Difference between revisions of "KL10"

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| word size = 36 bits
 
| word size = 36 bits
 
| physical address = 22 bits
 
| physical address = 22 bits
−
| virtual address = 18 bits (Model A and B)<br>23 bits (Model E)
+
| virtual address = 18 bits (Model A)<br>23 bits (Model B)
 
| logic type = [[emitter-coupled logic|ECL]] [[IC]]s
 
| logic type = [[emitter-coupled logic|ECL]] [[IC]]s
 
| design type =  clocked synchronous, [[microcode]]d
 
| design type =  clocked synchronous, [[microcode]]d
 
| uword width = 75 (Model A)<br>76 (Model B)
 
| uword width = 75 (Model A)<br>76 (Model B)
 
| ucode length = 1280 (Model A)<br>2K (Model B)
 
| ucode length = 1280 (Model A)<br>2K (Model B)
−
| clock speed = 500 nsec
+
| clock speed = 50 MHz (Model A)<br>58 MHz (Model B)
−
| cache size = 2K words
+
| cache size = 2K words (KL10-PA and PV)<br>4K words (KL10-PW)
 
| memory speed = 1.0 μsec (initial [[core memory]]), 500 nsec (later [[Metal Oxide Semiconductor|MOS]] [[main memory]])   
 
| memory speed = 1.0 μsec (initial [[core memory]]), 500 nsec (later [[Metal Oxide Semiconductor|MOS]] [[main memory]])   
 
| memory mgmt = [[paging]], 512-word pages
 
| memory mgmt = [[paging]], 512-word pages
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}}
 
}}
  
−
The '''KL10''' was the third generation of [[PDP-10]] processors. It was built out of [[Emitter-coupled logic|ECL]], on [[DEC card form factor|hex]] cards. It was the first [[microcode|micro-programmed]] PDP-10 processor; the design was inspired by Stanford's [[Superfoonly]].
+
The '''KL10''' was the third generation of [[PDP-10]] processors. It was built out of [[Emitter-coupled logic|ECL]], on [[DEC card form factor|hex]] cards. It was the first [[microcode|micro-programmed]] PDP-10 processor; the design was inspired by Stanford's [[Super Foonly]].
  
−
The [[Central Processing Unit|CPU]] had two main units, the 'E Box' ('Execution') and the 'M Box' ('Memory'). It provided three types of [[bus]]ses to the rest of the components of the system; the 'E Bus', from the E Box; and the 'S Bus' ('Storage'), and later the 'C Bus' ('[[Channel]]'), from the M Box. The S Bus was for the attachment of [[main memory]] units, while the C Bus allowed [[Direct Memory Access|DMA]] accesss to main memory.
+
The [[Central Processing Unit|CPU]] had two main units, the 'E Box' ('Execution') and the 'M Box' ('Memory'). It provided three types of [[bus]]ses to the rest of the components of the system; the 'E Bus', from the E Box; and the 'S Bus' ('Storage'), and later the 'C Bus' ('[[Channel]]'), from the M Box. The S Bus (usually called the 'internal' memory bus) was for the attachment of [[main memory]] units, while the C Bus allowed [[Direct Memory Access|DMA]] accesss to main memory.
  
 
(The S Bus was later modififed to a version called the 'X Bus', which was functionally the same as the S Bus, but used [[transistor-transistor logic|TTL]] [[signal]] [[voltage]]s, instead of the [[emitter-coupled logic|ECL]] levels of the S Bus.)
 
(The S Bus was later modififed to a version called the 'X Bus', which was functionally the same as the S Bus, but used [[transistor-transistor logic|TTL]] [[signal]] [[voltage]]s, instead of the [[emitter-coupled logic|ECL]] levels of the S Bus.)
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A KL10 could support up to 4 [[DTE20 Ten-Eleven Interface‎‎]]s; they allowed connection of a [[PDP-11]] [[front end]]. At least one PDP-11, the 'master', was ''required''; it could [[bootstrap]] the KL10, including loading the [[microcode]].
 
A KL10 could support up to 4 [[DTE20 Ten-Eleven Interface‎‎]]s; they allowed connection of a [[PDP-11]] [[front end]]. At least one PDP-11, the 'master', was ''required''; it could [[bootstrap]] the KL10, including loading the [[microcode]].
  
