arquivos remotos através do  Sistema  
  de Arquivos NFS (Network File System), use "man nfs".  

  Leia  o capítulo 18: ele menciona características não convencionais  
  do TROPIX, as quais incluímos no sistema por considerá-las úteis.  

  Para instalar a Interface Gráfica X-Window, consulte  os  capítulos  
  19 a 22.  

  Para obter/compilar o código fonte do TROPIX, consulte os capítulos  
  23 e 24.  

  Naturalmente, este capítulo dá apenas o resumo de uma direção geral  
  a tomar. O ideal é consultar um livro de introdução ao UNIX.  

  Esperamos  que  o  TROPIX  lhe  seja  útil, tanto no aprendizado de  
  sistemas de filosofia UNIX, como na utilização de mais  um  sistema  
  operacional.  Em  caso  de  dúvidas  ou relatos de erros, utilize o  
  endereço eletrônico do capítulo 1.  







































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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 40 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       *                      Capítulo 18                      *  
       * * 
       *  CARACTERÍSTICAS E UTILITÁRIOS ORIGINAIS DO TROPIX    *  
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  Embora o TROPIX seja um  sistema  de  filosofia  UNIX,  há  algumas  
  características   originais  que  não  são  encontradas  em  outros  
  sistemas  deste  tipo.  A   seguir   são   dadas   algumas   destas  
  originalidades:  

     1. Na  maioria  dos sistemas UNIX, quando listamos um arquivo de 
        várias páginas no vídeo, ele "rola" fora da  tela  antes  que  
        possamos le-lo. Temos então de usar o comando "more" na forma  

                  cat texto.txt | more  

        ou então,  

                  more texto.txt  

        Isto  é  o  caso,  também,  se  usamos  o comando "ls -l" com  
        diretórios contendo muitos arquivos.  

        No TROPIX, isto não é necessário; a saída do vídeo é  pausada  
        quando  ela  completa  o  número  de  linhas  visíveis. To 
        continuar a saída no vídeo, basta teclar <^Q>.  

        Isto pode ser alterado através  do  comando  "stty"  (veja  o  
        respectivo manual).  

     2. O  utilitário  "show": permite visualizar um arquivo de texto 
        de forma conveniente  no  vídeo,  podendo  avançar/retroceder  
        sobre o texto com comandos semelhantes ao do editor de textos  
        "vi".  É  especialmente  útil  para  examinar  a  saída de um  
        programa, usando um "pipe" (veja o manual).  

     3. O comando "gar": este utilitário é  uma  extensão  do  "tar", 
        padrão do mundo UNIX. O "gar", além de criar/extrair coleções  
        do  formato  "tar",  extrair  coleções do formato "cpio", ele  
        cria/extrai/compara/adiciona  coleções  do  formato   próprio  
        ("gar")  com/sem  compactação.  Você certamente já utilizou o  
        "gar" ao instalar o TROPIX (veja o manual).  

     4. Os       utilitários        "cmptree/cptree";        permitem 
        copiar/comparar/atualizar  árvores  do  sistema  de  arquivos  
        locais ao próprio computadores (veja o manual).  

     5. A    família     de     utilitários     "tcmpto":     permite 
        copiar/comparar/atualizar  árvores  do  sistema  de  arquivos  
        de/entre o computador local e um computador  remoto,  através  
        de protocolo próprio TCP/IP (veja o manual).  





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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 41 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       *                      Capítulo 19                      *  
       * * 
       *       INTRODUÇÃO À INTERFACE GRÁFICA X-WINDOW         *  
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  O sistema X-Window para o TROPIX é uma interface gráfica baseada na  
  versão 4.7.0 distribuída pelo Consórcio XFree86.  

  A  presente  versão  inclui servidores específicos para algumas das  
  placas gráficas  mais  usuais.  Além  disto,  são  distribuídos  os  
  clientes indispensáveis para o funcionamento mínimo do sistema.  

  Apesar  de  os  monitores  modernos possuírem circuitos de proteção  
  contra o uso com freqüências horizontal  e/ou  vertical  indevidas,  
  sempre  existe  teoricamente  a  possibilidade  de  danificar o seu  
  monitor.  

