Difference between pages "KA11 CPU" and "User:Jnc"

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The '''KA11''' is the CPU of the [[PDP-11/20]], the first [[PDP-11]].
+
Although I have a wide interest in older computers, I worked with [[PDP-11]]'s ''extremely'' extensively 'back in the day', and consider them perhaps the most elegant [[architecture]] ever devised (the power and flexibility they obtained with only 16-bit wide [[instruction]]s were a revelation when they first appeared), so I have focused on them.
  
−
The KA11 was implemented as a set of [[DEC card form factor|extended length]] [[FLIP CHIP]]s, containing early 74-series TTL chips. They all plugged into a custom [[backplane]], formed from three 4-slot backplane sections wired together into one monolithic unit.
+
For more about me, see my [http://www.chiappa.net/~jnc home page].
  
−
It was the only PDP-11 CPU which was not [[micro-program]]ed (since the cheap [[ROM]]s which make micro-programming cost-effective in smaller machines were not available at the time it was designed).
+
Also, I'm an admin here on the CHWiki, so if there are any admin-type tasks you need doing (e.g. deleting a page with a typo in the name; merging edit histories; etc) just drop me a line.
  
−
==Internal structure==
+
==Prototypes==
  
−
The KA11 is basically divided into four main sections:
+
"μ"
  
−
* Bus Interface
+
'''xxx''' might refer to:
−
* Data Paths
 
−
* Registers
 
−
* Control
 
  
−
(There is also a Console section, which allows the machine's console to control the CPU, but it is not involved in 'normal' machine operation.)
+
{disambiguation}}
  
−
The Bus Interface and Control sections communicate with the machine's main bus, the [[UNIBUS]]; only the former transfers data, the latter's connection is to allow the KA11 to serve as the 'bus arbitrator' for the UNIBUS. Only the Data Paths section can pass data to the Bus Interface section.
+
==Useful links==
  
−
There is a 16x16 register file, of which half are used to hold the machine's [[PDP-11 architecture|general registers]]; two of the others are used for internal temporary registers (Temp and Source). A number of other internal registers (e.g. the Instruction Register and Bus Address Register) are implemented separately, to make them always available. The Register section communicates only with the Data Path section.
+
* [http://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3APrefixIndex&prefix=Category%3A&namespace=0&hideredirects=1 Category list]
 +
* [http://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListUsers&dir=prev&username=&group=&creationSort=1 New users]
 +
* [[Computer History Wiki:News]]
 +
* [[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]
 +
* [http://gunkies.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3APrefixIndex&prefix=Jnc&namespace=2 My pages]
 +
* [[User:Jnc/ToCat|ToCat]]
 +
* [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Stub|Stub articles]]
 +
* [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Semi-stub|Semi-stubs]]
  
−
The [[PDP-11 architecture|condition codes]] are part of the Control section, but are generated in the Data Paths section.
+
==Pages I have added==
  
−
===State machine===
+
===Fundamentals===
  
−
As noted above, the KA11 does not have microcode; instead, it uses a [[state machine]] to control the operation of the CPU. There are 5 major states:
+
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Architecture]]
 +
- [[Syntax]]
 +
- [[Namespace]]
 +
- [[Mapping]]
 +
- [[State machine‎]]
 +
- [[Hierarchy]]
 +
- [[Backward compatibility‎]]
 +
- [[Program compatible]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
  
−
* Fetch - obtain and decode the instruction;
+
<!-- <small> -->
−
* Source - decode the source field of a [[PDP-11 architecture|double-operand instruction]], fetch the data, and store it in a temporary;
+
[[Type]]
−
* Destination - decode the destination field, and obtain the data;
+
- [[Normalization]]
−
* Execute - use the data obtained in previous states to perform the requested operation, including writing data back to the destination;
+
- [[Variable]]
−
* Service - perform special operations such as interrupts, traps, etc.
+
- [[Operand]]
 +
- [[Operator]]
 +
- [[Expression]]
 +
- [[Argument]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
  
−
Each major state contains a number of minor states, as needed to perform the operations of that state (e.g. perform a bus cycle to fetch a memory word). These minor states are named ISRn (from Instruction Shift Register) for minor states associated with internal processor actions, and BSRn (from Bus Shift Register) for minor states associated with bus operations.
+
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Port]]
 +
- [[Interface]]
 +
- [[Network]]
 +
- [[Address]]
 +
- [[Address space]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
  
−
Not all instructions pass through all 5 major states, although all do pass through 'Fetch'. 'Source' and 'Destination' are not entered if the [[PDP-11 architecture|mode]] for that operand is 'Register'; only 'full' double-operand instructions (i.e. those with mode bits in the source) will enter 'Source' state.
+
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Magnetic field]]
 +
- [[Magnet]]
 +
- [[Electron]]
 +
- [[Electrostatic]]
 +
- [[Current]]
 +
- [[Ampere]]
 +
- [[Voltage]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
  
−
'Source' and 'Destination' are very similar, but within each, the sequence of minor states varies considerably between each of the seven [[PDP-11 architecture|operand modes]] other than mode 0, direct register access (for which, as previously mentioned, the Source or Destination major state is bypassed entirely).
+
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Conductor]]
 +
- [[Insulator]]
 +
- [[Resistor]]
 +
- [[Capacitor]]
 +
- [[Inductor]]
 +
- [[Ground]]
 +
- [[Contact]]
 +
- [[Relay]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
  
−
===Data paths===
+
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Direct current]]
 +
- [[Alternating current]]
 +
- [[Frequency]]
 +
- [[Impedance]]
 +
- [[Transformer]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
  
−
The [[ALU]] in the KA11 is an extremely simple one, unlike all other -11's; it can only perform additions.
+
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Circuit]]
 +
- [[Signal]]
 +
- [[Signal return]]
 +
- [[Ground return]]
 +
- [[Propagation delay‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
  
−
Each input to the adder has a three-input mux (implemented as a NOR of three inputs with NANDs to enable them); a latch on the output of the mux can also be fed back through the mux (i.e. as a fourth input to it). The A mux can select from register data, and complemented register and bus data; the B mux can select register and bus data.
+
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Noise]]
 +
- [[Interference]]
 +
- [[Crosstalk]]
 +
- [[Transmission line‎]]
 +
- [[Terminator‎]]
 +
- [[Single-ended signalling‎]]
 +
- [[Differential pair]]
 +
- [[Fiber optic‎‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
  
−
Enabling two inputs to a mux ORs together the data in the two inputs. To perform an AND, De Morgan's theorem is used; the complemented data inputs are ORed together, and the result is again complemented; this, however, requires two passes through the ALU.
+
===Components===
  
−
The complemented inputs on the A mux also allow the creation of constants; e.g. simultaneously selecting 'register' and 'complemented register' creates -1. Control of the gating for bit 0 of the A mux is independent of the gating control for bits 15-1, which allows bit 0 to be set to 0 or 1 as needed, to create the constants -2, +1, etc.
+
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Semiconductor]]
 +
- [[Electronic]]
 +
- [[Vacuum tube]]
 +
- [[Diode]]
 +
- [[Transistor]]
 +
- [[Bipolar]]
 +
- [[Metal Oxide Semiconductor]]
 +
- [[Integrated circuit]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
  