−
A [[DMA20 Memory Bus Adapter]] could be attached to the S Bus, to provide up to 4 (in parallel, to increase memory bandwidth, as well as maximizing [[memory interleaving]]) [[KI10]]-compatible [[PDP-10 Memory Bus|external memory busses]] (called the K Bus in the KL10). Similarly, an [[DIA20 In/Out Bus Controller]] could be attached to the E Bus, to provide a [[PDP-10 I/O Bus]] (called the I Bus in the KL10).
+
A main memory [[cache]] for [[instruction]] and [[operand]] [[fetch]]es, the [[MCA20 Cache]] - standard in some models, and optional in others - was available. Later in the KL10's life, the improved [[MCA25 KL Cache/Paging Upgrade]], which increased both the size of both the main memory cache, and the [[virtual memory|paging]] cache, as well as improved the functionality of the latter, could be added/substituted for the MCA20.
 +
 
 +
A [[DMA20 Memory Bus Adapter]] could be attached to the S Bus, to provide up to 4 (in parallel, to increase memory bandwidth, as well as maximizing [[memory interleaving]]) [[KI10]]-compatible [[PDP-10 Memory Bus|external memory busses]] (called the 'K Bus' in the KL10). Similarly, an [[DIA20 In/Out Bus Controller]] could be attached to the E Bus, to provide a [[PDP-10 I/O Bus]] (called the I Bus in the KL10).
  
 
The KL10 was used in the [[DECsystem-10]] models 108x and 109x systems (initially with an external memory bus and an I/O bus, as a 'drop-in' processor replacement for a KI10), and in the high-end 20xx systems of the [[DECSYSTEM-20]] line (with an internal memory bus).
 
The KL10 was used in the [[DECsystem-10]] models 108x and 109x systems (initially with an external memory bus and an I/O bus, as a 'drop-in' processor replacement for a KI10), and in the high-end 20xx systems of the [[DECSYSTEM-20]] line (with an internal memory bus).
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* [[CI20 Computer Interconnect]] - interface to the [[Computer Interconnect|CI]] high-speed link
 
* [[CI20 Computer Interconnect]] - interface to the [[Computer Interconnect|CI]] high-speed link
  
−
If either the NIA2O or CI20 in installed, since they use some of the backplane slots for the RH20's, only 4 RH20's may be installed if either is installed. They also connect to the EBUS and CBUS.
+
If either the NIA2O or CI20 in installed, since they use some of the [[backplane]] slots for the RH20's, only 4 RH20's may be installed if either is installed. They also connect to the EBUS and CBUS.
  
 
All low-speed devices were generally attached to the [[UNIBUS]] of one of the PDP-11 front ends (which could also be attached via a [[DL10 PDP-11 Data Link|DL10]]); although the I Bus provided by a DIA20 was also an option.
 
All low-speed devices were generally attached to the [[UNIBUS]] of one of the PDP-11 front ends (which could also be attached via a [[DL10 PDP-11 Data Link|DL10]]); although the I Bus provided by a DIA20 was also an option.
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There were two main packaging families: those used for the DECsystem-10, which used tall, medium-width cabinets like those of the KA10 and KI10, in the same turquoise blue as the latter; and the DECSYSTEM-20, which were shorter and wider and painted cream and orange.
 
There were two main packaging families: those used for the DECsystem-10, which used tall, medium-width cabinets like those of the KA10 and KI10, in the same turquoise blue as the latter; and the DECSYSTEM-20, which were shorter and wider and painted cream and orange.
  
−
The CPU, front end, and I/O controllers were accommodated in a set of three racks (or four, for some DECSYSTEM-20s); one to hold the CPU, one for the front-end, and one for all the I/O. The E Box and the M Box were both on the main [[backplane]], in the CPU cabinet. The DMA20, DIA20, DTE20s and RH20s were all accommodated on backplanes in the second, I/O, cabinet; the first two were on a single backplane, and the latter two on another.
+
The CPU, front end, and I/O controllers were accommodated in a set of three racks (or four, for some DECSYSTEM-20s); one to hold the CPU, one for the front-end, and one for all the I/O. The E Box and the M Box were both on the main backplane, in the CPU cabinet. The DMA20, DIA20, DTE20s and RH20s were all accommodated on backplanes in the second, I/O, cabinet; the first two were on a single backplane, and the latter two on another.
  