  NÓS NÃO NOS RESPONSABILIZAMOS POR  ESTES  POSSÍVEIS  DANOS  AO  SEU  
  MONITOR.  VOCÊ  ESTÁ  INSTALANDO/UTILIZANDO  A INTERFACE GRÁFICA DO  
  TROPIX SOB SUA PRÓPRIA RESPONSABILIDADE E RISCO!  




































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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 42 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       *                      Capítulo 20                      *  
       * * 
       *       CRIAÇÃO E INSTALAÇÃO DOS DISQUETES/ARQUIVOS     *  
       *                 DA INTERFACE GRÁFICA                  *  
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  Este capítulo contém informações apenas para a  instalação  através  
  de  disquetes.  Se  você  está instalando através de um CDROM, pode  
  pulá-lo.  



  A distribuição da Interface Gráfica X-Window  é  feita  através  da  
  coleção    "xwin.tgz":    obtenha-a    na    página    do    TROPIX  
  ("http://tropix.nce.ufrj.br").  

  Uma vez tendo obtida esta  coleção,  é  necessário  preparar  os  2  
  arquivos  ou  criar  os 2 disquetes de 3½". Ela contém os seguintes  
  arquivos:  

                  fdimage.exe 
                  xwin1.dsk  
                  xwin2.dsk  

  O arquivo "fdimage.exe" é um utilitário de cópia  para  os  Windows  
  (você provavelmente já o tem, obtido durante a instalação do TROPIX  
  básico), e os arquivos restantes são os conteúdos dos 2 disquetes.  

  Assim  como  no  caso do TROPIX básico, se você possui uma partição  
  DOS/Windows FAT16/32 ou NTFS  em  seu  computador,  a  criação  dos  
  disquetes  XWIN1  e  XWIN2  pode  ser dispensada. Siga o roteiro do  
  capítulo 9 (substituindo "gar1" por "xwin1" e "xwin2").  

  Uma vez com os disquetes ou arquivos preparados, entre  no  sistema  
  TROPIX (como superusuário), vá para o diretório "/usr/etc/install",  
  e execute o comando  

                  install.xwin  

  e siga as suas instruções. O sistema necessita de cerca de 10 MB no  
  disco.  















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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 43 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       *                      Capítulo 21                      *  
       * * 
       *            CONFIGURAÇÃO DA INTERFACE GRÁFICA          *  
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  Uma  vez instalados todos os arquivos da Interface Gráfica X-Window  
  (se você está instalando através do CDROM isto é automático, para o  
  caso de disquetes veja o capítulo anterior), vamos dar a  seguir  o  
  método  passo a passo para a configuração do sistema. Isto deve ser  
  feito como superusuário.  

     1. Configuração da "internet": Ela deverá está ativa, pelo menos 
        para  acessos  internos  ("loopback");  isto  normalmente,  a  
        instalação  do TROPIX já realiza. Para maiores detalhes, veja  
        o manual "internet" (através do comando "man").  

     2. Especificação do "mouse": O sistema vem  configurado  para  o 
        "mouse" PS/2.  

        Para     outros     tipos     de     "mouse,     o    arquivo  
        "/usr/xwin/conf/xconfig" deverá ser editado. Se o seu "mouse"  
        for serial (COM1, COM2) ou USB, mova os dois  caracteres  "#"  
        das  linhas  do  seu  tipo  de "mouse" para as duas linhas do  
        "mouse" PS/2.  

        Use o utilitário "dmesg" para verificar se, durante  a  carga  
        do sistema, o seu "mouse" está sendo reconhecido.  

     3. Execução   do   servidor  no  modo  de  16  cores  (4  bits). 
        Inicialmente      o       arquivo       de       configuração  
        "/usr/xwin/conf/xconfig"   está  preparado  para  executar  o  
        servidor no modo  gráfico  do  padrão  VGA,  de  16  cores  e  
        resolução  de 640x480 e 800x600. Este modo deve funcionar com  
        qualquer placa gráfica, e será sua (única) opção caso  a  sua  
        placa não tenha sucesso nas tentativas abaixo.  