−
A mux on the output allows one-bit shift/rotate operations (the original [[PDP-11 architecture|PDP-11 instruction set]] does not support multi-bit shifts), as well as byte swapping; the shift capability is used in other ways as well (e.g. in calculating the destinations of branch instructions, which include a word offset).
+
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Mounting box]]
 +
- [[Backplane]]
 +
- [[Connector‎]]
 +
- [[Harness]]
 +
- [[Power harness]]
 +
- [[Bus bar‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
  
−
===Bus interface===
+
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Power supply‎]]
 +
- [[VI conversion]]
 +
- [[Voltage regulator‎]]
 +
- [[Linear power supply]]
 +
- [[Switching power supply]]
 +
- [[Buck converter‎]]
 +
- [[Amplifier]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
  
−
The DATIP (read with expected write to follow) UNIBUS cycle, especially useful for core memory (which must write the date back into a location which has just been read) when it is known that a write to a location will follow a read of it, is heavily used by the KA11.
+
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Analog]]
 +
- [[Digital]]
 +
- [[Hardware]]
 +
- [[Gate]]
 +
- [[Flip-flop]]
 +
- [[Logic]]
 +
- [[Gate array]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
  
−
Reads in the Destination major state are done as DATIPs, and when the instruction reaches the Execute major state, a 'DATO#' bus cycle is used to write the data back; this is a special internal form of the DATO cycle which indicates that the address to be written to is already available in the Bus Address Register. (Since calculating the address can be a lengthy process, especially if index words or deferred modes are used, the ability to avoid re-doing that computation is very significant.)
+
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Gray code]]
 +
- [[Negative logic]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
  
−
==Implementation==
+
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Encoding]]
 +
- [[Frequency Modulation‎]]
 +
- [[Modified Frequency Modulation‎]]
 +
- [[Non Return to Zero Inverted]]
 +
- [[Run-length limited coding]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
  
−
The CPU consisted of two and a half quad [[system unit]] [[backplane]]s (the two otherwise-unused slots were [[Small Peripheral Controller|SPC]] slots, available for any [[peripheral]]) [[wire-wrap]]ped into a single unit.
+
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Real-time]]
 +
- [[Synchronous]]
 +
- [[Asynchronous]]
 +
- [[Meta-stability]]
 +
- [[Synchronizer]]
 +
- [[Arbiter]]
 +
- [[Clock]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
  
−
Most of the circuitry was on quad-height boards, but there were some duals, and a few singles. The KA11 board set comprises:
+
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Logic family]]
 +
- [[Resistor-transistor logic‎]]
 +
- [[Diode-transistor logic‎]]
 +
- [[Transistor-transistor logic‎]]
 +
- [[Open collector]]
 +
- [[Emitter-coupled logic]]
 +
- [[Tri-state]]
 +
- [[74 series]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
  
−
{| class="wikitable"
+
<!-- <small> -->
−
! Board !! Function
+
[[Jumper]]
−
|-
+
- [[Wire-wrap]]
−
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Single
+
- [[Printed circuit board]]
−
|-
+
- [[Chip socket‎]]
−
| M823 || Codes Data
+
- [[Surface mount]]
−
|-
+
- [[Berg connector]]
−
| M825 || Power Failure and Control
+
- [[Flat cable]]
−
|-
+
- [[Flexprint cable‎‎]]
−
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Dual
+
- [[Over the back‎]]
−
|-
+
<!-- </small> -->
−
| M224 (two instances) || Data Paths (8 bits; 2 latches, adder)
 
−
|-
 
−
| M225 || Registers (16 bits x 16)
 
−
|-
 
−
| M821 || Register Control
 
−
|-
 
−
| M822 || Flag Control
 
−
|-
 
−
| M824 || Priority
 
−
|-
 
−
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Quad
 
−
|-
 
−
| M724 || Bus and Console Control
 
−
|-
 
−
| M725 || Bus Interface and IR
 
−
|-
 
−
| M726 || IR Decode
 
−
|-
 
−
| M727 || State Control
 
−
|-
 
−
| M728 || Timing and States
 
−
|-
 
−
| M820 || Data Path Control
 
−
|}
 
  
−
Board locations (as seen from the board insertion side of the backplane, not the [[wire-wrap]] pin side, as is common in [[DEC]] documentation) are:
+
===Hardware===
  
−
{| class="wikitable"
+
<!-- <small> -->
−
! !! colspan="6" | Connector
+
[[Data path]]
−
|-
+
- [[Hardware port]]
−
! Slot !! A !! B !! C !! D !! E !! F
+
- [[Address bus]]
−
|-
+
- [[Data bus]]
−
| 1 || colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | [[KY11-A Programmer's Console|KY11-A]]
+
<!-- </small> -->
−
|-
 
−
| 2 || &nbsp; || [[KM11 Maintenance Board|KM11]] || colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | M727
 
−
|-
 
−
| 3 || Power || M823 || colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | M728
 
−
|-
 
−
| 4 || &nbsp; || M825 || colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | M726
 
−
|-
 
−
| 5 || colspan="2" | &nbsp; || colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | M724
 
−
|-
 
−
| 6 || colspan="2" | &nbsp; || colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | M725
 
−
|-
 
−
| 7 || Power || &nbsp; || colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | M820
 
−
|-
 
−
| 8 || colspan="2" | &nbsp; || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | M224 || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | M224
 
−
|-
 
−
| 9 || colspan="2" | UNIBUS termination || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | M822 || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | M821
 
−
|-
 
−
| 10 || &nbsp; || [[KW11-L Line Time Clock|KW11-L]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | M824 || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | M225
 
−
|-
 
−
| 11 || Power || &nbsp; || colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | [[Small Peripheral Controller|SPC]]
 
−
|-
 
−
| 12 || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | UNIBUS Out || colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | SPC
 