 
==Versions==
 
==Versions==
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The KL10-PV supported the 'Extended' PDP-10 [[architecture]], with support for multiple 'sections' (256K-[[word]] [[address space]]s), available to both the [[kernel]] and the [[user]] (although apparently only [[TOPS-20]] supported the latter). The earlier machines could be field upgraded to a -PV, but it apparently needed a modified/new backplane.
 
The KL10-PV supported the 'Extended' PDP-10 [[architecture]], with support for multiple 'sections' (256K-[[word]] [[address space]]s), available to both the [[kernel]] and the [[user]] (although apparently only [[TOPS-20]] supported the latter). The earlier machines could be field upgraded to a -PV, but it apparently needed a modified/new backplane.
  
−
Substitution/addition of the later [[MCA25 KL Cache/Paging Upgrade]], which increased both the size of both the main memory [[cache]], and the [[Virtual memory|paging]] cache, as well as improved the functionality of the latter, produced the -PW. It too required backplane modifications; the resulting machine was termed the 'Model C' by some.
+
Substitution/addition of the later MCA25 cache produced the KL10-PW; the resulting machine was named the 'Model C' by some.
  
 
Many of the 'models' (e.g. 'KL10-C' and 'KL10-D') appear to be names for particular configurations (with various options, such as the DMA20 and DIA20); here is a DEC table which (hopefully authoritatively) defines them:
 
Many of the 'models' (e.g. 'KL10-C' and 'KL10-D') appear to be names for particular configurations (with various options, such as the DMA20 and DIA20); here is a DEC table which (hopefully authoritatively) defines them:
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
−
! Model !! PV !! Cache !! Int Chans !! Max DTEs !!Max RH20s !! DIA !! DMA
+
! Model !! PV !! Cache !! Int Chans !! Max DTEs !! Max RH20s !! DIA !! DMA
 
|-
 
|-
 
| KL10-A || No || Yes || No || 1 || 0 || Yes || Yes
 
| KL10-A || No || Yes || No || 1 || 0 || Yes || Yes
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(*: Maximum 4 RH20s if a CI20 or NIA20 is installed, as those use the slots for RH4-7 in the RH20 backplane.)
 
(*: Maximum 4 RH20s if a CI20 or NIA20 is installed, as those use the slots for RH4-7 in the RH20 backplane.)
  
−
The 'KL10-R' appears to be a Model E in a new cabinet design, one compliant with newer FCC [[interference|RFI]] emissions standards; but it may also refer to systems with the MCA25.
+
The 'KL10-R' appears to be a KL10-E in a new cabinet design, one compliant with newer FCC [[interference|RFI]] emissions standards; but it may also refer to systems with the MCA25.
  
 
Note that the early KL10-A only supported a single DTE20, and no RH20s, and it was the later KL10-B and up (the first two also with the Model A CPU), which supported up to 4 DTE20s and up to 8 RH20s. This is because the I/O backplanes in the second bay of the CPU differed in the KL10-B and up, to support the larger I/O configuration. (The DTE20 backplane differed between the two.) The KL10-A was intended to replace KA10 and KI10 processors, hence the lack of support for RH20s, etc.
 
Note that the early KL10-A only supported a single DTE20, and no RH20s, and it was the later KL10-B and up (the first two also with the Model A CPU), which supported up to 4 DTE20s and up to 8 RH20s. This is because the I/O backplanes in the second bay of the CPU differed in the KL10-B and up, to support the larger I/O configuration. (The DTE20 backplane differed between the two.) The KL10-A was intended to replace KA10 and KI10 processors, hence the lack of support for RH20s, etc.
  
−
One significant division between KL-based ''systems'' is between those with an external memory bus, and those with an internal memory bus (the native S Bus).
+
One significant division between KL-based ''systems'' is between those with an external memory bus (K bus), and those with an internal memory bus (the native S/X Bus).
  
 
The DEC numeric model numbers - a fourth namespace - are even more confused, since a 1090 could be either a "KL10-B(PA) or KL10-D(PV)"; similarly, the 2040 and 2050 could be a "KL10-C(PA) or KL10-E(PV)".
 