        Para tanto, basta teclar o comando "startx" (sem ter alterado  
        o  arquivo  de  configuração). O sistema iniciará com o fundo  
        padrão do TROPIX, duas  janelas  "xterm",  um  relógio  e  um  
        selecionador   de   "desktops".  Em  cada  janela  "xterm"  é  
        executado o interpretador de comandos padrão "sh".  

        Para voltar ao modo texto, a maneira mais  simples  é  teclar  
        simultaneamente <ctl-alt-bs>.  

        Este  é  o  modo  mais  básico  de  funcionamento  do sistema  
        X-Window;  se  ele  não  funcionar  envie-nos   os   arquivos  
        "/var/log/xwin/xserver.log"   e  "/var/log/xwin/xclients.log"  
        para o endereço eletrônico do capítulo 1.  

     4. Determinação da placa gráfica: Uma vez funcionando no modo de 
        16 cores, podemos verificar  se  existe  a  possibilidade  de  
        utilizar  um  servidor  específico  para a sua placa gráfica.  
        Isto proporcionará a possibilidade de usar uma gama maior  de  


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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 44 


        cores,  e  outras  resoluções  (800x600, 1024x768, 1280x1024,  
        ...).  

        Dependendo da sua placa gráfica, podemos editar o arquivo  de  
        configuração  "/usr/xwin/conf/xconfig". Se for uma placa ATI,  
        coloque em comentário as linhas:  

                  Driver          "svga"  
                  Device          "Generic VGA"  

        colocando um "#" no início da linha, e tire o comentário  das  
        linhas:  

                  Driver          "accel"  
                  Device          "ati"  

        Além  disto,  altere  o  número  de bits por cor comentando a  
        linha:  

                  DefaultColorDepth       4  

        e tirando o "#" de uma das linhas (experimente):  

                  DefaultColorDepth       8  
                  DefaultColorDepth       16  
                  DefaultColorDepth       24  

        Para cada tentativa, entre no modo gráfico teclando "startx",  
        e  para  voltar  ao  modo  de  texto,  tecle  simultaneamente  
        <ctl-alt-bs>.  Obtenha  infomações  de  sucesso/insucesso  no  
        arquivo "/var/log/xwin/xserver.log".  

        As instruções são semelhantes, se a sua placa for uma  NVIDIA  
        ou TRIDENT, usando-se  

                  Device          "nv"  
        ou  
                  Device          "trident"  

     5. Se  a  sua  placa  gráfica  não  for  uma  das  acima,  ou as 
        tentativas acima não tiveram sucesso, você poderá apenas  (na  
        presente versão) usar o modo de 16 cores (4 bits).  

     6. Para  alterar  de resolução, tecle <ctl-alt-+> ou <ctl-alt-->  
        ("+" e "-" do teclado numérico).  


  Uma vez funcionando, você poderá tentar alterar o número de cores e  
  o tamanho do seu "desktop". Em caso de não conseguir, envie-nos  os  
  dois arquivos do diretório "/var/log/xwin", conforme acima.  
















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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 45 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       *                      Capítulo 22                      *  
       * * 
       *          UTILIZAÇÃO BÁSICA DA INTERFACE GRÁFICA       *  
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  Uma  vez com o sistema em funcionamento, teremos (com já foi citado  
  acima), duas janelas "xterm",  um  relógio  e  um  selecionador  de  
  "desktops".  

  A  pequena janela "xterm" superior é a da "console", e não deve ser  
  usada normalmente, pois nela serão escritas as mensagens de erro do  
  sistema operacional.  

  Para movimentar uma janela, clique e arraste o botão da esquerda do  
  "mouse" na moldura da janela.  

  Para alterar o tamanho de uma janela, clique e arraste o  botão  da  
  esquerda  do  "mouse"  em  um  dos 4 cantos da janela (nem todas as  
  janelas admitem isto).  

  Para promover uma janela (isto é, colocá-la na frente das  demais),  
  clique  o  botão  da esquerda na moldura da janela. Para rebaixá-la  
  (isto é, colocá-la atrás das demais), clique o botão da direita  na  
  moldura  da  janela.  Se  você  tiver  um "mouse" de 3 botões, pode  
  também promover uma janela com o botão do meio.  