−
|}
 
  
−
{{PDP-11}}
+
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Register]]
 +
- [[First-In First-Out buffer]]
 +
- [[Adder]]
 +
- [[Arithmetic logic unit‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Central Processing Unit]]
 +
- [[Front panel‎]]
 +
- [[Switch register‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Instruction]]
 +
- [[Fetch]]
 +
- [[Execute]]
 +
- [[Single-step]]
 +
- [[Instruction set]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Serial computer]]
 +
- [[Microcode]]
 +
- [[Firmware]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Index register]]
 +
- [[General register]]
 +
- [[Pointer]]
 +
- [[Stack]]
 +
- [[Array]]
 +
- [[Random access]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Program Counter]]
 +
- [[Processor Status Word]]
 +
- [[Stack Pointer]]
 +
- [[Condition codes]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Pipeline]]
 +
- [[Superscalar‎]]
 +
- [[Out-of-order execution‎‎]]
 +
- [[Register renaming‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Co-processor‎‎]]
 +
- [[Floating point processor]]
 +
- [[Multi-processor]]
 +
- [[Channel]]
 +
- [[Front end]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Interrupt]]
 +
- [[Interrupt vector]]
 +
- [[Trap]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Memory]]
 +
- [[Main memory]]
 +
- [[Access time]]
 +
- [[Cycle time]]
 +
- [[Interleaving]]
 +
- [[Cache]]
 +
- [[Multi-port memory]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Repairing un-documented MOS memory boards]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
===Architecture===
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Segment]]
 +
- [[Memory management‎]]
 +
- [[Base and bounds]]
 +
- [[Protection key‎]]
 +
- [[Swapping]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Virtual address]]
 +
- [[Virtual memory]]
 +
- [[Page table‎]]
 +
- [[Page fault]]
 +
- [[Single-level store]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Jump]]
 +
- [[Conditional branch]]
 +
- [[Control flow]]
 +
- [[Loop]]
 +
- [[Subroutine]]
 +
- [[No-op]]
 +
- [[Halt]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Object code]]
 +
- [[Absolute address]]
 +
- [[Relocatable binary]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Load-store architecture]]
 +
- [[Reduced Instruction Set Computer]]
 +
- [[Complex Instruction Set Computer]]
 +
- [[Commercial Instruction Set]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Bootstrap]]
 +
- [[Diagnostic]]
 +
- [[Device driver]]
 +
- [[Simulator]]
 +
- [[Emulator]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Input/output]]
 +
- [[Peripheral]]
 +
- [[Device controller]]
 +
- [[Programmed I/O]]
 +
- [[Direct Memory Access]]
 +
- [[Bus grant]]
 +
- [[Bus grant line]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Supercomputer]]
 +
- [[Mainframe]]
 +
- [[Minicomputer]]
 +
- [[Personal computer]]
 +
- [[Workstation]]
 +
- [[Microprocessor]]
 +
- [[Embedded system‎]]
 +
- [[Motherboard‎‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
===Devices===
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Delay line]]
 +
- [[Williams tube]]
 +
- [[Core memory]]
 +
- [[Dynamic RAM]]
 +
- [[Refresh]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Secondary storage]]
 +
- [[Mass storage]]
 +
- [[Drive]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Magnetic storage]]
 +
- [[Head]]
 +
- [[Drum]]
 +
- [[Disk]]
 +
- [[Fixed-head disk‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Magnetic tape]]
 +
- [[Magnetic tape drive]]
 +
- [[Magnetic tape controller]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Punched card]]
 +
- [[Paper tape]]
 +
- [[Printer]]
 +
- [[Laser printer]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Terminal]]
 +
- [[Keyboard]]
 +
- [[Printing terminal]]
 +
- [[Teletype]]
 +
- [[Joystick]]
 +
- [[Mouse]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Data communication‎‎]]
 +
- [[Communication link‎]]
 +
- [[Baud rate]]
 +
- [[Modem]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Serial line]]
 +
- [[Asynchronous serial line]]
 +
- [[Synchronous serial line]]
 +
- [[Sync character‎‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[20mA current loop serial line interface]]
 +
- [[EIA RS-232 serial line interface]]
 +
- [[EIA RS-422 serial line interface]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Display]]
 +
- [[Cathode ray tube]]
 +
- [[Raster]]
 +
- [[Video terminal]]
 +
- [[Video display]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Light pen]]
 +
- [[Cursor]]
 +
- [[Graphics]]
 +
- [[Character generator]]
 +
- [[Vector graphics]]
 +
- [[Display program‎]]
 +
- [[Bit-mapped display]]
 +
- [[Pixel]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[SCSI]]
 +
- [[Line time clock‎]]
 +
- [[Real-time clock‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
===Software===
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Bit]]
 +
- [[Byte]]
 +
- [[Word]]
 +
- [[Character]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Binary]]
 +
- [[Two's complement‎]]
 +
- [[Binary-coded decimal]]
 +
- [[Bi-quinary‎]]
 +
- [[Floating point]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[SIXBIT]]
 +
- [[ASCII]]
 +
- [[Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code]]
 +
- [[Multi-media]]
 +
- [[Font]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Gray code]]
 +
- [[Parity]]
 +
- [[Checksum]]
 +
- [[Cyclic redundancy check‎]]
 +
- [[Error-correcting code]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Software]]
 +
- [[Program]]
 +
- [[Self-modifying code‎]]
 +
- [[Programmer]]
 +
- [[Debug]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Stack frame]]
 +
- [[Call stack]]
 +
- [[Local variable]]
 +
- [[Exception]]
 +
- [[Condition handler]]
 +
- [[Unwind]]
 +
- [[Structure]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Programming language]]
 +
- [[Source code]]
 +
- [[Assembly language]]
 +
- [[Macro]]
 +
- [[Scope]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Debugger]]
 +
- [[Compiler]]
 +
- [[Cross-compiler]]
 +
- [[Interpreter]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Subroutine package]]
 +
- [[Library]]
 +
- [[Run-time system]]
 +
- [[Run-time library‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Parser]]
 +
- [[Garbage collection]]
 +
- [[Object-oriented‎‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Job]]
 +
- [[Process]]
 +
- [[Thread]]
 +
- [[Task]]
 +
- [[Scheduler]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Batch]]
 +
- [[Disk operating system]]
 +
- [[Multi-tasking]]
 +
- [[Time-sharing]]
 +
- [[Real-time system]]
 +
- [[Virtual machine]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Kernel]]
 +
- [[Microkernel]]
 +
- [[Hypervisor‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Buffer]]
 +
- [[File]]
 +
- [[File system]]
 +
- [[Hard link]]
 +
- [[Byte stream‎]]
 +
- [[Pipe]]
 +
- [[Flow control]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[User interface]]
 +
- [[Graphical user interface]]
 +
- [[Window]]
 +
- [[Command processor]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Application]]
 +
- [[Editor]]
 +
- [[Text editor]]
 +
- [[Screen editor]]
 +
- [[Image editor‎]]
 +
- [[Database]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Portable]]
 +
- [[Software port]]
 +
- [[Open source]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
===DEC hardware===
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[H960 rack]]
 +
- [[BA11 mounting boxes]]
 +
- [[DEC indicator panel]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[BA11-A mounting box]]
 +
- [[BA11-C Mounting Box]]
 +
- [[BA11-D Mounting Box]]
 +
- [[BA11-E Mounting Box]]
 +
- [[BA11-F Mounting Box]]
 +
- [[BA11-K mounting box]]
 +
- [[BA11-L mounting box]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[BA11-M mounting box]]
 +
- [[BA11-N mounting box]]
 +
- [[BA11-S mounting box]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Remote Switching Control Bus‎]]
 +
- [[861 Power Controller]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
[[DEC standard power wire colour coding]]
 +
- [[DEC power distribution connectors]]
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[H720 Power Supply]]
 +
- [[H742 Power Supply]]
 +
- [[H765 Power System]]
 +
- [[H777 Power Supply‎]]
 +
- [[DEC Power Line Monitor]]
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[DEC standard modular regulators‎]]
 +
- [[H744 +5V Regulator]]
 +
- [[H745 -15V Regulator]]
 +
- [[H754 +20V, -5V Regulator]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[System Module]]
 +
- [[FLIP CHIP details]]