The DEC numeric model numbers - a fourth namespace - are even more confused, since a 1090 could be either a "KL10-B(PA) or KL10-D(PV)"; similarly, the 2040 and 2050 could be a "KL10-C(PA) or KL10-E(PV)".
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There was a single KL10 [[Incompatible Timesharing System|ITS]] machine, MIT-MC, a very early Model A. It was later renamed to MX after a [[KS10]] took the 'MC' identity, and was finally shut down in 1988; it is now in storage at the [[Living Computer Museum]].
 
There was a single KL10 [[Incompatible Timesharing System|ITS]] machine, MIT-MC, a very early Model A. It was later renamed to MX after a [[KS10]] took the 'MC' identity, and was finally shut down in 1988; it is now in storage at the [[Living Computer Museum]].
  
−
The [[Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory|SAIL]] (or SU-AI) [[timesharing]] system — [[WAITS]] — main computer was a KL10 from 1976 to [http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/voy/museum/pictures/AIlab/SailFarewell.html 1991].  In 1983, it was upgraded from a model A to a model B CPU.  Near the end, failing isolation in the [[backplane]] was fixed by inserting toothpicks.
+
The [[Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory|SAIL]] (or SU-AI) [[time-sharing]] system — [[WAITS]] — main computer was a KL10 from 1976 to 1991.  In 1983, it was upgraded from a model A to a model B CPU.  Near the end, failing insulation in the backplane was fixed by inserting toothpicks.
  
 
==External Links==
 
==External Links==
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** [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp10/KL10/EK-1080U-SD-003_1080_1090_SysDescr_Jan77.pdf decsystem-1080/1090 System Description] (EK-1080U-SD-003) - good medium-level description of the functionality of the KL10 CPU and its peripherals
 
** [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp10/KL10/EK-1080U-SD-003_1080_1090_SysDescr_Jan77.pdf decsystem-1080/1090 System Description] (EK-1080U-SD-003) - good medium-level description of the functionality of the KL10 CPU and its peripherals
 
** [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp10/KL10/EK-108OU-PD-002_KL10-Based_Physical_Description_Mar77.pdf KL10-Based Physical Description] (EK-108OU-PD-002) - contains KL10 board configuration, pp. 3-29
 
** [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp10/KL10/EK-108OU-PD-002_KL10-Based_Physical_Description_Mar77.pdf KL10-Based Physical Description] (EK-108OU-PD-002) - contains KL10 board configuration, pp. 3-29
 +
** [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp10/memos/720829_KL10_Technology_Goals.pdf KL10 Project Technology Goals] - interesting memo discussing the analog aspects of the chip technology used in the KL10
 
* [https://dodlithr.blogspot.com/2014/04/digitals-decsystem-20-part-5-cpu-kl10.html Digital's DECSYSTEM-20 - Part 5 - CPU (KL10)]
 
* [https://dodlithr.blogspot.com/2014/04/digitals-decsystem-20-part-5-cpu-kl10.html Digital's DECSYSTEM-20 - Part 5 - CPU (KL10)]
 
* [http://corestore.org/DEC2065.htm Corestore collection: DECSYSTEM 2065 KL10-RH] - Good images, has two MG20 memory units
 
* [http://corestore.org/DEC2065.htm Corestore collection: DECSYSTEM 2065 KL10-RH] - Good images, has two MG20 memory units
 
* [http://www.shiresoft.com/pdp-11/kl-10/ KL-10]
 
* [http://www.shiresoft.com/pdp-11/kl-10/ KL-10]
 
** [http://www.shiresoft.com/pdp-11/kl-10/io-connectors.jpg KL10 I/O connectors] - Good image of bus connectors: on the bottom, MASSBUS connectors on the left; memory and I/O bus QuickLatch connectors on the right
 
** [http://www.shiresoft.com/pdp-11/kl-10/io-connectors.jpg KL10 I/O connectors] - Good image of bus connectors: on the bottom, MASSBUS connectors on the left; memory and I/O bus QuickLatch connectors on the right
 +
* [https://www.cca.org/tech/rcs/pdp-11-40/ PDP-11/40] - good images of a KL10 front end
 
* [http://www.brouhaha.com/~eric/retrocomputing/pdp-10/kl10d_modules.html KL-10D Module Utilization]
 