  O botão da esquerda, clicado fora de qualquer janela, apresenta  um  
  "menu"  de  utilitários,  além  da  opção para sair do modo gráfico  
  (retornando ao modo de texto). O botão da direita, clicado fora  de  
  qualquer janela, apresenta uma lista das janelas ativas.  

  Tudo  o  que  foi  descrito  até  agora  refere-se  ao "desktop" 0.  
  Clicando em um outro selecionador de "desktop" (no  canto  inferior  
  direito),  você  terá um novo espaço independente para a criação de  
  janelas. Você dispõe (na presente configuração), de 6 "desktops".  





















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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 46 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       *                      Capítulo 23                      *  
       * * 
       *   OBTENÇÃO E INSTALAÇÃO DO CÓDIGO FONTE DO TROPIX     *  
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  O código fonte do TROPIX  é  distribuído  através  dos  3  arquivos  
  "kernel.tgz"  (o  núcleo  do sistema), "lib.tgz" (as bibliotecas) e  
  "cmd.tgz" (os utilitários). Tratam-se de coleções  TAR  comprimidas  
  através do utilitário "gzip".  

  Uma vez obtida uma coleção "*.tgz" através de um navegador, devemos  
  descomprimi-la. Isto pode ser feito de diversos modos:  

     1. Se você armazenou a coleção "*.tgz" em um sistema de arquivos 
        DOS/Windows  FAT16/32,  e  está  com o TROPIX instalado, pode  
        acessá-la diretamente através do TROPIX, montando a  partição  
        com um comando da forma  

             mount /dev/hda1 /mnt  

        Em seguida, descomprima-a com:  

             cd /mnt/...                  (Diretório do TROPIX)  
             gunzip *.tgz                 (Nome da coleção)  
             gar -ixv <*.tar              (Nome da coleção TAR obtida)  
             rm *.tar                     (Remove a coleção TAR)  

     2. Se a sua partição DOS/Windows for NTFS (como ela é somente de 
        leitura),  o  procedimento  acima  deverá ser efetuado após a  
        cópia do arquivo "*.tgz" para uma partição TROPIX.  

     3. Se  você  está  usando  um  sistema  UNIX,  deverá  usar   os 
        utilitários  "gunzip"  e  "tar". Verifique os detalhes no seu  
        sistema UNIX.  

     4. Se você está apenas com Windows, pode descomprimir a  coleção 
        com o utilitário "Winzip" e ler cada um dos programas através  
        dos utilitários "Notepad", "Wordpad" ou "Word", entre outros.  


















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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 47 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       *                      Capítulo 24                      *  
       * * 
       *           COMPILAÇÃO DO NÚCLEO, BIBLIOTECAS           *  
       *                E UTILITÁRIOS DO TROPIX                *  
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  Abaixo  damos  orientações para compilar os diversos componentes da  
  distribuição do código fonte do TROPIX:  


     1. NÚCLEO DO SISTEMA: Uma vez com a árvore do  núcleo  instalada 
        no  TROPIX,  você  poderá  compilar os diversos módulos que a  
        integram:   "boot/boot0",   "boot/boot1",   "boot/boot2"    e  
        "kernel".  

        Em  cada  um  dos diretórios há o "Makefile" para controlar a  
        respectiva compilação.  

        Repare que no diretório "kernel" há o arquivo "scbfile.v" que  
        contém parâmetros para configurar o seu núcleo em  particular  
        (veja "edscb" (cmd)).  

     2. BIBLIOTECAS:  Na  raiz  da  árvore  há  um  "Makefile" para a 
        compilação de todas as 4 bibliotecas. Se for  desejado,  pode  
        ser  compilada  cada  uma  delas  separadamente  (indo para o  
        diretório correspondente).  

     3. UTILITÁRIOS: Na raiz  da  árvore  há  um  "Makefile"  para  a 
        compilação de todos os utilitários. Se for desejado, pode ser  
        compilado  cada um deles separadamente (indo para o diretório  
        correspondente).  

