 +
- [[DEC card form factor]]
 +
- [[System unit]]
 +
- [[DEC edge connector contact identification]]
 +
- [[DEC alphabet]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Non-Processor Request]]
 +
- [[UNIBUS parity‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[DD11 backplanes]]
 +
- [[DD11-C backplane‎]]
 +
- [[DD11-D backplane‎]]
 +
- [[DD11-P backplane‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[QBUS backplanes]]
 +
- [[Upgrading QBUS backplanes]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[DEC asynchronous serial line pinout]]
 +
- [[VT05 Alphanumeric Display Terminal]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
===DEC machines===
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[OMNIBUS]]
 +
- [[UNIBUS map]]
 +
- [[MASSBUS]]
 +
- [[BC11A UNIBUS cable‎]]
 +
- [[DB11-A Bus Repeater]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[DECtape]]
 +
- [[LINC tape]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[TU16 magtape drive]]
 +
- [[TE16 magtape drive]]
 +
- [[TS03 magtape drive]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[RS64 disk drive]]
 +
- [[RS0x disk drive‎]]
 +
- [[RK02 disk drive]]
 +
- [[RP01 disk drive]]
 +
- [[RP02 disk drive]]
 +
- [[RP03 disk drive]]
 +
- [[RP04 disk drive]]
 +
- [[RX0x floppy drive]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[PC04/PC05 High-Speed Paper-Tape Reader/Punch]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[LINC]]
 +
- [[LINC-8]]
 +
- [[PDP-8/S]]
 +
- [[PDP-8/L]]
 +
- [[PDP-8/A]]
 +
- [[FPP8/A Floating Point Processor]]
 +
- [[PDP-12]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[PDP-6]]
 +
- [[KA10]]
 +
- [[KI10]]
 +
- [[KL10]]
 +
- [[KS10]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[PDP-10 memories‎‎]]
 +
- [[MA10 core memory]]
 +
- [[MB10 core memory]]
 +
- [[MD10 core memory]]
 +
- [[ME10 core memory]]
 +
- [[MF10 core memory]]
 +
- [[MG10 core memory]]
 +
- [[MH10 core memory]]
 +
- [[MB20 core memory]]
 +
- [[MF20 MOS memory]]
 +
- [[MG20 MOS memory]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[DF10 Data Channel‎]]
 +
- [[RP10 disk controller]]
 +
- [[RH10 MASSBUS controller‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[PDP-9]]
 +
- [[PDP-15]]
 +
- [[UNICHANNEL 15 System]]
 +
- [[MX15-B Memory Multiplexer]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
===PDP-11's===
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[PDP-11 Extended Instruction Set]]
 +
- [[FP11 floating point]]
 +
- [[FIS floating point]]
 +
- [[PDP-11 Commercial Instruction Set]]
 +
- [[PDP-11 Memory Management]]
 +
- [[KT11]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Small Peripheral Controller]]
 +
- [[Modified UNIBUS Device]]
 +
- [[Extended UNIBUS]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[CD interconnect]]
 +
- [[Private Memory Interconnect]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[G727 grant continuity card]]
 +
- [[G7273 grant continuity card]]
 +
- [[M105 Address Selector]]
 +
- [[UNIBUS H854 header pinout]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[KA11 CPU]]
 +
- [[KY11-A Programmer's Console‎‎]]
 +
- [[KT11-B Paging Option]]
 +
- [[KA11 changes for the KT11-B]]
 +
- [[KT11-B Technical Manual]]
 +
- [[KT11-B Major State circuitry]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[PDP-11/05]]
 +
- [[PDP-11/34A]]
 +
- [[PDP-11/74]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[KB11-A CPU]]
 +
- [[KB11-B CPU]]
 +
- [[KB11-C CPU]]
 +
- [[KB11-D CPU]]
 +
- [[KD11-A CPU]]
 +
- [[KD11-B CPU]]
 +
- [[KD11-D CPU]]
 +
- [[KD11-E CPU]]
 +
- [[KD11-EA CPU]]
 +
- [[KD11-K CPU‎]]
 +
- [[KD11-Z CPU]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[KY11 consoles]]
 +
- [[KY11-LA Operator's Console]]
 +
- [[KY11-LB Programmer's Console]]
 +
- [[KM11-A Maintenance Set]]
 +
- [[KD11-E/EA microcode]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[KE11-E Extended Instruction Set]]
 +
- [[KT11-C Memory Management Unit]]
 +
- [[KT11-D Memory Management Unit]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[KE11-F Floating Instruction Set]]
 +
- [[FP11-A Floating-Point Processor]]
 +
- [[FP11-B Floating-Point Processor]]
 +
- [[FP11-C Floating-Point Processor]]
 +
- [[FP11-E Floating Point Processor]]
 +
- [[FP11-F Floating-Point Processor]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[KE11-A Extended Arithmetic Element]]
 +
- [[KE11-B Extended Arithmetic Element]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[KK11-A Cache Memory]]
 +
- [[MS11 Semiconductor Memory System]]
 +
- [[MJ11 memory system]]
 +
- [[MK11 memory system]]
 +
- [[MS11-K MOS memory]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[LSI-11 chip set‎‎]]
 +
- [[LSI-11 CPUs]]
 +
- [[LSI-11]]
 +
- [[LSI-11/2]]
 +
- [[KEV11-B Extended Instruction Set‎]]
 +
- [[KEV11-C Commercial Instruction Set‎]]
 +
- [[KUV11 Writeable Control Store‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[F-11 chip set]]
 +
- [[KDF11 CPUs]]
 +
- [[KDF11-U CPU]]
 +
- [[KTF11-A memory management chip]]
 +
- [[KEF11-A floating point chip]]
 +
- [[KEF11-B‎ CIS chip]]
 +
- [[FPF11 floating point processor‎]]
 +
- [[KT24 UNIBUS map option]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[FPJ11 floating point accelerator]]
 +
- [[KDJ11 CPUs]]
 +
- [[KDJ11-B CPU]]
 +
- [[KDJ11-E CPU]]
 +
- [[KTJ11-B UNIBUS adapter]]
 +
- [[PDP-11/83]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[QBUS CPU ODT‎‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Able ENABLE]]
 +
- [[Able UNIVERTER]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[UNIBUS memories]]
 +
- [[MM11-D core memory]]
 +
- [[MM11-E and MM1-F core memories]]
 +
- [[MM11-K core memory]]
 +
- [[MM11-L core memory]]
 +
- [[MM11-U core memory]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[MS11 32KB MOS memory]]
 +
- [[MS11-L MOS memory‎‎]]
 +
- [[MS11-M MOS memory‎‎]]
 +
- [[MS11-P MOS memory]]
 +
- [[Extended UNIBUS memories]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[QBUS memories]]
 +
- [[MMV11-A QBUS core memory|MMV11-A]]
 +
- [[MSV11-Q QBUS memory]]
 +
- [[CMV-504|CMV-[25]xx]]
 +
- [[CMV-4000|CMV-[14]000]]
 +
- [[MK8022]]
 +
- [[National Semiconductor NS23M]]
 +
- [[National Semiconductor NS23C]]
 +
- [[Q-RAM 11]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[UNIBUS boot ROMs]]
 +
- [[BM792 ROM]]
 +
- [[BM873 ROM]]
 +
- [[M9301 ROM]]
 +
- [[M9312 ROM]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[BDV11 Bus Terminator/ROM‎]]
 +
- [[QBUS boot ROMs]]
 +
- [[DEC bootstrap device codes]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[RH11 MASSBUS controller]]
 +
- [[RH70 MASSBUS controller]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[RC11 disk controller]]
 +
- [[RK11-C disk controller]]
 +
- [[RP11 disk controller]]
 +
- [[RL11 disk controller]]
 +
- [[RX11 floppy disk controller]]
 +
- [[RX211 floppy disk controller‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[TC11 DECtape controller]]
 +
- [[TM11 magtape controller]]
 +
- [[TM02 magtape controller]]
 +
- [[TM03 magtape controller]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[IMP11-A ARPANET interface‎‎]]
 +
- [[UNIBUS Experimental Ethernet interface‎]]
 +
- [[Interlan NI1010A/NI2010A Ethernet interface]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[DR11 parallel interface]]
 +
- [[DR11-A General Device Interface]]
 +
- [[DR11-B parallel interface]]
 +
- [[DR11-C general device interface]]
 +
- [[DR11-K parallel interface]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[KL11 asynchronous serial line interface‎]]
 +
- [[DL11 asynchronous serial line interface]]
 +
- [[DC11 asynchronous serial line interface]]
 +
- [[DH11 asynchronous serial line interface]]
 +
- [[DJ11 asynchronous serial line interface]]
 +
- [[DM11 asynchronous serial line interface]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[DP11-A synchronous serial line interface‎‎]]
 +
- [[DUP11 synchronous serial line interface]]
 +
- [[‎DM11-BA Modem Control Multiplexor]]
 +
- [[DM11-BB Modem Control Option]]
 +
- [[DF11 Communications Line Adapter]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[DLV11 asynchronous serial line interface]]
 +
- [[DLV11-E asynchronous serial line interface]]
 +
- [[DLV11-F asynchronous serial line interface]]
 +
- [[DLV11-J asynchronous serial line interface]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[KW11-L Line Time Clock]]
 +
- [[VT11 Graphic Display Processor]]
 +
- [[PC11 High-Speed Paper-Tape Reader/Punch Control]]
 +
- [[CR11 Controller]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[MXV11-A Multifunction Option Module]]
 +