* [http://www.brouhaha.com/~eric/retrocomputing/pdp-10/kl10d_modules.html KL-10D Module Utilization]
−
* [http://ftp.inwap.com/pdp10/usenet/kl KL] - some interesting discussion of KL10 details
+
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20150919094256/http://www.inwap.com/pdp10/usenet/kl KL] - some interesting discussion of KL10 details
−
* [https://github.com/PDP-10/its/tree/master/src/ucode ITS microcode]
+
* [http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/voy/museum/pictures/AIlab/SailFarewell.html SAIL Farewell] - a good thumbnail history
 +
* [https://github.com/PDP-10/its/tree/master/src/ucode KL10 ITS microcode]
  
 
[[Category: PDP-10 Processors]]
 
[[Category: PDP-10 Processors]]

Latest revision as of 16:01, 11 November 2024


KL10
Manufacturer: Digital Equipment Corporation
Architecture: PDP-10
Year Design Started: January, 1972
Year First Shipped: June, 1975
Form Factor: mainframe
Word Size: 36 bits
Logic Type: ECL ICs
Design Type: clocked synchronous, microcoded
Microword Width: 75 (Model A)
76 (Model B)
Microcode Length: 1280 (Model A)
2K (Model B)
Clock Speed: 50 MHz (Model A)
58 MHz (Model B)
Cache Size: 2K words (KL10-PA and PV)
4K words (KL10-PW)
Memory Speed: 1.0 μsec (initial core memory), 500 nsec (later MOS main memory)
Physical Address Size: 22 bits
Virtual Address Size: 18 bits (Model A)
23 bits (Model B)
Memory Management: paging, 512-word pages
Operating System: TOPS-10, TOPS-20, ITS, WAITS, TENEX, TYMCOM-X
Predecessor(s): KI10
Successor(s): none
Price: US$250K (CPU), US$600K-1.2M (system)


The KL10 was the third generation of PDP-10 processors. It was built out of ECL, on hex cards. It was the first micro-programmed PDP-10 processor; the design was inspired by Stanford's Super Foonly.

The CPU had two main units, the 'E Box' ('Execution') and the 'M Box' ('Memory'). It provided three types of busses to the rest of the components of the system; the 'E Bus', from the E Box; and the 'S Bus' ('Storage'), and later the 'C Bus' ('Channel'), from the M Box. The S Bus (usually called the 'internal' memory bus) was for the attachment of main memory units, while the C Bus allowed DMA accesss to main memory.

(The S Bus was later modififed to a version called the 'X Bus', which was functionally the same as the S Bus, but used TTL signal voltages, instead of the ECL levels of the S Bus.)

A KL10 could support up to 4 DTE20 Ten-Eleven Interface‎‎s; they allowed connection of a PDP-11 front end. At least one PDP-11, the 'master', was required; it could bootstrap the KL10, including loading the microcode.

A main memory cache for instruction and operand fetches, the MCA20 Cache - standard in some models, and optional in others - was available. Later in the KL10's life, the improved MCA25 KL Cache/Paging Upgrade, which increased both the size of both the main memory cache, and the paging cache, as well as improved the functionality of the latter, could be added/substituted for the MCA20.

A DMA20 Memory Bus Adapter could be attached to the S Bus, to provide up to 4 (in parallel, to increase memory bandwidth, as well as maximizing memory interleaving) KI10-compatible external memory busses (called the 'K Bus' in the KL10). Similarly, an DIA20 In/Out Bus Controller could be attached to the E Bus, to provide a PDP-10 I/O Bus (called the I Bus in the KL10).

The KL10 was used in the DECsystem-10 models 108x and 109x systems (initially with an external memory bus and an I/O bus, as a 'drop-in' processor replacement for a KI10), and in the high-end 20xx systems of the DECSYSTEM-20 line (with an internal memory bus).

Like its predecessor, the KI10, it was initially released in a single-processor version; a multi-processor version was released later (although only TOPS-10 ever supported it).

Devices

Up to 8 RH20 MASSBUS controllers could be installed; they connect to the E Bus (for control), and also to the C Bus (for data movement). The MASSBUS can be used to connect a variety of disk and magnetic tape mass storage devices.

Two optional high-speed data networking peripherals are also available:

If either the NIA2O or CI20 in installed, since they use some of the backplane slots for the RH20's, only 4 RH20's may be installed if either is installed. They also connect to the EBUS and CBUS.