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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 48 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       *                      Capítulo 25                      *  
       * * 
       *              O USO DO EDITOR DE TEXTOS "VI"           *  
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 



  O utilitário "vi" é  o  editor  de  textos  "padrão"  dos  sistemas  
  operacionais  de  filosofia  UNIX.  Neste  capítulo  será  dada uma  
  pequena introdução ao seu uso, suficiente para realizar  alterações  
  nos arquivos de configuração (que eventualmente sejam necessárias),  
  durante a instalação do TROPIX.  

  Maiores  detalhes  poderão ser vistos (posteriormente com o sistema  
  em funcionamento regular), atráves de "man vi"  ou  ainda  "man  -g  
  vi".  

  Para  editar  um arquivo (por exemplo, de nome "abc"), teclamos "vi  
  abc", e o "vi" inicia o  seu  funcionamento  mostrando  a  primeira  
  página  do  arquivo  "abc",  com  o cursor no primeiro caractere da  
  primeira linha.  

  Podemos então utilizar os seguintes comandos (repare que  o  cursor  
  indica onde o comando será executado):  

       <sp>       Avança (o cursor de) um caractere na linha.  
       <bs>       Retrocede um caractere na linha.  
       "-"        Retrocede uma linha no arquivo.  
       <enter>    Avança uma linha no arquivo.  
       <^D>       Avança meia página no arquivo.  
       <^U>       Retrocede meia página no arquivo.  
       "1g"       Retrocede para o início do arquivo.  
       "g"        Avança para o final do arquivo.  

       "i"        Insere texto antes do cursor (até um <esc>).  
       "a"        Insere texto após o cursor (até um <esc>).  
       "o"        Cria novas linhas e insere texto (até um <esc>).  
       "x"        Remove o caractere indicado pelo cursor.  
       "dd"       Remove uma linha.  
       "yyp"      Copia uma linha.  

       "/..."     Procura a cadeia "..."  
       "n"        Procura a ocorrência seguinte da cadeia.  
       "N"        Procura a ocorrência anterior da cadeia.  

       "."        Repete o último comando de edição.  
       "u"        Desfaz o último comando de edição.  

       ":w"       Atualiza o arquivo.  
       ":q"       Sai do "vi" (somente se o arquivo está atualizado).  
       ":q!"      Sai do "vi", sem atualizar o arquivo.  

  Repare  que  o  arquivo  sendo  editado  ("abc"  no  caso)  só será  
  atualizado  quando  for  dado  o  comando  ":w".   Se   foi   feita  
  acidentalmente  alguma modificação indesejada, podemos sair do "vi"  
  com o comando ":q!", conservando o arquivo em sua forma original.  


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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 49 







       ************************************************** ******* 
       * * 
       *                      Capítulo 26                      *  
       * * 
       *     UMA LISTA DOS PRINCIPAIS COMANDOS DOS TROPIX      *  
       * * 
       ************************************************** ******* 




  Para a sua  comodidade,  damos  abaixo  uma  lista  alfabética  dos  
  principais  comandos  do TROPIX, juntamente com uma breve descrição  
  de cada um. Para obter mais informações sobre um comando  "x"  (por  
  exemplo), use "man x".  