- [[MXV11-B Multifunction Option Module]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[PDP-11 Bootstrap Loader]]
 +
- [[PDP-11 Absolute Loader]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
===Non-DEC machines===
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Texas Instruments]]
 +
- [[Intel]]
 +
- [[MIPS]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Able Computer‎‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Data General]]
 +
- [[Xerox]]
 +
- [[NeXT Computer, Inc]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Whirlwind]]
 +
- [[UNIVAC I]]
 +
- [[Atlas]]
 +
- [[Burroughs B5000‎]]
 +
- [[CDC 6600‎]]
 +
- [[Honeywell 6000 series‎‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[IBM 604]]
 +
- [[IBM 650]]
 +
- [[IBM 700 series]]
 +
- [[IBM 7000 series]]
 +
- [[Standard Modular System‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[IBM 701]]
 +
- [[IBM 704]]
 +
- [[IBM 709]]
 +
- [[IBM 7030 Stretch]]
 +
- [[IBM 7070]]
 +
- [[IBM 7090]]
 +
- [[IBM 7094]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Data General Nova 3]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Xerox Alto]]
 +
- [[CADR]]
 +
- [[IBM PC‎]]
 +
- [[IBM-compatible PC]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Lear Siegler ADM-3A]]
 +
- [[Term-Mite ST Smart Terminal]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Intel 8085]]
 +
- [[Intel x86]]
 +
- [[Intel 80486‎]]
 +
- [[Intel Pentium]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Real mode‎]]
 +
- [[Protected mode‎]]
 +
- [[Triple fault]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Motorola M68000 Family]]
 +
- [[Motorola MC68000]]
 +
- [[Motorola MC68030]]
 +
- [[Motorola MC68040]]
 +
- [[Motorola MC68060]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[National Semiconductor NS405 and NS455 Terminal Management Processor]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Extended Industry Standard Architecture]]
 +
- [[Micro Channel architecture]]
 +
- [[Peripheral Component Interconnect]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
===Software packages===
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Ersatz-11]]
 +
- [[Bochs]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Compatible Time-Sharing System]]
 +
- [[OS/360]]
 +
- [[TOPS-10]]
 +
- [[TENEX]]
 +
- [[MOS operating system]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[2.10BSD]]
 +
- [[2.11BSD]]
 +
- [[UNIX file system]]
 +
- [[BSD Fast File System]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[UNIX V6 internals]]
 +
- [[Unix V6 kernel memory layout]]
 +
- [[UNIX V6 dump analysis‎‎]]
 +
- [[Installing UNIX Sixth Edition]]
 +
- [[Upgrading UNIX Sixth Edition]]
 +
- [[Running UNIX V6 on an -11/23]]
 +
- [[Installing UNIX Sixth Edition on Ersatz-11]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Running an LSI-11 from Unix V6]]
 +
- [[Installing Unix Seventh Edition]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[ALGOL]]
 +
- [[BCPL]]
 +
- [[B programming language]]
 +
- [[DIBOL]]
 +
- [[Typesetter C]]
 +
- [[Java]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Hypertext]]
 +
- [[Hypertext Markup Language‎‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Video game]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Hello, world]]
 +
- [[Vi editor]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
===Networking===
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Communication network]]
 +
- [[Data network]]
 +
- [[Circuit-switching]]
 +
- [[Physical network]]
 +
- [[Network interface]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Wide area network‎]]
 +
- [[Local area network‎]]
 +
- [[Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection‎‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Switching node]]
 +
- [[Host]]
 +
- [[Client]]
 +
- [[Server]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Routing architecture‎]]
 +
- [[Path selection‎‎]]
 +
- [[Routing table‎]]
 +
- [[Routing loop]]
 +
- [[Link state]]
 +
- [[Routing protocol‎‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Packet]]
 +
- [[Datagram]]
 +
- [[Packet switch]]
 +
- [[Internetwork]]
 +
- [[Router]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Protocol]]
 +
- [[Protocol suite]]
 +
- [[Internetworking layer]]
 +
- [[Reliable byte stream‎]]
 +
- [[End to end]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Networking port]]
 +
- [[Connection]]
 +
- [[Sequence number‎]]
 +
- [[Acknowledgement]]
 +
- [[Timeout]]
 +
- [[Retransmission]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Host-to-IMP Protocol‎]]
 +
- [[CYCLADES]]
 +
- [[PARC Universal Packet]]
 +
- [[Big-endian]]
 +
- [[Little-endian]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Internet]]
 +
- [[Internet Protocol]]
 +
- [[User Datagram Protocol‎]]
 +
- [[Transmission Control Protocol]]
 +
- [[Domain Name System]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Interior gateway protocol‎]]
 +
- [[Routing Information Protocol‎]]
 +
- [[Open Shortest Path First‎‎]]
 +
- [[Intermediate System to Intermediate System‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Exterior gateway protocol‎‎]]
 +
- [[Autonomous System‎]]
 +
- [[Exterior Gateway Protocol‎‎]]
 +
- [[Border Gateway Protocol‎‎]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Telnet]]
 +
- [[File Transfer Protocol‎‎]]
 +
- [[Email]]
 +
- [[Simple Mail Transfer Protocol‎]]
 +
- [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol]]
 +
- [[World Wide Web]]
 +
- [[Browser]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
===Other===
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Computer operator]]
 +
- [[User]]
 +
- [[Multi-user]]
 +
- [[End-user]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Original Equipment Manufacturer]]
 +
- [[Field service‎]]
 +
- [[Engineering Change Order]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Request for Comments]]
 +
- [[Vonada's Engineering Maxims]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Project MAC‎]]
 +
- [[MIT Laboratory for Computer Science]]
 +
- [[MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory‎]]
 +
- [[Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory]]
 +
- [[Internet Engineering Task Force‎]]
 +
- [[Bitsavers]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
==Pages I have substantially upgraded==
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Dual Inline Package]]
 +
- [[Random Access Memory]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Operating system]]
 +
- [[Symbolic link]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Digital Equipment Corporation]]
 +
- [[International Business Machines]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[FLIP CHIP]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[PDP-8]]
 +
- [[PDP-8/I]]
 +
- [[PDP-8/E]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[PDP-10]]
 +
- [[TM10 Magnetic Tape Control]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[PDP-11 architecture]]
 +
- [[UNIBUS]]
 +
- [[QBUS]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[PDP-11/04]]
 +
- [[PDP-11/05]]
 +
- [[PDP-11/10]]
 +
- [[PDP-11/24]]
 +
- [[PDP-11/34]]
 +
- [[PDP-11/40]]
 +
- [[PDP-11/44]]
 +
- [[PDP-11/45]]
 +
- [[PDP-11/70]]
 +
- [[PDP-11/84]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[KEV11-A floating point]]
 +
- [[KDF11-A CPU]]
 +
- [[KDF11-B CPU]]
 +
- [[J-11 chip set]]
 +
- [[KDJ11-A CPU]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[MSV11-J QBUS memory]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[RF11 disk controller]]
 +
- [[RK11 disk controller]]
 +
- [[RK05 disk drive]]
 +
- [[RL0x disk drive]]
 +
- [[RP05 disk drive]]
 +
- [[RP06 disk drive]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[TU10 magtape drive]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[PCL11 Communications System]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[DZ11 asynchronous serial line interface]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[CR11 Card Readers]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[M782 Interrupt Control]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Multics]]
 +
- [[Incompatible Timesharing System]]
 +
- [[UNIX Sixth Edition]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[FORTRAN]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Emacs editors‎‎]]
 +
- [[QED (text editor)]]
 +
- [[What You See Is What You Get]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[Interface Message Processor]]
 +
- [[Network Control Program]]
 +
- [[Ethernet]]
 +
- [[CHAOSnet]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->
 +
 