All low-speed devices were generally attached to the UNIBUS of one of the PDP-11 front ends (which could also be attached via a DL10); although the I Bus provided by a DIA20 was also an option.

Construction

There were two main packaging families: those used for the DECsystem-10, which used tall, medium-width cabinets like those of the KA10 and KI10, in the same turquoise blue as the latter; and the DECSYSTEM-20, which were shorter and wider and painted cream and orange.

The CPU, front end, and I/O controllers were accommodated in a set of three racks (or four, for some DECSYSTEM-20s); one to hold the CPU, one for the front-end, and one for all the I/O. The E Box and the M Box were both on the main backplane, in the CPU cabinet. The DMA20, DIA20, DTE20s and RH20s were all accommodated on backplanes in the second, I/O, cabinet; the first two were on a single backplane, and the latter two on another.

Versions

There were a number of variants over the lifetime of the KL10; the situation is confusing because there appear to be three different, somewhat orthogonal, namespaces for KL10 variants:

  • CPU hardware variants (-PA, -PV and -PW);
  • informal internal names for CPU variations ('Model A', 'Model B');
  • KL10 'models' (-A through -E, and -R).

As far as is known, 'Model A' is an internal aphorism for -PA, and 'Model B' for -PV; the two are described in a DEC document as:

  • "KL10-PA - A basic ECL processor with slots for cache and internal channels. Unofficially .. referred to as the Model A machine."
  • "KL10-PV - A KL10-PA which has been modified to include extended addressing, more extensive microcode, and a faster clock. Unofficially .. referred to as the Model B machine."

The KL10-PV supported the 'Extended' PDP-10 architecture, with support for multiple 'sections' (256K-word address spaces), available to both the kernel and the user (although apparently only TOPS-20 supported the latter). The earlier machines could be field upgraded to a -PV, but it apparently needed a modified/new backplane.

Substitution/addition of the later MCA25 cache produced the KL10-PW; the resulting machine was named the 'Model C' by some.

Many of the 'models' (e.g. 'KL10-C' and 'KL10-D') appear to be names for particular configurations (with various options, such as the DMA20 and DIA20); here is a DEC table which (hopefully authoritatively) defines them:

Model PV Cache Int Chans Max DTEs Max RH20s DIA DMA
KL10-A No Yes No 1 0 Yes Yes
KL10-B No Yes Yes 4 8 Yes Yes
KL10-C No Optional Yes 4 8 No No
KL10-D Yes Yes Yes 4 8* Yes Yes
KL10-E Yes Optional Yes 4 8* Optional Optional
KL10-R Yes Optional Yes 4 8* Optional Optional

(*: Maximum 4 RH20s if a CI20 or NIA20 is installed, as those use the slots for RH4-7 in the RH20 backplane.)

The 'KL10-R' appears to be a KL10-E in a new cabinet design, one compliant with newer FCC RFI emissions standards; but it may also refer to systems with the MCA25.

Note that the early KL10-A only supported a single DTE20, and no RH20s, and it was the later KL10-B and up (the first two also with the Model A CPU), which supported up to 4 DTE20s and up to 8 RH20s. This is because the I/O backplanes in the second bay of the CPU differed in the KL10-B and up, to support the larger I/O configuration. (The DTE20 backplane differed between the two.) The KL10-A was intended to replace KA10 and KI10 processors, hence the lack of support for RH20s, etc.

One significant division between KL-based systems is between those with an external memory bus (K bus), and those with an internal memory bus (the native S/X Bus).

The DEC numeric model numbers - a fourth namespace - are even more confused, since a 1090 could be either a "KL10-B(PA) or KL10-D(PV)"; similarly, the 2040 and 2050 could be a "KL10-C(PA) or KL10-E(PV)".

Well-known KL10's

There was a single KL10 ITS machine, MIT-MC, a very early Model A. It was later renamed to MX after a KS10 took the 'MC' identity, and was finally shut down in 1988; it is now in storage at the Living Computer Museum.

The SAIL (or SU-AI) time-sharing system — WAITS — main computer was a KL10 from 1976 to 1991. In 1983, it was upgraded from a model A to a model B CPU. Near the end, failing insulation in the backplane was fixed by inserting toothpicks.

External Links

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