       a2ps      - conversor de arquivos texto em PostScript  
       as        - montador para INTEL-80386/486/PENTIUM  
       bison     - gerador de analisadores sintáticos do GNU  
       c         - escreve as linhas de um arquivo em várias colunas  
       cat       - concatena e copia arquivos  
       cc        - compilador para a linguagem "C"  
       cdplay    - reproduz faixas de CDs  
       cdtowave  - extrai faixas de CDs  
       chgrp     - troca a identificação do grupo de arquivos  
       chmod     - modifica a permissão de acesso de arquivos  
       chown     - troca a identificação do dono (UID) de arquivos  
       clear     - limpa a tela do terminal  
       clr       - limpa a tela do terminal  
       cls       - limpa a tela do terminal  
       cmp       - compara pares de arquivos  
       cmpobj    - compara pares de módulos objeto  
       cmptree   - compara árvores  
       comm      - seleciona ou rejeita linhas comuns a dois arquivos  
                   ordenados  
       coremap   - imprime um mapa de alocação da memória  
       cp        - copia arquivos  
       cpfs      - copia sistemas de arquivos  
       cptree    - copia uma árvore  
       crypt     - codifica/decodifica arquivos  
       data      - mostra/atualiza a data/hora corrente do sistema  
       dc        - calculador de mesa com aritmética inteira  
       dd        - copia e converte arquivos  
       df        - informa sobre o espaço disponível de sistemas de  
                   arquivos  
       diff      - comparador diferencial de arquivos  
       dmesg     - imprime as mensagens iniciais de carga do núcleo  
       dosmp     - monta/processa um sistema de arquivos no formato  
                   MS-DOS/Windows  
       du        - informa sobre o uso de disco  
       echo      - ecoa os arqumentos  
       ed        - editor de textos orientado por linhas  
       edboot    - gerencia "boot0" e "boot2"  
       editscb   - edita/imprime o bloco de controle da INTERNET  
       edobj     - editor de módulos objeto  
       edscb     - imprime/edita o bloco de controle do núcleo do  
                   TROPIX  
       edusr     - gerencia as contas/senhas  
       eject     - ejeta o meio removível de um dispositivo  


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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 50 


       ex        - editor visual de textos  
       exportfs  - lista/atualiza a tabela "exports" do NFS  
       fdc       - calculador de mesa com aritmética flutuante  
       fdisk     - imprime e/ou modifica a tabela de partições  
                   de um disco  
       fdformat  - formata disquetes  
       file      - tenta identificar o conteúdo de um arquivo  
       finger    - obtém informações sobre usuários remotos  
       fsck      - verifica a consistência de sistemas de arquivos  
       fsdefrag  - melhora a alocação dos blocos de um sistema de  
                   arquivos  
       fsname    - consulta/atualiza nomes/volumes de sistemas de  
                   arquivos  
       ftp       - programa de cópia remota de arquivos da INTERNET  
       gar       - utilitário para a criação/atualização de coleções  
                   de arquivos  
       grep      - busca de padrões em arquivos  
       gunzip    - comprime ou expande arquivos  
       gzip      - comprime ou expande arquivos  
       help      - imprime resumos de utilização de comandos  
       hpprint   - impressor para HP DeskJet (PCL)  
       ifdef     - realiza préprocessamentos parciais  
       includes  - descobre arquivos incluídos  
       kill      - envia sinais a processos  
       lasttime  - lista os nomes de arquivos modificados recentemente  
       lc        - lista o conteúdo de diretórios  
       ld        - link-editor de módulos objeto  
       ldshlib   - carrega/descarrega uma biblioteca compartilhada  
       linkoptim - substitui arquivos duplicados por elos físicos  
       ln        - cria elos físicos ou simbólicos para arquivos  
       ls        - lista características de arquivos e conteúdos de  
                   diretórios  
       mail      - recebe ou envia cartas do correio eletrônico  
       make      - gerenciador de manutenção de programas  
       man       - mostra um manual na tela do terminal/vídeo/janela  
       mkdev     - cria/atualiza os dispositivos de "/dev"  
       mkdir     - cria diretórios  
       mkfifo    - cria FIFOs  
       mkfs      - gera um sistema de arquivos  
       mklib     - cria/atualiza bibliotecas de módulos objeto  
       mknod     - cria um arquivo especial  
       mount     - monta um sistema de arquivos  
       mv        - move (troca o nome de) arquivos  
       mvtree    - move (troca o nome) de uma árvore/diretório  
       nettime   - obtém a data/hora corrente de um nó remoto  
       nice      - executa um comando com prioridade modificada  
       nm        - imprime a tabela de símbolos de módulos objeto  
       nohup     - executa um comando imune ao sinal SIGHUP  
       pallwd    - imprime todos os diretórios correntes  
       passwd    - altera a senha do usuário  
       paste     - une linhas de vários arquivos  
       ping      - teste de acesso a um nó remoto  
       pop3      - acessa uma caixa postal remota através do  
                   protocolo POP3  
       pr        - imprime arquivos  
       prdisktb  - Imprime a tabela de discos/partições  
       prsync    - imprime o estado da sincronização dos processos  
       ps        - imprime informações sobre processos  
       pwd       - imprime o diretório corrente  
       reboot    - Encerra o uso do TROPIX, e recarrega o computador  
       rlogin    - entra em sessão em um nó remoto  
       rm        - Remove arquivos  
       rmdir     - remove diretórios  
       rmtree    - remove árvores  