 +
<!-- <small> -->
 +
[[TCP/IP]]
 +
<!-- </small> -->

Revision as of 14:45, 21 March 2020

Although I have a wide interest in older computers, I worked with PDP-11's extremely extensively 'back in the day', and consider them perhaps the most elegant architecture ever devised (the power and flexibility they obtained with only 16-bit wide instructions were a revelation when they first appeared), so I have focused on them.

For more about me, see my home page.

Also, I'm an admin here on the CHWiki, so if there are any admin-type tasks you need doing (e.g. deleting a page with a typo in the name; merging edit histories; etc) just drop me a line.

Prototypes

"μ"

xxx might refer to:

{disambiguation}}

Useful links

Pages I have added

Fundamentals

Architecture - Syntax - Namespace - Mapping - State machine‎ - Hierarchy - Backward compatibility‎ - Program compatible

Type - Normalization - Variable - Operand - Operator - Expression - Argument

Port - Interface - Network - Address - Address space

Magnetic field - Magnet - Electron - Electrostatic - Current - Ampere - Voltage

Conductor - Insulator - Resistor - Capacitor - Inductor - Ground - Contact - Relay

Direct current - Alternating current - Frequency - Impedance - Transformer

Circuit - Signal - Signal return - Ground return - Propagation delay‎

Noise - Interference - Crosstalk - Transmission line‎ - Terminator‎ - Single-ended signalling‎ - Differential pair - Fiber optic‎‎

Components

Semiconductor - Electronic - Vacuum tube - Diode - Transistor - Bipolar - Metal Oxide Semiconductor - Integrated circuit

Mounting box - Backplane - Connector‎ - Harness - Power harness - Bus bar‎

Power supply‎ - VI conversion - Voltage regulator‎ - Linear power supply - Switching power supply - Buck converter‎ - Amplifier

Analog - Digital - Hardware - Gate - Flip-flop - Logic - Gate array

Gray code - Negative logic

Encoding - Frequency Modulation‎ - Modified Frequency Modulation‎ - Non Return to Zero Inverted - Run-length limited coding

Real-time - Synchronous - Asynchronous - Meta-stability - Synchronizer - Arbiter - Clock

Logic family - Resistor-transistor logic‎ - Diode-transistor logic‎ - Transistor-transistor logic‎ - Open collector - Emitter-coupled logic - Tri-state - 74 series

Jumper - Wire-wrap - Printed circuit board - Chip socket‎ - Surface mount - Berg connector - Flat cable - Flexprint cable‎‎ - Over the back‎

Hardware

Data path - Hardware port - Address bus - Data bus

Register - First-In First-Out buffer - Adder - Arithmetic logic unit‎

Central Processing Unit - Front panel‎ - Switch register‎

Instruction - Fetch - Execute - Single-step - Instruction set

Serial computer - Microcode - Firmware

Index register - General register - Pointer - Stack - Array - Random access

Program Counter - Processor Status Word - Stack Pointer - Condition codes

Pipeline - Superscalar‎ - Out-of-order execution‎‎ - Register renaming‎

Co-processor‎‎ - Floating point processor - Multi-processor - Channel - Front end

Interrupt - Interrupt vector - Trap

Memory - Main memory - Access time - Cycle time - Interleaving - Cache - Multi-port memory

Repairing un-documented MOS memory boards

Architecture

Segment - Memory management‎ - Base and bounds - Protection key‎ - Swapping

Virtual address - Virtual memory - Page table‎ - Page fault - Single-level store

Jump - Conditional branch - Control flow - Loop - Subroutine - No-op - Halt

Object code - Absolute address - Relocatable binary

Load-store architecture - Reduced Instruction Set Computer - Complex Instruction Set Computer - Commercial Instruction Set

