PDP-11 Bootstrap Loader

The PDP-11 Bootstrap Loader is a short program designed to be loaded into the main memory on a PDP-11 via the front panel; it is then run to load an initial program into the machine. I.e it is a way of bootstrapping a totally empty machine, one with no ROM.

It is designed to be absolutely as short as possible (since it is manually toggled in via the switch register), and therefore has limitations, including how long a program can be loaded using it, and where in memory that program can be placed. The usual program to load with it is the PDP-11 Absolute Loader, which relaxes both of those limitations.

The original bootstrap loader is self-modifying code, since this allows a very short program. The program is not directly self-modifying; rather, the nature of its input is such that it modifies the bootstrap loader as it is read in. (Most bootstrap loader input files eventually restore the bootstrap loader to its original condition, allowing it to be re-used.)

Program

The bootstrap loader contains two locations which are modified by reading the input: the first is a pointer to the buffer in which to place data being read in; the second is a branch back to the beginning of the data input loop.

The program starts with the pointer set to itself, so the blank leader at the start of the data for the bootstrap loader (originally contained on paper tapes) starts with a special leader code which causes this to be left un-changed.

The buffer pointer is then modified to point it immediately before the bootrap loader in memory, so at the end of the load the newly loaded code then progressively overlays the first several instructions of the bootstrap loader itself, finally patching the buffer pointer to point at the branch instruction, which is then modified to jump to the newly loaded code.

Code

This is the actual bootstrap program:

	LOAD = 0x400				; Buffer address
0x744	016701	BEGIN:	MOV	DEVICE, R1	; Get Device CSR
0x746	000026
0x750	012702	LOOP:	MOV	(PC)+, R2	; Get buffer offset
0x752	000352	OFFSET:	0352
0x754	005211		INC	@R1		; Turn on reader
0x756	105711	READY:	TSTB	@R1		; Done?
0x760	100376		BPL	READY
0x762	116162		MOVB	2(R1), LOAD(R2)	; Transfer
0x764	000002
0x766	0x4000
0x770	005267		INC	OFFSET		; Bump buffer offset
0x772	177756
0x774	000765		BR	LOOP
0x776	yyyyyy	DEVICE:	yyyyyy			; Input device CSR address

Bootstrap Loader format

The format of boostrap loader input is as follows:

• Leader (all bytes 0351)
• Load offset (1 byte)
• Program to be loaded (up to 0344 bytes)
• Copy of boostrap loader (first 7 bytes)
• Branch offset (1 byte)

Others

Several PDP-11 bootstrap ROMs, e.g. the BM792-YA, BM792-YK and BM873 ROM are prepared to read programs in bootstrap loader format. The code in them is obviously not self-modifying, but reacts to the bootstrap loader input format to produce the same effects.

ODT in the LSI-11 CPUs also has a command to load programs in bootstrap loader format.

Further reading

The Bootstrap Loader is documented in some detail in the "paper tape software programming handbook" (DEC-11-GGPB-D), pp. 6-1 to 6-8.