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  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 51 


       sbvol     - controla o volume da placa de som SB-16  
       sbwave    - Toca música PCM através da placa de som SB-16  
       semafree  - libera o semáforo pelo qual o processo está  
                   esperando  
       setmode   - atribui as proteções corretas aos arquivos do  
                   sistema  
       sh        - interpretador de comandos  
       show      - mostra um arquivo na tela do terminal  
       shutdown  - reinicializa o computador após um certo tempo  
       size      - imprime tamanhos e características de módulos  
                   objeto  
       sleep     - suspende a execução por um intervalo de tempo  
       sort      - ordena e/ou intercala arquivos  
       sroff     - formatador de textos  
       strip     - remove as tabelas de símbolos de módulos-objeto  
       stty      - consulta/altera parâmetros de terminais/vídeos  
       su        - muda de conta temporariamente  
       subst     - busca/substitui cadeias em vários arquivos  
       sync      - Atualiza os blocos do cache nos discos  
       sysmap    - desenha um mapa de uso de alguns recursos do  
                   sistema (programa gráfico)  
       tac       - descompila a descrição instalada de um terminal/  
                   vídeo  
       tail      - obtém a parte final de um arquivo  
       tcmpfrom  - comparação/atualização remota de árvores  
                   (caminhando árvores remotas)  
       tcmpto    - comparação/atualização remota de árvores  
                   (caminhando árvores locais)  
       tcpfrom   - cópia remota de árvores (caminhando árvores  
                   remotas)  
       tcpto     - cópia remota de árvores (caminhando árvores  
                   locais)  
       tee       - copia a entrada padrão para diversos arquivos e a  
                   saida padrão  
       telnet    - comunica com um nó remoto utilizando o protocolo  
                   TELNET  
       test      - testa propriedades de arquivos  
       textmap   - imprime uma tabela de programas reentrantes em uso  
       tic       - compila e instala a descrição de um terminal/vídeo  
       touch     - Modifica os tempos de arquivos  
       tpipe     - escreve arquivos remotos na saída padrão  
       tr        - traduz caracteres  
       tty       - imprime o nome do terminal/vídeo  
       umount    - desmonta sistemas de arquivos  
       uname     - imprime a identificação do sistema  
       uniq      - indica linhas repetidas de um arquivo  
       untext    - libera os recursos de programas reentrantes  
       uptime    - fornece o tempo decorrido desde o último "boot"  
       vi        - editor visual de textos  
       walk      - caminha em árvores do sistema de arquivos  
       wc        - contador de páginas, linhas, palavras e caracteres  
       who       - informa quem está no sistema  
       write     - escreve mensagens para um outro usuário  
       xcoremap  - desenha um mapa de alocação da memória  
                   (programa gráfico)  
       xclock    - relógio analógico (programa gráfico)  
       xcpu      - desenha o gráfico de uso da CPU  
       xd        - "dump" em hexadecimal e ISO  
       xdefrag   - Melhora a alocação dos blocos de um sistema  
                   de arquivos T1  
       xedit     - editor de textos simples para o sistema X-Window  
       xfm       - gerenciador gráfico de arquivos  
       xmandel   - desenha as imagens fractais de Mandelbrot  
       xpop3     - acessa uma caixa postal remota através do  


  Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08 





  INSTALL (ref) TROPIX: Installation Guide Pag. 52 


                   protocolo POP3  
       xpaint    - mostra uma imagem (gif, jpeg, bmp ou xpm) em uma  
                   janela (programa gráfico)  
       xterm     - Emulador de terminal ANSI para X-Window  
       ziptool   - ferramenta para dispositivos Iomega ZIP  





























































  Version 4.9.0 Updated 10:12:08

I am downloading it, I don't know yet... Qemu? Bochs? Virtual PC? Some kind of 486+ emulator

What Runs?

lynx I think.


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