Bootstrap - Diagnostic - Device driver - Simulator - Emulator

Input/output - Peripheral - Device controller - Programmed I/O - Direct Memory Access - Bus grant - Bus grant line

Supercomputer - Mainframe - Minicomputer - Personal computer - Workstation - Microprocessor - Embedded system‎ - Motherboard‎‎

Devices

Delay line - Williams tube - Core memory - Dynamic RAM - Refresh

Secondary storage - Mass storage - Drive

Magnetic storage - Head - Drum - Disk - Fixed-head disk‎

Magnetic tape - Magnetic tape drive - Magnetic tape controller

Punched card - Paper tape - Printer - Laser printer

Terminal - Keyboard - Printing terminal - Teletype - Joystick - Mouse

Data communication‎‎ - Communication link‎ - Baud rate - Modem

Serial line - Asynchronous serial line - Synchronous serial line - Sync character‎‎

20mA current loop serial line interface - EIA RS-232 serial line interface - EIA RS-422 serial line interface

Display - Cathode ray tube - Raster - Video terminal - Video display

Light pen - Cursor - Graphics - Character generator - Vector graphics - Display program‎ - Bit-mapped display - Pixel

SCSI - Line time clock‎ - Real-time clock‎

Software

Bit - Byte - Word - Character

Binary - Two's complement‎ - Binary-coded decimal - Bi-quinary‎ - Floating point

SIXBIT - ASCII - Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code - Multi-media - Font

Gray code - Parity - Checksum - Cyclic redundancy check‎ - Error-correcting code

Software - Program - Self-modifying code‎ - Programmer - Debug

Stack frame - Call stack - Local variable - Exception - Condition handler - Unwind - Structure

Programming language - Source code - Assembly language - Macro - Scope

Debugger - Compiler - Cross-compiler - Interpreter

Subroutine package - Library - Run-time system - Run-time library‎

Parser - Garbage collection - Object-oriented‎‎

Job - Process - Thread - Task - Scheduler

Batch - Disk operating system - Multi-tasking - Time-sharing - Real-time system - Virtual machine

Kernel - Microkernel - Hypervisor‎

Buffer - File - File system - Hard link - Byte stream‎ - Pipe - Flow control

User interface - Graphical user interface - Window - Command processor

Application - Editor - Text editor - Screen editor - Image editor‎ - Database

Portable - Software port - Open source

DEC hardware

H960 rack - BA11 mounting boxes - DEC indicator panel

BA11-A mounting box - BA11-C Mounting Box - BA11-D Mounting Box - BA11-E Mounting Box - BA11-F Mounting Box - BA11-K mounting box - BA11-L mounting box

BA11-M mounting box - BA11-N mounting box - BA11-S mounting box

Remote Switching Control Bus‎ - 861 Power Controller

DEC standard power wire colour coding - DEC power distribution connectors

H720 Power Supply - H742 Power Supply - H765 Power System - H777 Power Supply‎ - DEC Power Line Monitor

DEC standard modular regulators‎ - H744 +5V Regulator - H745 -15V Regulator - H754 +20V, -5V Regulator

System Module - FLIP CHIP details - DEC card form factor - System unit - DEC edge connector contact identification - DEC alphabet

Non-Processor Request - UNIBUS parity‎

DD11 backplanes - DD11-C backplane‎ - DD11-D backplane‎ - DD11-P backplane‎

QBUS backplanes - Upgrading QBUS backplanes

DEC asynchronous serial line pinout - VT05 Alphanumeric Display Terminal

DEC machines

OMNIBUS - UNIBUS map - MASSBUS - BC11A UNIBUS cable‎ - DB11-A Bus Repeater

DECtape - LINC tape

TU16 magtape drive - TE16 magtape drive - TS03 magtape drive

RS64 disk drive - RS0x disk drive‎ - RK02 disk drive - RP01 disk drive - RP02 disk drive - RP03 disk drive - RP04 disk drive - RX0x floppy drive

PC04/PC05 High-Speed Paper-Tape Reader/Punch

LINC - LINC-8 - PDP-8/S - PDP-8/L - PDP-8/A - FPP8/A Floating Point Processor - PDP-12

PDP-6 - KA10 - KI10 - KL10 - KS10

PDP-10 memories‎‎ - MA10 core memory - MB10 core memory - MD10 core memory - ME10 core memory - MF10 core memory - MG10 core memory - MH10 core memory - MB20 core memory - MF20 MOS memory - MG20 MOS memory

DF10 Data Channel‎ - RP10 disk controller - RH10 MASSBUS controller‎

PDP-9 - PDP-15 - UNICHANNEL 15 System - MX15-B Memory Multiplexer

PDP-11's

PDP-11 Extended Instruction Set - FP11 floating point - FIS floating point - PDP-11 Commercial Instruction Set - PDP-11 Memory Management - KT11

Small Peripheral Controller - Modified UNIBUS Device - Extended UNIBUS

CD interconnect - Private Memory Interconnect

G727 grant continuity card - G7273 grant continuity card - M105 Address Selector - UNIBUS H854 header pinout

KA11 CPU - KY11-A Programmer's Console‎‎ - KT11-B Paging Option - KA11 changes for the KT11-B - KT11-B Technical Manual - KT11-B Major State circuitry

PDP-11/05 - PDP-11/34A - PDP-11/74

KB11-A CPU - KB11-B CPU - KB11-C CPU - KB11-D CPU - KD11-A CPU - KD11-B CPU - KD11-D CPU - KD11-E CPU - KD11-EA CPU - KD11-K CPU‎ - KD11-Z CPU

KY11 consoles - KY11-LA Operator's Console - KY11-LB Programmer's Console - KM11-A Maintenance Set - KD11-E/EA microcode

KE11-E Extended Instruction Set - KT11-C Memory Management Unit - KT11-D Memory Management Unit

KE11-F Floating Instruction Set - FP11-A Floating-Point Processor - FP11-B Floating-Point Processor - FP11-C Floating-Point Processor - FP11-E Floating Point Processor - FP11-F Floating-Point Processor

KE11-A Extended Arithmetic Element - KE11-B Extended Arithmetic Element

KK11-A Cache Memory - MS11 Semiconductor Memory System - MJ11 memory system - MK11 memory system - MS11-K MOS memory

LSI-11 chip set‎‎ - LSI-11 CPUs - LSI-11 - LSI-11/2 - KEV11-B Extended Instruction Set‎ - KEV11-C Commercial Instruction Set‎ - KUV11 Writeable Control Store‎

F-11 chip set - KDF11 CPUs - KDF11-U CPU - KTF11-A memory management chip - KEF11-A floating point chip - KEF11-B‎ CIS chip - FPF11 floating point processor‎ - KT24 UNIBUS map option

FPJ11 floating point accelerator - KDJ11 CPUs - KDJ11-B CPU - KDJ11-E CPU - KTJ11-B UNIBUS adapter - PDP-11/83

QBUS CPU ODT‎‎

Able ENABLE - Able UNIVERTER

UNIBUS memories - MM11-D core memory - MM11-E and MM1-F core memories - MM11-K core memory - MM11-L core memory - MM11-U core memory

MS11 32KB MOS memory - MS11-L MOS memory‎‎ - MS11-M MOS memory‎‎ - MS11-P MOS memory - Extended UNIBUS memories

QBUS memories - MMV11-A - MSV11-Q QBUS memory - CMV-[25]xx - CMV-[14]000 - MK8022 - National Semiconductor NS23M - National Semiconductor NS23C - Q-RAM 11

UNIBUS boot ROMs - BM792 ROM - BM873 ROM - M9301 ROM - M9312 ROM

BDV11 Bus Terminator/ROM‎ - QBUS boot ROMs - DEC bootstrap device codes

RH11 MASSBUS controller - RH70 MASSBUS controller

RC11 disk controller - RK11-C disk controller - RP11 disk controller - RL11 disk controller - RX11 floppy disk controller - RX211 floppy disk controller‎

TC11 DECtape controller - TM11 magtape controller - TM02 magtape controller - TM03 magtape controller

IMP11-A ARPANET interface‎‎ - UNIBUS Experimental Ethernet interface‎ - Interlan NI1010A/NI2010A Ethernet interface

DR11 parallel interface - DR11-A General Device Interface - DR11-B parallel interface - DR11-C general device interface - DR11-K parallel interface

KL11 asynchronous serial line interface‎ - DL11 asynchronous serial line interface - DC11 asynchronous serial line interface - DH11 asynchronous serial line interface - DJ11 asynchronous serial line interface - DM11 asynchronous serial line interface

DP11-A synchronous serial line interface‎‎ - DUP11 synchronous serial line interface - ‎DM11-BA Modem Control Multiplexor - DM11-BB Modem Control Option - DF11 Communications Line Adapter

DLV11 asynchronous serial line interface - DLV11-E asynchronous serial line interface - DLV11-F asynchronous serial line interface - DLV11-J asynchronous serial line interface

KW11-L Line Time Clock - VT11 Graphic Display Processor - PC11 High-Speed Paper-Tape Reader/Punch Control - CR11 Controller

MXV11-A Multifunction Option Module - MXV11-B Multifunction Option Module

PDP-11 Bootstrap Loader - PDP-11 Absolute Loader

Non-DEC machines

Texas Instruments - Intel - MIPS

Able Computer‎‎

Data General - Xerox - NeXT Computer, Inc

Whirlwind - UNIVAC I - Atlas - Burroughs B5000‎ - CDC 6600‎ - Honeywell 6000 series‎‎

IBM 604 - IBM 650 - IBM 700 series - IBM 7000 series - Standard Modular System‎

IBM 701 - IBM 704 - IBM 709 - IBM 7030 Stretch - IBM 7070 - IBM 7090 - IBM 7094

Data General Nova 3

Xerox Alto - CADR - IBM PC‎ - IBM-compatible PC

Lear Siegler ADM-3A - Term-Mite ST Smart Terminal

Intel 8085 - Intel x86 - Intel 80486‎ - Intel Pentium

Real mode‎ - Protected mode‎ - Triple fault

Motorola M68000 Family - Motorola MC68000 - Motorola MC68030 - Motorola MC68040 - Motorola MC68060

National Semiconductor NS405 and NS455 Terminal Management Processor

Extended Industry Standard Architecture - Micro Channel architecture - Peripheral Component Interconnect

Software packages

Ersatz-11 - Bochs

Compatible Time-Sharing System - OS/360 - TOPS-10 - TENEX - MOS operating system

2.10BSD - 2.11BSD - UNIX file system - BSD Fast File System

UNIX V6 internals - Unix V6 kernel memory layout - UNIX V6 dump analysis‎‎ - Installing UNIX Sixth Edition - Upgrading UNIX Sixth Edition - Running UNIX V6 on an -11/23 - Installing UNIX Sixth Edition on Ersatz-11

Running an LSI-11 from Unix V6 - Installing Unix Seventh Edition

ALGOL - BCPL - B programming language - DIBOL - Typesetter C - Java

Hypertext - Hypertext Markup Language‎‎

Video game

Hello, world - Vi editor

Networking

Communication network - Data network - Circuit-switching - Physical network - Network interface

Wide area network‎ - Local area network‎ - Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection‎‎

Switching node - Host - Client - Server

Routing architecture‎ - Path selection‎‎ - Routing table‎ - Routing loop - Link state - Routing protocol‎‎

Packet - Datagram - Packet switch - Internetwork - Router

Protocol - Protocol suite - Internetworking layer - Reliable byte stream‎ - End to end

Networking port - Connection - Sequence number‎ - Acknowledgement - Timeout - Retransmission

Host-to-IMP Protocol‎ - CYCLADES - PARC Universal Packet - Big-endian - Little-endian

Internet - Internet Protocol - User Datagram Protocol‎ - Transmission Control Protocol - Domain Name System

Interior gateway protocol‎ - Routing Information Protocol‎ - Open Shortest Path First‎‎ - Intermediate System to Intermediate System‎

Exterior gateway protocol‎‎ - Autonomous System‎ - Exterior Gateway Protocol‎‎ - Border Gateway Protocol‎‎

Telnet - File Transfer Protocol‎‎ - Email - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol‎ - Hypertext Transfer Protocol - World Wide Web - Browser

Other

Computer operator - User - Multi-user - End-user

Original Equipment Manufacturer - Field service‎ - Engineering Change Order

Request for Comments - Vonada's Engineering Maxims

Project MAC‎ - MIT Laboratory for Computer Science - MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory‎ - Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory - Internet Engineering Task Force‎ - Bitsavers

Pages I have substantially upgraded

Dual Inline Package - Random Access Memory

Operating system - Symbolic link

Digital Equipment Corporation - International Business Machines

FLIP CHIP

PDP-8 - PDP-8/I - PDP-8/E

PDP-10 - TM10 Magnetic Tape Control

PDP-11 architecture - UNIBUS - QBUS

PDP-11/04 - PDP-11/05 - PDP-11/10 - PDP-11/24 - PDP-11/34 - PDP-11/40 - PDP-11/44 - PDP-11/45 - PDP-11/70 - PDP-11/84

KEV11-A floating point - KDF11-A CPU - KDF11-B CPU - J-11 chip set - KDJ11-A CPU

MSV11-J QBUS memory

RF11 disk controller - RK11 disk controller - RK05 disk drive - RL0x disk drive - RP05 disk drive - RP06 disk drive

TU10 magtape drive

PCL11 Communications System

DZ11 asynchronous serial line interface

CR11 Card Readers

M782 Interrupt Control

Multics - Incompatible Timesharing System - UNIX Sixth Edition

FORTRAN

Emacs editors‎‎ - QED (text editor) - What You See Is What You Get

Interface Message Processor - Network Control Program - Ethernet - CHAOSnet

TCP/IP

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